达格列净对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏葡萄糖转运蛋白2及葡萄糖转运蛋白4基因表达的影响

目的:探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)和葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)基因表达的影响。方法:使用高脂饲料和一次性注射40 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模大鼠以空腹血糖(FBG)含量≥16.7 mmol/L时视为造模成功。造模成功后随机分为模型组(B组,生理盐水)、达格列净低剂量组(C组,0.75 mg/kg)、达格列净中剂量组(D组,1.5 mg/kg)、达格列净高剂量组(E组,3.0 mg/kg),每组6只;另选取6只健康的SD大鼠作为正常对照组(A组,生理盐水)。各组均为灌胃给药,每天1次,连续7周。灌胃给药7周后测定大鼠的体重以及血清FBG、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)的变化;采用酶联免疫吸附测定血清及肾组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px);采用HE观察肾脏病理学变化;采用Western blot检测肾脏组织中GLUT2、GLUT4蛋白表达; RT-qPCR检测肾脏组织中GLUT2、GLUT4 mRNA相对表达量。结果:与A组比较,各组大鼠...     

锌转运蛋白基因研究进展

锌作为一种重要的微量元素参与了植物体内广泛的生理和生化过程,本文详细介绍了涉及Zn^2＋吸收转运的ZIP基因家族（ZRT／IRT相关蛋白）和CDF（Cation　diffusion　facilitator）家族。ZIP家族转运蛋白主要负责将Zn^2＋等二价阳离子跨膜转运进细胞内,以完成细胞内多种生理生化反应。CDF家族转运蛋白主要负责将过量Zn^2＋运出细胞,或者将细胞内过量Zn^2＋进行区室化隔离,降低Zn^2＋对细胞的危害作用。ZIP家族转运蛋白和CDF家族转运蛋白的相互协调使得Zn^2＋在细胞和有机体水平上维持着稳态,进而为细胞内各种生理生化反应的进行供一种保障机制。     

外周血晚期糖基化终产物、外周血锌转运蛋白8与糖尿病脂代谢紊乱的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨外周血晚期糖基化终产物(the Receptor of Advanced Glycation Endproducts,RAGE)、外周血锌转运蛋白8(Zinc transporter 8,ZnT8)与糖尿病脂代谢紊乱的相关性。方法：2015年8月到2020年9月选择在本院诊治的2型糖尿病患者118例作为糖尿病组,同期选择在本院体检的健康人118例作为对照组。检测两组外周血RAGE、ZnT8、脂代谢水平,调查患者的一般资料并进行相关性分析。结果：糖尿病组的血清RAGE、ZnT8含量都高于对照组(P<0.05)。糖尿病组的甘油三酯(Triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、视黄醇结合蛋白4(Retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)、游离脂肪酸(Free fatty acid,FFA)含量高于对照组(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(High density liptein cholesterol,HDL-C)、脂联素(Adiponectin,APN)含量低于对照组(P<0.05)。在糖尿病组中,Pearson分析显示RAGE、ZnT8与TG、TC、LDL-C、APN、HDL-C、FFA、RBP4都存在相关性(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示RAGE、ZnT8、TG、TC、LDL-C、APN、HDL-C、FFA、RBP4都为影响患者空腹血糖的重要因素(P<0.05)。结论：糖尿病患者的外周血RAGE、ZnT8多呈高表达状况,也多伴随有脂代谢紊乱,RAGE、ZnT8与脂代谢指标存在相关性,也可共同参与调节糖尿病的发生与发展。     

磺酰脲受体1基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性

目的：研究磺酰脲受体1（sulfonylurea receptorl,SUR1）基因外显子16-3c／t多态性与湖北汉族人群2型糖尿病的相关性。方法：采用同胞对（2型糖尿病人及其正常同胞）和随机病例一对照两种实验设计,应用PCR-RFLP方法分析共405个样本的SUR1基因外显子16-3c／t多态性,并测定身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压、空腹血糖等生理生化指标。结果：两种实验设计中病例组与对照组的基因型和等位基因频率均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：在湖北汉族人群中未发现SUR1基因外显子16-3c／t多态性与2型糖尿病之间存在关联,该基因座可能不是该人群的致病基因。     

SLC30A8基因rsl3266634多态性与内蒙古地区汉族人群2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的：研究内蒙古地区汉族人群SLC30A8（solute carrier family 30,member 8）基因rsl3266634单核苷酸多态性（Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）的等位基因和基因型频率分布与2型糖尿病（Type 2 diabetes,T2DM）的相关性。方法：采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应（AS-PCR）,对222例内蒙古地区汉族人（其中T2DM组125例,正常对照NC组97例）rsl3266634进行基因分型。结果：T2DM组中rsl3266634的C等位基因频率、CC基因型频率分别为61.2%和28.4%,均显著高于NC组的53.1%和24.7%（P值均〈0.05）;而T2DM组的TT基因型频率为6.4%,显著低于NC组的18.6%（P〈0.05）。C等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是T等位基因的1.64倍（OR=1.64,95%CI=1.125-2.402）。结论：SLC30A8基因rsl3266634多态性位点的C等位基因可能是T2DM的风险等位基因,该位点C/T多态性与内蒙古地区汉族人群T2DM具有相关性,可能是内蒙古地区汉族人T2DM的易感基因之一。     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1与2型糖尿病大血管病变

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1;MCP-1)属于炎症趋化因子CC亚族成员,它能趋化T淋巴细胞、单核细胞,诱导内皮细胞、单核细胞释放黏附因子,使单核/巨噬细胞向病变处聚集。这些免疫及炎症过程有可能导致2型糖尿病大血管病变的发生、发展。本文就单核细胞趋化蛋白-1促使动脉粥样硬化的机制、及其干预治疗,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达上调的影响因素,深入了解单核细胞趋化蛋白-1与2型糖尿病大血管病变的关系。     

ApoE基因多态性与2型糖尿病并发症的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其并发症的发生与发展与ApoE基因的多态性存在密切关系。本文从ApoE基因与脂代谢、ApoE基因与T2DM、ApoE基因T2DM并发症的关系讨论了ApoE基因多态性在T2DM及其并发症在发病方面的机制,为临床治疗T2DM及其并发症提供了理论基础。     

水稻锌铁转运蛋白ZIP基因家族研究进展

锌(zinc, Zn)和铁(iron, Fe)是水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生长必需的矿质元素,也是人体必需的微量元素。水稻体内Zn、Fe含量维持在适宜水平有利于提高其产量和品质,提高稻米中Zn、Fe含量能够在一定程度上解决人体Zn、Fe营养缺乏的问题。因此,研究水稻中Zn和Fe等微量元素转运蛋白的具体功能对于提高水稻产量和稻米品质具有重要意义。锌铁转运蛋白(zinc-regulated transporters and iron-regulated transporter-like protein, ZIP)负责Zn和Fe等离子的吸收、转运和分配,是维持水稻中Zn和Fe平衡的重要转运蛋白,其表达水平受Zn和Fe水平影响。ZIP基因家族在自然群体中具有丰富的等位变异,而且某些单倍型存在明显的籼粳分化,这可能造成了不同品种间籼、粳稻中Zn和Fe积累的差异。目前,已有大量关于ZIP基因家族的研究,但只有OsZIP3的作用机制研究的较为清楚。另外,对Zn、Fe在籽粒中的积累机制研究和自然群体中ZIP基因的等位变异研究还不够深入。因此,ZIP转运蛋白家族仍存在较大的研究空间。本文详细介绍了ZIP转运蛋白在水稻体内的亚细胞定位、表达模式、转运机制以及在自然群体中的等位变异等,以期为研究水稻稻米微量元素的积累提供理论基础,为提高稻米品质提供借鉴。     

药物相关转运蛋白基因多态性的研究进展

药物相关转运蛋白不但与肿瘤多药耐药现象密切相关,而且在人体内广泛参与药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等过程。其编码基因的单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepolymorphism,SNP)位点变异可能与药物转运蛋白的表达、转运功能密切相关,决定了临床常见的个体/群体药物反应差异性。本文主要介绍了近年来有关药物相关转运蛋白SNP位点基因多态性,以及与临床常见表型相关性的研究。     

SLC30A8 基因rsl3266634 多态性与内蒙古地区汉族人群2 型糖尿 病的相关性研究

目的:研究内蒙古地区汉族人群SLC30A8(solute carrier family 30,member 8)基因rsl3266634单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)的等位基因和基因型频率分布与2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes,T2DM)的相关性。方法:采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应(AS-PCR),对222例内蒙古地区汉族人(其中T2DM组125例,正常对照NC组97例)rsl3266634进行基因分型。结果:T2DM组中rsl3266634的C等位基因频率、CC基因型频率分别为61.2%和28.4%,均显著高于NC组的53.1%和24.7%(P值均<0.05);而T2DM组的TT基因型频率为6.4%,显著低于NC组的18.6%(P<0.05)。C等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是T等位基因的1.64倍(OR=1.64,95%CI=1.125-2.402)。结论:SLC30A8基因rsl3266634多态性位点的C等位基因可能是T2DM的风险等位基因,该位点C/T多态性与内蒙古地区汉族人群T2DM具有相关性,可能是内蒙古地区汉族人T2DM的易感基因之一。     

European versus Asian differences for the associations between paraoxonase‐1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Many studies have examined the associations between paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) genetic polymorphisms (Q192R, rs662 and L55M, rs854560) and the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across different ethnic populations. However, the evidence for the associations remains inconclusive. In this study, we performed a meta‐analysis to clarify the association of the two PON1 variants with T2DM risk. We carried out a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang databases for studies published before June 2017. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the association and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by a random‐ or fixed‐effect model. A total of 50 eligible studies, including 34 and 16 studies were identified for the PON1 Q192R (rs662) and L55M (rs854560) polymorphism, respectively. As for the PON1 Q192R polymorphism, the 192R allele was a susceptible factor of T2DM in the South or East Asian population (OR > 1, P < 0.05) but represented a protective factor of T2DM in European population (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45–0.98) under a heterozygous genetic model. With regard to the PON1 L55M polymorphism, significant protective effects of the 55M allele on T2DM under the heterozygous (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61–0.97) and dominant (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99) genetic models were found in the European population, while no significant associations in the Asian populations under all genetic models (P > 0.05). In summary, by a comprehensive meta‐analysis, our results firmly indicated that distinct effects of PON1 genetic polymorphisms existed in the risk of T2DM across different ethnic backgrounds.     

The variant at TGFBRAP1 is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and affects diabetes‐related miRNA expression

While the transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) regulates the growth and proliferation of pancreatic β‐cells, its receptors trigger the activation of Smad network and subsequently induce the insulin resistance. A case‐control was conducted to evaluate the associations of the polymorphisms of TGF‐β1 receptor‐associated protein 1 (TGFBRAP1) and TGF‐β1 receptor 2 (TGFBR2) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its genetic effects on diabetes‐related miRNA expression. miRNA microarray chip was used to screen T2DM‐related miRNA and 15 differential expressed miRNAs were further validated in 75 T2DM and 75 normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The variation of rs2241797 (T/C) at TGFBRAP1 showed significant association with T2DM in case‐control study, and the OR (95% CI) of dominant model for cumulative effects was 1.204 (1.060‐1.370), Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05. Significant differences in the fast glucose and HOMA‐β indices were observed amongst the genotypes of rs2241797. The expression of has‐miR‐30b‐5p and has‐miR‐93‐5p was linearly increased across TT, TC, and CC genotypes of rs2241797 in NGT, P_trend values were 0.024 and 0.016, respectively. Our findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms of TGFBRAP1 may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of T2DM by mediating diabetes‐related miRNA expression.     

Association of vitamin D receptor BsmI gene polymorphism with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI (rs1544410) gene polymorphism and the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility is still conflicting at present. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between VDR BsmI gene polymorphism and the risk of T2DM. The association studies were identified from PubMed, and Cochrane Library on 1 January 2014, and eligible investigations were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Eleven reports were recruited into this meta-analysis for the association of VDR BsmI gene polymorphism with T2DM susceptibility. In overall populations, B allele, BB genotype and bb genotype were not associated with T2DM risk. VDR BsmI gene polymorphism was also not associated with the T2DM risk in Asians and Caucasians. In conclusion, VDR BsmI gene polymorphism was also not associated with T2DM risk in overall populations, Asians and Caucasians. However, more studies should be conducted to confirm it.     

Autophagic adaptations in diabetic cardiomyopathy differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Little is known about the association between autophagy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Also unknown are possible distinguishing features of cardiac autophagy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In hearts from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice, diastolic function was impaired, though autophagic activity was significantly increased, as evidenced by increases in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/LC3 and LC3-II/-I ratios, SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and CTSD (cathepsin D), and by the abundance of autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes detected electron-microscopically. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated and ATP content was reduced in type 1 diabetic hearts. Treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, worsened cardiac performance in type 1 diabetes. In addition, hearts from db/db type 2 diabetic model mice exhibited poorer diastolic function than control hearts from db/+ mice. However, levels of LC3-II, SQSTM1 and phosphorylated MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) were increased, but CTSD was decreased and very few lysosomes were detected ultrastructurally, despite the abundance of autophagic vacuoles. AMPK activity was suppressed and ATP content was reduced in type 2 diabetic hearts. These findings suggest the autophagic process is suppressed at the final digestion step in type 2 diabetic hearts. Resveratrol, an autophagy enhancer, mitigated diastolic dysfunction, while chloroquine had the opposite effects in type 2 diabetic hearts. Autophagy in the heart is enhanced in type 1 diabetes, but is suppressed in type 2 diabetes. This difference provides important insight into the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which is essential for the development of new treatment strategies.     

A meta-analysis of association of vitamin D receptor BsmI gene polymorphism with the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI (rs1544410) gene polymorphism and the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from the published reports are still conflicting. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between VDR BsmI gene polymorphism and the risk of T1DM using meta-analysis method. The association studies were identified from PubMed, and Cochrane Library on 1 December 2013, and eligible investigations were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Twenty-three reports were recruited into this meta-analysis for the association of VDR BsmI gene polymorphism with T1DM susceptibility. In overall populations, bb genotype was associated with T1DM, but the B allele and BB genotype were not. In Asians and Latino population, B allele and bb genotype were associated with TIDM risk, but BB genotype was not. In Caucasians, VDR BsmI gene polymorphism was not associated with the T1DM risk. In Africans, B allele and BB genotype were associated with T1DM risk, but the bb genotype was not. However, the sample size for Latino population and Africans was small. In conclusion, VDR BsmI B allele, bb genotype was associated with T1DM risk in Asians, and bb genotype was associated with T1DM risk in overall populations. However, more studies should be conducted to confirm it.     

Association study of the ABCC8 gene variants with type 2 diabetes in south Indians

BACKGROUND:

The ABCC8 gene which encodes the sulfonylurea receptor plays a major role in insulin secretion and is a potential candidate for type 2 diabetes. The -3c → t (rs1799854) and Thr759Thr (C → T, rs1801261) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ABCC8 gene have been associated with type 2 diabetes in many populations. The present study was designed to investigate the association of these two SNPs in an Asian Indian population from south India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 1,300 subjects, 663 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and 637 type 2 diabetic subjects were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). The -3c → t and Thr759Thr were genotyped in these subjects using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and a few variants were confirmed by direct sequencing.

RESULTS:

The frequency of the ‘t’ allele of the -3c → t SNP was found to be 0.27 in NGT and 0.29 in type 2 diabetic subjects (P = 0.44). There was no significant difference in the genotypic frequency between the NGT and type 2 diabetic group (P = 0.18). Neither the genotypic frequency nor the allele frequency of the Thr759Thr polymorphism was found to differ significantly between the NGT and type 2 diabetic groups.

CONCLUSION:

The -3c → t and the Thr759Thr polymorphisms of the ABCC8 gene were not associated with type 2 diabetes in this study. However, an effect of these genetic variants on specific unidentified sub groups of type 2 diabetes cannot be excluded.     

Meta-analysis: Interleukin 6 gene -174G/C polymorphism associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and interleukin 6 changes

The gene coding interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a promising candidate in predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to meta-analytically examine the association of IL-6 gene −174G/C polymorphism with T2DM and circulating IL-6 changes across −174G/C genotypes. Odds ratio (OR) and standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Twenty-five articles were meta-analysed, with 20 articles for T2DM risk and 9 articles for circulating IL-6 changes. Overall, there was no detectable significance for the association between −174G/C polymorphism and T2DM, and this association was relatively obvious under dominant model (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.56-1.21). Improved heterogeneity was seen in some subgroups, with statistical significance found in studies involving subjects of mixed races (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46-0.86). Begg's and filled funnel plots, along with Egger's tests revealed week evidence of publication bias. In genotype-phenotype analyses, carriers of −174CC and −174CG genotypes separately had 0.10 and 0.03 lower concentrations (pg/mL) of circulating IL-6 than −174GG carriers. Albeit no detectable significance for the association of −174G/C with T2DM, our findings provided suggestive evidence on a dose-dependent relation between −174G/C mutant alleles and circulating IL-6 concentrations, indicating possible implication of this polymorphism in the pathogenesis of T2DM.