The accumulation of proline in Prasiola crispa during winter in Antarctica

Samples of Prasiola crispa were collected in Antarctica throughout a 13-month period and analysed for free amino acids by HPLC. There was a marked increase in the levels of proline with the onset of winter, concurrent with a decrease in the other predominant amino acids. In January, proline constituted 1.2 ± 0.1 μ mol (g dry weight)⁻¹. whereas by mid-April it was the major component at 28.4 ± 2.9 μ mol (g dry weight)⁻¹. When winter samples were thawed in a growth cabinet, their proline content declined to 4.3 ± 0.5 μ mol (g dry weight)⁻¹ after 7 days. Measurements of photosynthetic quantum yield indicated that winter samples of P. crispa also recovered photosynthetic activity upon thawing. Amino acids and other solutes are involved in the preservation of photosynthetic activities during freezing and it seems probable that proline is involved in cryoprotection in this species. In summer samples, there was no evidence that proline levels in P. crispa increased with the conductivity of the water in which they were found growing.     

A Unique γ-Glutamyltransferase from Fruiting Bodies of Tricholoma shimeji

The extract of terrestrial alga Nostoc commune Vauch. has high antioxidative activity. Our study on N. commune Vauch. resulted in the isolation of two β-ionone derivatives, nostocionone and 3-oxo-β-ionone, together with four indole alkaloids, scytonemin, reduced scytonemin, N-(p-coumaroyl)tryptamine, and N-acetyltryptamine. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS analyses. Among these isolates, nostocionone and reduced scytonemin demonstrated strong antioxidative activities which were assessed by using a β-carotene oxidation assay.     

地木耳多糖的提取与纯化研究

对地木耳采用水提醇沉法获得的地木耳多糖粗提取物,采用Sevage法脱蛋白质、醇沉,干燥得粗多糖,进一步用DEAE-52纤维素柱层析分离纯化,用纸色谱和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对洗脱组分进行纯度鉴定。结果表明：Sevage法脱蛋白7次可脱除94%的蛋白质,多糖得率为13.75%。DEAE-52纤维素柱层析后得到10种组分,浓缩干燥后得到白色粉末状多糖组分,每个组分经过纯度鉴定后均为单一的多糖。选择水和NaC l溶液为洗脱剂的温和条件分离纯化多糖效果较好。     

生物监测的多指标模糊综合评判

以地木耳为材料,现场监测郑州市大气污染。选择含硫量、伤害面积、ＰＨ值为指标,同时以例行监测的大气环境质量综合指数为参照,对每项指标作定量化计算,确定其分级标准,用模糊数学方法对大气环境质量作综合评判。结果表明,地木耳多指标模糊综合评判法与综合指标数一致,具有较主同的可靠性。     

盐胁迫对地木耳和葛仙米生理生化特性的影响

地木耳为一种耐干旱的陆生念珠藻 ,葛仙米则是水生念珠藻 ,由于对各自生境的适应 ,二者在对盐胁迫的反应上可能会有差异。为了阐明这种差异 ,研究了不同盐度胁迫下它们的光合活性、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量及质膜透性的变化。结果表明 ,高盐胁迫下地木耳和葛仙米的光合活性均降低 ;在 0 .8mol·L- 1 的盐浓度下胁迫 48和 96h后 ,地木耳仍可检测到微弱的光合活性 ,而在葛仙米中已检测不到。地木耳中脯氨酸升高 ;可溶性糖含量升高 ,增幅为87%— 2 0 0 % ;质膜透性比对照略有增加 ,但不同盐度之间差别不大。葛仙米中脯氨酸含量降低 ;可溶性糖含量在NaCl小于 0 .4mol·L- 1 时随盐度的升高而升高 ,增幅为 1 0 0 %— 1 0 0 0 % ,当高于 0 .4mol·L- 1 时随盐度的升高而降低 ;质膜透性随盐度增加而增加 ,在盐浓度为 0 .6和 0 .8mol·L- 1 时 ,均达 90 %以上。结果表明 ,地木耳比葛仙米更能耐受盐度胁迫 ;可溶性糖在地木耳和葛仙米抵抗盐胁迫中有重要作用 ,而脯氨酸在葛仙米抗盐胁迫中可能不作为相容溶质起作用     

Alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice by edible blue-green algae

Aims:  To characterize the effect of edible blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice.
Methods and Results:  C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet supplemented with 0% or 5% dried Nostoc commune , Spirulina platensis or Afanizominon flos-aquae (w/w) for 4 weeks. Molecular fingerprinting of the colonic microbiota using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that administration of N. commune induced major alterations in colonic microbiota composition, while administration of S. platensis or A. flos-aquae had a more subtle impact. Community profile analysis revealed that administration of N. commune did not reduce microbial diversity indices of the colonic microbiota. Despite its pronounced effects on the bacterial composition in the colon, total bacterial numbers in the gut of mice fed N. commune were not reduced as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and bacteriological culture.
Conclusions:  The results presented here show that administration of blue-green algae, and especially N. commune , alters colonic microbiota composition in mice with limited effects on total bacterial numbers or microbial diversity.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Blue-green algae are consumed in many countries as a source of nutrients and to promote health, and they are intensively studied for their pharmaceutical value. Given the importance of the gut microbiota for many host functions, the effects of blue-green algae on gut microbial ecology revealed during this study should be considered when using them as food supplements or when studying their pharmaceutical properties.     

地木耳规模化培养的初步研究

利用跑道式培养池规模化培养地木耳,结果显示:在一定的实验条件下,地木耳群体的直径明显增大,其生长速度最高可达445.2g·m-2·d-1,并可将其它杂藻类控制在较低的水平。这是地木耳规模化培养的首次报道。     

地木耳对蕃茄生长的影响

地木耳是蓝藻门植物,具有生物固氮作用,分别以地表施加、土中施加、浸泡材料与酶提取液的方式在番茄的营养生长期和花蕾期施加,均有增肥效应。地表施加效果最好,且营养生长期施加的作用大于花蕾期;地木耳的用量随每一植株生活的环境不同而异。只要使地木耳保持活力,白天进行光合作用,夜间便可进行固氮作用,它可以持续地进行生物固氮,且具有累加效应。     

Changes in the Ultrastructure of Prasiola crispa ssp. antarctica under Salinity Stress

The supralittoral green alga Prasiola crispa, collected in Antarctica, was grown at salinities ranging from 0.35 %o to 175 %o. Its ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy and compared with the ultrastructure of plants grown under standard conditions (35 %o). The thalli had very thick cell walls, making up approximately 50% of the thallus volume. Most of the protoplast was occupied by a single chloroplast. Numerous starch granules in the chloroplast were enlarged under hypo-osmotic conditions and reduced in volume when subjected to hyperosmotic stress indicating a metabolic shift towards low molecular weight organic osmolytes under the latter conditions. Whilst vacuoles were lacking in plants cultured at salinities between 0.35 %o and 35 %o, they developed under hyperosmotic conditions and possibly may serve as compartments accumulating inorganic ions. Growth, photosynthesis and dark respiration were strongly inhibited under higher salinities, whilst they remained almost unaffected under lower salinities (Jacob et al., 1991).     

阳生和阴生地木耳生理生化特性的比较

以生长于不同光环境下的地木耳为材料,对其Fv/Fm的日变化、光合作用特性、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量进行了研究,以了解其光适应的生理生化基础。同阴生地木耳相比,阳生地木耳的光饱和点、类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的比值均比较高,但其P-I曲线光限制部分的斜率、暗呼吸速率、Fv/Fm、叶绿素、MAAs含量和单位面积干重较低。二者最大光合速率和光补偿点无明显差异,二者均无明显的光呼吸。同等条件的光抑制后,阳生地木耳在暗处能更快、更大程度地恢复其Fv/Fm活性。原位研究表明,阴生和阳生地木耳在雨后强光下均有不同程度的光抑制发生,但在弱光下或夜晚时会及时恢复。阳生和阴生地木耳的光合特性及色素含量显著不同,以此来适应不同环境中的光因子。     

地木耳显微及亚显微结构的研究

利用光学显微镜、相差显微镜、扫描和透射电镜等观察蓝藻类的地木耳,看到了一些特殊结构:1.藻体内部结构如海绵状,表面凸凹不平;2.由念珠状细胞组成的藻丝长短不一,弯曲折迥,有的堆积成团,有的分枝,有的排成环状;3.念珠状细胞壁分5层,最表层细波纹状,与相邻壁镶嵌连接;4.念珠状细胞为典型原核细胞,四周散布着类囊体,中央是拟核区,细胞质中分布着结构颗粒,多角体等,类囊体表面附有核糖核蛋白体和胆藻体,有的有明显液泡和腔穴;5.异形胞有厚的外套,这是正常壁外附加的包被,可称之为“细胞套”,它包括一层电子密集层和电子疏层,在极端形成半球形的“节球”,其间有孔与相邻细胞相通,流通物质有孔塞控制流向、流量;6.缢裂式繁殖,缢裂方向及位置各不相同,故出现细胞堆积现象。     

近十年中国地木耳研究概况

地木耳拉丁名为NostoccommuneVauch.,可以食用和入药,我国人民对其利用广泛且历史久远。     

铬酸钾溶液紫外吸收特征及在研究UV-B生物学效应中的应用

为了更好地利用铬酸钾溶液去除UV-B光源中的UV-A和UV-C,对不同浓度和pH值的铬酸钾溶液的紫外吸收特征及其稳定性进行了相关研究.并在相同剂量UV-B作用下,对地木耳(Nostoc commune UETX-584)光合生理活性和生化组分在UV-B光源直接照射和经过铬酸钾过滤后照射的变化进行了对比研究.结果表明,铬酸钾溶液在pH值为8、0.4 mmol/L时可以有效滤除UV-B光源中的UV-C和大于340 nm的UV-A.相对于经过铬酸钾溶液过滤的UV-B光源,未过滤的UV-B光源显著抑制了地木耳的生长、叶绿素合成、Fv/Fm、最大光合作用速率和集光效率,显著促进了MAAs(三苯基咪唑类氨基酸)等吸收紫外辐射色素的合成.相对于无紫外辐射的地木耳来说,经过铬酸钾溶液过滤的UV-B对地木耳的生长影响不明显,但是其促进了紫外吸收色素的合成,抑制了Fv/Fm、最大光合作用速率和集光效率.     

地木耳提取物水溶液对花卉营养生长及开花的影响

在温室条件下,用1%的地木耳提取物水溶液对瓜叶菊(Seneciocruentus)、万寿菊(Tageteserecta)、矮牵牛(Petuniahybrida)、香石竹(Dianthuscaryophyllus)、一品红(Euphorbiapulcherrima)、仙客来(Cyclamenpersium)、一串红(Salviasplendens)等7种花坛花进行叶面喷施后,结果表明,7种花的株高、冠径、株鲜重、叶片数目、叶长、根长比对照均有显著增加(P<0.05);万寿菊,矮牵牛,一品红,一串红的平均株干重有显著增加,而瓜叶菊,香石竹,仙客来的平均株干重增加不显著(P>0.05);除了香石竹的叶宽有显著增加外,其余6种花的叶宽对1%地木耳提取物水溶液的反应不敏感;而7种花卉的叶厚都没有显著的变化。提取物水溶液还可促进花提早开花,增加花数目,并延长花期。     

Effect of latitude on flavonoid biosynthesis in plants

The growth conditions in different latitudes vary markedly with season, day length, light quality and temperature. Many plant species have adapted well to the distinct environments through different strategies, one of which is the production of additional secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are a widely spread group of plant secondary metabolites that are involved in many crucial functions of plants. Our understanding of the biosynthesis, occurrence and function of flavonoids has increased rapidly in recent decades. Numerous studies have been published on the influence of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of flavonoids. However, extensive long‐term studies that examine the effect of the characteristics of northern climates on flavonoid biosynthesis are still scarce. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the effect of light intensity, photoperiod and temperature on the gene–environment interaction related to flavonoid biosynthesis in plants.