脊髓灰质炎病毒进入细胞过程的初步分析

利用经典技术,着重分析了脊髓灰质炎病毒穿越细胞膜时的结构变化,探讨了脊灰病毒的结构变化与其进入细胞的关系,并研究了脊灰病毒壳蛋白ＶＰ４在病毒穿膜过程中的作用功能。提出了关于脊灰病毒穿越细胞膜的理论模型。     

乙型肝炎病毒进入肝细胞机制研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染早期进入肝细胞机制研究一直是HBV研究领域的热点和难点．简单易得的HBV体外感染细胞模型是HBV感染进入机制研究无法逾越的主要障碍．近年来,随着新型HBV体外感染细胞模型的建立和应用(HepRG细胞和树鼩原代肝细胞),HBV的进入机制研究取得了一系列重大发现．综述了近几年HBV进入肝细胞机制的最新研究进展,主要包括HBV表面蛋白进入相关结构域的鉴定,已发现的候选HBV进入相关分子和尚待解决的问题．     

丙肝病毒进入的潜在受体及其生物学作用

已确定是假定丙肝病毒（HCV）受体的细胞分子有：CD81蛋白跨膜蛋白、清道夫受体B类Ⅰ型（SR—BI）、甘露糖结合凝集素DC—SIGN和L—SIGN、低密度脂蛋白受体、乙酰肝素蛋白多糖和唾液酸受体。由于在细胞培养基中复制丙肝病毒的困难,因此这些分子大部分是通过分析它们与HCV糖蛋白E2可溶缩短形式之间的相互作用被确定的。近来研究HCV进入的主要步骤是发展假颗粒（HCVpp）,即：把未经修饰的HCV包膜糖蛋白组装到逆转录病毒核心颗粒上。这一方法可对候选受体在HCV复制周期早期步骤中的作用进行研究,所获得的数据现在能够借助新近发展的允许HCV有效扩增的细胞培养系统（HCVcc）被确认。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒细胞辅助受体的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒细胞辅助受体的研究进展谭伟赵翠萍综述李德富审校（中国药品生物制品检定所,北京１０００５０）分类号Ｒ５１１前言人类免疫缺陷病毒（Ｈｕｍａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＩＶ）可以在人类引起艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）。经过十几年的...     

嗜肝DNA病毒的细胞受体研究进展

本文对近年有关嗜肝DNA病毒进入细胞的分子机制的研究作一综述,主要介绍了近年来鸭乙型肝炎病毒细胞表面受体的研究进展,新发现的与乙型肝炎病毒进入细胞有关的细胞膜分子以及乙型肝炎病毒包膜蛋白的水解机制。     

小RNA病毒受体的研究进展

病毒与宿主间的相互作用位点为病毒感染细胞提供可能性,位于宿主细胞上的结合位点称作受体。目前在宿主细胞的免疫球蛋白超家族、低密度脂蛋白受体家族、补体家族和整联蛋白细胞粘附分子家族等中陆续发现了小RNA病毒的受体。了解各个受体的利用情况,对理解病毒感染机制、宿主嗜性和抗病毒机理有重要意义。本文主要就已证实的小RNA病毒受体进行分类概述,以期为深入研究小RNA病毒的致病机理及其防控提供参考。     

尼帕病毒进入抑制剂研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus)属副粘病毒科亨尼帕病毒属,是在南亚各国出现的一种人畜共患病高致死率病毒。自1999年以来至少造成387人死亡,属生物安全4级病原(BSL-4),迄今为止尚无针对该病毒的疫苗或药物批准上市。近年来,以尼帕病毒进入宿主细胞为靶点的结合抑制剂和融合抑制剂是抗该病毒研究的重点,本文对此领域进行综述。     

乙型脑炎病毒侵染细胞机制的研究进展

乙型脑炎病毒是一种蚊媒致病病毒,能引发严重的病毒性脑炎。乙脑病毒入侵细胞是导致乙型脑炎发生的先决条件,入侵机制的阐明将为乙型脑炎的治疗提供更多途径。近年来,乙脑病毒侵染细胞机制的研究不断深入,其他黄病毒的研究成果也拓展了乙脑病毒入侵机制的研究方向。E蛋白抗体的研制以及侵染过程抑制物的发现为乙脑病毒入侵的有效阻断提供了更多的可能。本文就近年来乙脑病毒入侵及膜融合的相关研究进展做一综述。     

非包膜病毒进入细胞基质的研究进展

病毒是最简单的生命形态,必须在宿主细胞中才能繁殖。为了增殖,病毒需要将它们的基因组运送到宿主细胞中。而要达到这一目的,病毒必须通过宿主细胞的主要屏障——细胞质膜,不同病毒会根据宿主细胞膜的特点运用不同的进入策略。根据病毒的外表是否具有脂双层膜可将病毒分成两类:包膜病毒和非包膜病毒。包膜病毒外表有一层来源于宿主细胞的脂双层膜,膜上整合了病毒编码的膜融合蛋白。包膜病毒主要通过膜融合蛋白的作用促使病毒的包膜与细胞膜融合,从而介导病毒核衣壳的侵人。对于非包膜病毒来说,由于缺乏包     

HIV进入抑制剂的研究进展

随着对HIV进入细胞过程的了解,各种进入抑制剂相继问世,目前主要有三大类:吸附抑制剂、辅助受体抑制剂和融合抑制剂.对其中具有代表性的进入抑制剂研究进展进行了介绍,一些进入抑制剂已经进入到了临床试验阶段,其中融合抑制剂T20在2003年便被FDA批准可同其他ARTs联合用于治疗HIV感染者,CCR5拮抗剂Maraviro...     

麻疹病毒受体与病毒侵入

麻疹病毒是一种具囊膜的负链RNA病毒,两种主要的囊膜蛋白血凝素蛋白(H)和膜融合蛋白(F)表达在膜表面负责病毒侵入过程中与宿主受体的结合和膜融合过程.病毒囊膜蛋白与受体的相互作用是病毒侵入宿主的关键步骤,决定了病毒感染能力、种属和组织嗜性.因此,囊膜病毒与受体的结合位点往往成为重要的抗病毒药物的靶点.目前已发现的3种麻疹病毒受体包括CD46、SLAM和Nectin-4.以下综述了麻疹病毒受体的特征及在病毒侵入中的作用、麻疹病毒H蛋白与受体的相互作用机制,为抗病毒药物设计及麻疹病毒作为肿瘤治疗性载体的应用提供理论依据.     

The role of cellular adhesion molecules in virus attachment and entry

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses must traverse the host-cell plasma membrane to initiate infection. This presents a formidable barrier, which they have evolved diverse strategies to overcome. Common to all entry pathways, however, is a mechanism of specific attachment to cell-surface macromolecules or ‘receptors’. Receptor usage frequently defines viral tropism, and consequently, the evolutionary changes in receptor specificity can lead to emergence of new strains exhibiting altered pathogenicity or host range. Several classes of molecules are exploited as receptors by diverse groups of viruses, including, for example, sialic acid moieties and integrins. In particular, many cell-adhesion molecules that belong to the immunoglobulin-like superfamily of proteins (IgSF CAMs) have been identified as viral receptors. Structural analysis of the interactions between viruses and IgSF CAM receptors has not shown binding to specific features, implying that the Ig-like fold may not be key. Both proteinaceous and enveloped viruses exploit these proteins, however, suggesting convergent evolution of this trait. Their use is surprising given the usually occluded position of CAMs on the cell surface, such as at tight junctions. Nonetheless, the reason for their widespread involvement in virus entry most probably originates in their functional rather than structural characteristics.     

Viral cell recognition and entry.

Rhinovirus infection is initiated by the recognition of a specific cell-surface receptor. The major group of rhinovirus serotypes attach to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The attachment process initiates a series of conformational changes resulting in the loss of genomic RNA from the virion. X-ray crystallography and sequence comparisons suggested that a deep crevice or canyon is the site on the virus recognized by the cellular receptor molecule. This has now been verified by electron microscopy of human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) and HRV16 complexed with a soluble component of ICAM-1. A hydrophobic pocket underneath the canyon is the site of binding of various hydrophobic drug compounds that can inhibit attachment and uncoating. This pocket is also associated with an unidentified, possibly cellular in origin, "pocket factor." The pocket factor binding site overlaps the binding site of the receptor. It is suggested that competition between the pocket factor and receptor regulates the conformational changes required for the initiation of the entry of the genomic RNA into the cell.     

TIM-1 acts a dual-attachment receptor for Ebolavirus by interacting directly with viral GP and the PS on the viral envelope

Ebolavirus can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans with a mortality rate of 50%−90%. Currently, no approved vaccines and antiviral therapies are available. Human TIM1 is considered as an attachment factor for EBOV, enhancing viral infection through interaction with PS located on the viral envelope. However, reasons underlying the preferable usage of hTIM-1, but not other PS binding receptors by filovirus, remain unknown. We firstly demonstrated a direct interaction between hTIM-1 and EBOV GP in vitro and determined the crystal structures of the Ig V domains of hTIM-1 and hTIM-4. The binding region in hTIM-1 to EBOV GP was mapped by chimeras and mutation assays, which were designed based on structural analysis. Pseudovirion infection assays performed using hTIM-1 and its homologs as well as point mutants verified the location of the GP binding site and the importance of EBOV GP-hTIM-1 interaction in EBOV cellular entry.     

Improving promiscuous mammalian cell entry by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus

The insect baculovirus AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) enters many mammalian cell lines, prompting its application as a general eukaryotic gene delivery agent, but the basis of entry is poorly understood. For adherent mammalian cells, we show that entry is favoured by low pH and by increasing the available cell-surface area through a transient release from the substratum. Low pH also stimulated baculovirus entry into mammalian cells grown in suspension which, optimally, could reach 90% of the transduced population. The basic loop, residues 268–281, of the viral surface glycoprotein gp64 was required for entry and a tetra mutant with increasing basicity increased entry into a range of mammalian cells. The same mutant failed to plaque in Sf9 cells, instead showing individual cell entry and minimal cell-to-cell spread, consistent with an altered fusion phenotype. Viruses grown in different insect cells showed different mammalian cell entry efficiencies, suggesting that additional factors also govern entry.     

细胞因子与膜受体蛋白相互作用的研究方法

细胞因子与膜受体的相互作用是生命活动中的重要环节。癌症、自身免疫疾病、代谢紊乱等疾病的发生都和细胞因子失调有着密切的关系,研究细胞因子和受体的相互作用成为治疗上述疾病的基石。本文综述了现今常用的研究方法,包括从最经典的同位素标记直接检测受体与配体的结合,到生化通路下游信号检测,再到生物物理高通量检测方法。     

Macropinocytosis and SARS-CoV-2 cell entry

Macropinocytosis is a type of large-scale endocytosis that is triggered by the interaction of receptor proteins and ligands, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macropinocytosis ingests the extracellular fluid solutes and conveys them into the lysosome in the context of cell growth and differentiation. Aside from its physiological functions, macropinocytosis has been observed in viral infections. While the infectious mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still unknown, recent studies suggest the involvement of macropinocytosis in its cell entry. In this review, we discuss the roles of endocytosis in SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cell entries and propose a hypothetical role of macropinocytosis in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry.     

病毒密码子使用频率研究进展

密码子使用频率的研究多集中在自养生物中,对于寄生生物如病毒的研究相对较少,近些年的研究表明某些病毒基因的密码子使用频率和宿主细胞不完全匹配,密码子使用在病毒和宿主的相互作用中起了重要的作用。本对病毒密码子使用频率的特点,影响病毒密码子使用频率的因素,几种典型病毒的密码子使用特点和密码子使用频率研究的方法做了论述。     

Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor

Ebola and Marburg filoviruses cause deadly outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever. Despite considerable efforts, no essential cellular receptors for filovirus entry have been identified. We showed previously that Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a lysosomal cholesterol transporter, is required for filovirus entry. Here, we demonstrate that NPC1 is a critical filovirus receptor. Human NPC1 fulfills a cardinal property of viral receptors: it confers susceptibility to filovirus infection when expressed in non-permissive reptilian cells. The second luminal domain of NPC1 binds directly and specifically to the viral glycoprotein, GP, and a synthetic single-pass membrane protein containing this domain has viral receptor activity. Purified NPC1 binds only to a cleaved form of GP that is generated within cells during entry, and only viruses containing cleaved GP can utilize a receptor retargeted to the cell surface. Our findings support a model in which GP cleavage by endosomal cysteine proteases unmasks the binding site for NPC1, and GP-NPC1 engagement within lysosomes promotes a late step in entry proximal to viral escape into the host cytoplasm. NPC1 is the first known viral receptor that recognizes its ligand within an intracellular compartment and not at the plasma membrane.