肌红蛋白的非酶糖化及其生物学效应

蛋白质的非酶糖化（non－enzymatic glycation）在糖尿病及其并发症的发生发展中起着重要作用。糖化血红蛋白（hemoglobin Alc,HbAlC）已作为糖尿病患者血糖控制的“金标准”。相对而言,同为血红素蛋白的肌红蛋白（myoglobin,Mb）,其非酶糖化的研究相对较少。研究发现：非酶糖化能改变Mb的空间构象,且对Mb血红素活性中心产生一定的影响,从而导致Mb各种生物学功能发生一定程度的改变。本文综述非酶糖化对Mb结构与功能的影响的研究现状,旨在阐明Mb非酶糖化后的结构．性质-功能之间的关系及其生物学意义,为糖尿病及其并发症的发病机制研究提供新的线索。     

早期心肌缺血与梗死后肌钙蛋白和肌红蛋白的观察

目的：观察早期心肌缺血（可疑）与梗死心肌细胞内肌钙蛋白（CTnT）、肌红蛋白（Mb）的变化情况.方法：应用H.E染色和免疫组织化学技术分别对6例正常心肌、11例早期心肌缺血（可疑）及9例梗死的心肌细胞内肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白进行观察.结果：H.E染色正常组心肌未见异常;早期（可疑）心肌缺血组未见明显心肌梗死病灶;心肌梗死组见心肌梗死病灶.CTnT和Mb的免疫组织化学染色和图像分析显示,CTnT和Mb在正常组心肌的表达量明显高于早期（可疑）心肌缺血组和心肌梗死组（p＜0.05）.结论：CTnT、Mb免疫组织化学染色可用于早期（可疑）心肌缺血和心肌梗死的诊断.     

潜水哺乳动物的呼吸

在动物学的教学中,对水生哺乳动物在潜水时如何进行呼吸的问题有不同的说法。现就有关这方面的内容作简要介绍。     

力量练习对血清磷酸肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶和肌红蛋白水平的影响

磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)是存在于组织细胞、尤其是肌细胞中的重要代谢调节酶,肌红蛋白(Mb)则为肌细胞中所特有的与氧贮存有关的肌浆蛋白质。人体剧烈运动后可引起血清CPK、LDH和Mb水平的显著提高。本研究旨在通     

血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房患者压力性损伤的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清白蛋白（Alb）、肌红蛋白（Mb）及改良早期预警评分（MEWS）、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房（ICU）患者压力性损伤（PI）的预测价值。方法：选取2021年6月～2022年12月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院ICU住院的患者120例,根据是否发生PI分为PI组43例和非PI组77例。ICU患者PI的影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对ICU患者PI的预测价值采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析。结果：PI组年龄大于非PI组,机械通气比例、体温、Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分高于非PI组,住院时间长于非PI组,Alb低于非PI组（P＜0.05）。住院时间延长和Mb升高、MEWS增加、Waterlow评分增加为ICU患者PI的独立危险因素,Alb升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分四项联合预测ICU患者PI的曲线下面积大于各指标预测（P＜0.05）。结论：血清Alb水平降低和Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分升高与ICU患者PI发生独立相关,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分联合对ICU患者PI具有良好预测价值。     

新发现的珠蛋白——细胞珠蛋白或组织珠蛋白

在动物中 ,血液蛋白质血红蛋白及其对应物肌红蛋白运输并贮存供养生命的氧 .长期以来 ,研究者认为血红蛋白与肌红蛋白这两种复杂的蛋白质有其独特的折叠方式 ,是脊椎动物中仅有的两种珠蛋白 .而其他的珠蛋白则见于非脊椎动物、植物、细菌与真菌中 .两年前 ,在人脑中发现了第三种脊椎动物珠蛋白 ,称为神经珠蛋白 .现在 ,科学家又偶然发现了第四种珠蛋白 ,其存在于所有体内组织中 .由于在血液和肌肉中 ,血红蛋白与肌红蛋白这两种珠蛋白浓度颇高 ,故对他们的研究也颇为深入 .包装有血红蛋白的血细胞的作用就象一个分子运输队 ,它们在肺中摄取氧…     

水生龟鳖类潜水生活的呼吸代谢

爬行类是动物进化史上首先登陆成功的脊椎动物。有关爬行类呼吸代谢的生理生态学研究对于比较动物呼吸机制及其进化具有特别重要的意义。爬行动物中有８％的种类营水生生活,潜水是这些次生性水生爬行动物生活的重要组成部分。水生龟鳖类以其极强的潜水能力而闻名,其生活...     

基因工程

891394;苜蓿豆血红蛋白cDNA的分子克隆豆血红蛋白是一种与动物肌红蛋白相似的蛋白,是共生固氮根瘤的蛋白。豆血红蛋白结合氧类菌体进行氧分压的调节,对苜蓿根瘤豆血红蛋白的组分,性质及其mRNA和合成的转译水平调节等进行了研究     

人工饲养鳄蜥的潜水行为及影响因素

性能是有机体完成某些生态相关任务的定量指标,自愿潜水的最长潜水持续时长是量化潜水性能的重要指标。鳄蜥（Shinisaurus crocodilurus）作为一种濒危的半水生蜥蜴,常将潜水行为作为避敌策略。2021年7至8月,人为干扰（不直接触碰）广西大桂山鳄蜥国家级自然保护区人工饲养的鳄蜥,摄像记录其相应的潜水行为,利用Pearson相关分析、单因素方差分析、一般线性模型、一元线性回归及逐步回归5种方法分析了25只亚成体、19只成体雌性、17只成体雄性共61只人工饲养鳄蜥的潜水行为及影响因素。结果表明,人工饲养鳄蜥的潜水行为具有可重复性。不同性别和年龄的人工饲养鳄蜥的最长潜水持续时长没有差异,人工饲养鳄蜥潜水时的行为不影响其最长潜水持续时长,温度也不影响人工饲养鳄蜥的最长潜水持续时长。人工饲养鳄蜥的最长潜水持续时长与尾长、尾部体积呈负相关,与尾部损失呈正相关。本研究结果表明,人工饲养鳄蜥的潜水性能受到尾部特征的影响,潜水性能和游泳性能之间可能发生了权衡。     

藏羚羊与藏绵羊心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白含量和乳酸脱氢酶活性的比较

为了探讨藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)对低氧环境的适应机制。以生活在同海拔(4 300 m)的藏绵羊(Tibetan Sheep)为对照,用分光光度法测定2种动物心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid,LD)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力。结果显示,藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量明显高于藏绵羊(P0.05),但心肌和骨骼肌的Mb含量无差别(P0.05),而藏绵羊心肌Mb含量明显高于骨骼肌(P0.05);藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中LD含量及LDH活力明显低于藏绵羊(P0.05),且2种动物心肌中的LDH活力均明显低于其骨骼肌(P0.01)。结果表明,藏羚羊尽管生活在高寒缺氧地区,其心肌和骨骼肌细胞仍然能得到丰富的氧供应,并非处于缺氧状态,这可能是通过增加心肌和骨骼肌中Mb的含量,提高其在低氧环境获取和储存氧的能力,从而提高有氧获能水平。与之相反,藏绵羊尽管也生活在高寒缺氧地区,但其心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量相对于藏羚羊较低,且LD含量和LDH活力较高,说明其心肌和骨骼肌细胞内氧供不如藏羚羊丰富,提示藏绵羊可能主要以糖酵解获能。我们推测这种差异可能与两种动物不同的运动习性密切相关,且认为藏羚羊较高的Mb含量可能是其适应高原缺氧条件的分子基础之一。     

北部湾沙田水域中华白海豚和江豚的同域分布格局及时空变化

北部湾是中华白海豚和江豚的重要分布区,但是对该水域两物种的分布格局及时空变化的研究却比较少,也不清楚这两个物种分布区是否有重叠。2003 ～ 2004 年与2011 ～2012 年期间,我们在北部湾沙田水域进行了船只调查,总计航程4 876.8 km,收集了两个物种空间分布的数据。结果表明,2003 ～ 2004 年仅发现中华白海豚,2011 ～2012 年则同时发现了中华白海豚和江豚。与2003 ～ 2004 年4 ～ 5 月相比,中华白海豚在2011 年4 ～ 5 月份的遇见率明显增加(0.152 vs 0. 028 头次/km)。中华白海豚的MCP、95% FK 家域和50% FK 核心域面积分别为162. 6 km² 、271. 35 km² 和56.78 km² ,2011 ～ 2012 年50% FK 核心家域有所扩大且东移。江豚的MCP、95% FK家域和50% FK 核心域面积分别为97.21 km² 、318.72 km² 和38.18 km² 。江豚主要分布于中华白海豚的外围远岸水域,同时两个物种的分布区有小部分重叠。基于多种因素的分析,我们推测,江豚可能存在季节性迁移以及中华白海豚对河口区有明显的偏好,可能是造成它们分布格局不同的原因。     

Living with dolphins: Local ecological knowledge and perceptions of small cetaceans along the Sindhudurg coastline of Maharashtra,India

Two near shore small cetaceans occur commonly along the Maharashtra coast, the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin and Indo Pacific finless porpoise. These cetaceans frequently interact with fisheries in this region due to overlap in space and resource use. Besides stranding records, little ecological information is available about these species from Maharashtra. We conducted 143 semistructured interviews to document local ecological knowledge and community perceptions of small cetaceans in 30 coastal fishing villages in Sindhudurg. Perceptions of finless porpoises were largely neutral, whereas humpback dolphins were negative. A classification regression tree (CART) analysis (root node error: 60%) showed that the annual cost of gear damage was an important predictor variable of humpback dolphin perceptions, followed by occupation (gear type) and age. Entanglements were reported for both species in large and small gill nets, and shore seines. Perceived net damage and catch loss due to humpback dolphins was six times greater than that of finless porpoises. However, finless porpoises were reportedly more frequently entangled in gear than humpback dolphins. We provide an insight into the perceptions of cetaceans in the local community and the fisheries‐cetacean interactions that shape them.     

Mercury and Selenium in Stranded Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins and Implications for Their Trophic Transfer in Food Chains

As top predators in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) of China, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) are bioindicators for examining regional trends of environmental contaminants in the PRE. We examined samples from stranded S. chinensis in the PRE, collected since 2004, to study the distribution and fate of total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) in the major tissues, in individuals at different ages and their prey fishes from the PRE. This study also investigated the potential protective effects of Se against the toxicities of accumulated THg. Dolphin livers contained the highest concentrations of THg (32.34±58.98 µg g⁻¹ dw) and Se (15.16±3.66 µg g⁻¹ dw), which were significantly different from those found in kidneys and muscles, whereas the highest residue of MeHg (1.02±1.11 µg g⁻¹ dw) was found in dolphin muscles. Concentrations of both THg and MeHg in the liver, kidney and muscle of dolphins showed a significantly positive correlation with age. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) of inorganic mercury (Hg_inorg) in dolphin livers (350×) and MeHg in muscles (18.7×) through the prey fishes were the highest among all three dolphin tissues, whereas the BMFs of Se were much lower in all dolphin tissues. The lower proportion of MeHg in THg and higher Se/THg ratios in tissues were demonstrated. Our studies suggested that S. chinensis might have the potential to detoxify Hg via the demethylation of MeHg and the formation of tiemannite (HgSe) in the liver and kidney. The lower threshold of hepatic THg concentrations for the equimolar accumulation of Se and Hg in S. chinensis suggests that this species has a greater sensitivity to THg concentrations than is found in striped dolphins and Dall’s porpoises.     

The influence of dietary microbial phytase and calcium on the accumulation of cadmium in different organs of pigs.

A total of 72 barrows (initial body weight 16.7 kg) was used, to evaluate the influence of microbial phytase supplementation alone or in combination with calcium to barley soybean meal diets on the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in kidney, liver, muscle, brain and bone. The control group received the basal diet with 6 g Ca and a low native Cd concentration of 0.03 mg/kg dry matter (DM). In the experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 dietary cadmium concentration was elevated to 0.78 mg/kg DM. The diet of group 3 was supplemented with 800 U microbial phytase/kg, the diet of group 4 with 6 g Ca/kg. The diet of group 5 contained both supplements. The addition of microbial phytase caused an increase of Cd retention in kidney and liver at 30 and 50 kg body weight. This effect was counteracted by the contemporary addition of calcium. A supplementation of Ca alone showed no effect on the Cd accumulation in kidney and liver. In muscle, brain and bone no effects of phytase and calcium on the accumuLation of Cd could be found.     

强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鲴)体内药物动力学及残留消除规律研究

研究利用高效液相色谱法研究了强力霉素在斑点叉尾 (Ictalurus punctatus)体内的药物动力学与消除规律, 有助于制定合理用药方案和休药期, 为水产品质量安全提供理论依据。(1)单次口服剂量 20 mg/kg 强力霉素在斑点叉尾 体内的药时数据符合二室开放式模型。药-时曲线呈明显双峰现象: 第一次达峰时, 强力霉素在肾、血和肌肉中浓度迅速上升, 达峰时间 Tmax (1)出现在 30min, 强力霉素在肝脏中浓度上升缓慢, 出现在 1h; 肝、肾、血和肌肉第二次达峰的时间 Tmax (2)出现在 8h, 第二次达峰浓度 Cmax(2)大于第一次的浓度Cmax (1)。 药-时曲线下面积(AUC): 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 63.242、1282.077、142.379、62.348 μg·h /mL。消除半衰期[T1/2b]: 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 40.668、48.767、36.527、31.091h, 平均滞留时间(MRT): 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 46.585、56.989、48.859、42.428h; (2)连续口服剂量 20 mg/kg 的强力霉素 5d, 停药后强力霉素在斑点叉尾 肝脏中浓度最高, 肌肉+皮中浓度最低。在不同组织中强力霉素的消除速率不同(P<0.05), 药物消除速度由高到低依次为肌肉+皮、肾脏、肝脏。若以肝脏为靶组织, 最高残留限量 300 μg/kg,休药期不低于 30d; 若以可食组织肌肉+皮为靶组织, 最高残留限量 300 μg/kg, 休药期不低于 19d。     

Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters

Stranded cetaceans reported from the territorial waters of Hong Kong during the period May 1993 to March 1998 were examined to establish factors that may have contributed to their death. During the current study, 28 Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis), 32 finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), and four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were necropsied. Bacteria (15 species) were isolated from nine animals. Of these bacteria, 47% were of possible fecal origin reflecting the high level of sewage contamination in Hong Kong's waters. One finless porpoise displayed wounds caused by a shark attack, and two female finless porpoises presented prolapsed uteri. At least 10 finless porpoises showed evidence of moderate to heavy lungworm infections (Halocercus pingi), and this appears to have been a factor contributing to death in at least six animals. Evidence suggesting blunt traumatic injury (probably caused by boat collisions) was found in six cetaceans (three finless porpoises and three hump-backed dolphins). Signs of fishery-related mortality were detected in at least nine animals (six hump-backed dolphins, two finless porpoises, and one bottlenose dolphin). Of these two human-caused mortality types, pre-existing disease or bacterial infection were detected in 29% of cases. Results indicate that human factors may have played a significant role in the death of at least 15 animals (32% of hump-backed dolphins, 15% of finless porpoises, and 25% of bottlenose dolphins).     

Mannose-6-p and mannose-1-p in rat brain, kidney and liver.

The approximate concentrations of mannose-6-phosphate and mannose-1-phosphate in female rat brain, kidney and liver are respectively 51, 29 and 99 nmole/g (Man-6-P), and 13, 12, 15 nmol/g (Man-1-P). Intraperitoneal injection of mannose (20 nmol/kg body weight, 15, 30 or 60 min before sacrifice) raises the liver Man-6-P to 0.4 to 4.3 μmol/g and Man-1-P to 100 to 186 nmol/g.     

Whistle characteristics of a newly recorded Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) population in waters southwest of Hainan Island,China, differ from other humpback dolphin populations

Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) use whistles to communicate with their conspecifics. Little is known about the acoustic repertoire of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in waters southwest of Hainan Island, a newly recorded population in 2014. In this study, whistles of Hainan humpback dolphin population were collected by using autonomous acoustic recorders. The fundamental frequencies and durations of whistles were in ranges of 0.71–21.35 kHz and 0.06–2.22 s, respectively. Significant intraspecific differences in duration and frequency of whistles were found between the Hainan population and the other geographically neighboring populations (in Chinese waters) or the population in Malaysia waters. Compared with other Sousa species, significant interspecific differences were also observed. Based on clustering analysis, the whistle parameters of neighboring populations were likely similar to each other. Significant differences were found between humpback dolphins in waters southwest of Hainan Island and those dolphins in the neighboring areas, supporting the hypothesis that this population may be independent. Ambient noise measurements in waters of Hainan Island, Zhanjiang, and Sanniang Bay showed that humpback dolphin populations may use whistles with longer duration, lower frequency, and fewer inflection points for more effective communication to adapt to a noisier environment.     

POPULATION ANALYSES OF INDO-PACIFIC HUMPBACK DOLPHINS SOUSA CHINENSIS IN ALGOA BAY,EASTERN CAPE,SOUTH AFRICA1

Mark-recapture analyses were performed on photo-identification data for Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) inhabiting Algoa Bay, on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Boat-based photo-ID surveys were undertaken between May 1991 and May 1994. The rate of discovery of newly identified dolphins, distribution of sightings and frequency of resightings of known individuals indicate a high level of seasonal immigration of humpback dolphins into, and emigration from, the Algoa Bay region in summer. Consequently, humpback dolphins from Algoa Bay appear to be part of a substantially larger population that uses a considerable length of the coastal zone. The minimum population size is estimated to be about 466 dolphins.