山西省榛属植物居群的SSR遗传多样性研究

利用9对SSR引物对山西省平榛(Corylus heterophylla Fisch)和毛榛(C.mandshurica Maxim.et Rupr.)野生居群、欧榛(C.avellana L.)和平欧杂种榛(C.heterophylla Fisch.×C.avellana L.)的人工栽培居群,共205个样本进行PCR扩增,共扩增出172个等位基因。每个位点的等位基因数为5~18个,平均等位基因数为12.5个。居群观测杂合度(Ho)和预期杂合度(He)的变化范围分别为0.395~0.665和0.778~0.906,表明榛属植物遗传多样性较高,其中平欧杂种榛的遗传多样性最高(He=0.867,I=2.271),毛榛遗传多样性最低(He=0.825,I=2.006)。不同物种居群间遗传分化系数FST=0.106,平均基因流Nm=2.609,表明居群间的遗传分化水平较低。各居群在大多数位点上偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,主要原因是人工选择或近交所致。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在物种居群内。NJ聚类结果显示毛榛和平榛多数个体聚在各自居群内,平欧杂种榛和欧榛个体交互混合组成一小支后再与平榛聚在一起,表明平欧杂种榛与欧榛、平榛的亲缘关系较近,而毛榛与其它3种榛属植物的亲缘关系较远。本研究还分析讨论了山西省榛属植物居群具有较高遗传多样性的原因,并提出了野生榛子的保护利用策略。     

半野生大豆种质资源SSR位点遗传多样性分析

利用12对SSR引物对67份半野生大豆种质进行了遗传多样性的检测分析,结果表明,12个位点共检测到184个等位基因变异,平均每个位点等位基因数目为15．41个,平均多态性信息量,平均遗传多样性指数,平均遗传距离分别为0．849,0．706,0．118,根据SSR分析结果,按欧式距离将67份半野生大豆种质聚类并划分为5个组群。     

广西普通油茶种质资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

普通油茶( Camellia oleifera)是我国分布最广、产量最多的山茶属中一个重要油料树种。广西是普通油茶的重要分布区,种质资源十分丰富。为深入了解广西普通油茶种质资源的遗传变异,服务于种质保存和品种选育,该研究首先对已开发的SSR分子标记进行多态性筛选和评价,在此基础上利用多态性较高的引物,对97份广西有代表性的普通油茶种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：(1)在已开发的10对油茶SSR分子标记中,7对能稳定扩增且表现为共显性,2对扩增不稳定,另外1对无法扩增出产物。(2)7对共显性SSR标记总共检测到33个等位基因,每对标记检测到等位基因数目的变化范围为3~6个,平均每个位点等位基因数为4.7143个,有效等位基因数目的变化范围为2.0842~4.3148,平均有效等位基因数为2.8288;基因多样性变化范围为0.5202~0.7682,平均每个位点基因多样性为0.6281。(3)参试群体中绝大多数位点未处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡,存在遗传结构;观测杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别为0.4130~0.6701和0.5233~0.7724,其平均值分别为0.5698和0.6316。(4)种质资源间遗传距离变化范围为0.05~0.7917,平均遗传距离为0.3545;UPGMA聚类显示相同来源的种质资源无法聚成一类,在同一聚类分支上混有不同来源的种质资源。这表明已开发的油茶SSR分子标记适用于广西普通油茶,广西普通油茶种质资源拥有较丰富的遗传多样性。该研究结果为广西普通油茶资源的深度开发和高效利用提供了科学依据。     

利用SSR分析山西省玉米地方品种的遗传多样性

采用混合取样方法和SSR分子标记技术,利用48对引物对山西省38个玉米地方品种的遗传多样性进行了分析.共检测出368个等位基因,每个SSR位点的等位基因数为2～14个,平均为7.48个;多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围在0.24～0.89之间,平均为0.66.总共检测出185个稀有等位基因,21个特有等位基因.SSR标记聚类分析把38个品种大体分成了4个群.研究表明,山西地方品种遗传多样性非常丰富,很多品种具有频率很高的独特基因,它们可能具有一定的特异性.因而,山西玉米地方品种对于拓宽玉米种质的遗传基础可能会起很大的作用.     

野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用SSR分子标记结合荧光毛细管电泳检测技术,研究了野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构,结果显示:27个SSR位点,平均每个位点检测到17.82个等位基因(Na)和7.44个有效等位基因(Ne),平均Shannon's信息指数(I)为2.23,平均期望杂合度(He)和观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.70和0.52。基于SSR位点,群体水平上平均等位基因数、有效等位基因数、期望杂合度、观察杂合度和Shannon's信息指数分别为6.59、4.15、0.70、0.53和1.50,说明我国杏种质资源遗传多样性丰富,其中野生杏资源遗传多样性明显高于栽培杏资源,野生杏中西伯利亚杏种质遗传多样性最高且具有较多的特异等位基因,而栽培杏中仁用杏遗传多样性最低,特有等位基因较少。聚类分析将供试159份种质分为4组。群体遗传结构分析将159份种质划分为5个类群,分类情况与传统形态指标划分基本一致。通过本研究可知,我国杏资源遗传多样性丰富,遗传结构较为复杂;西伯利亚杏与栽培杏亲缘关系较远;野生普通杏与栽培杏具有类似的遗传结构,推测野生普通杏为栽培杏原始种;仁用杏遗传多样性较低,遗传背景狭窄。本研究结果可为杏资源新品种选育及持续利用提供重要的理论依据。     

中国引种桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析

该研究从110对SSR引物中,选用47个扩增稳定、条带特异的SSR多态位点,对42种159份桉树种质材料进行PCR扩增,通过统计条带构建二维数据库的方法,进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果显示:(1)共检测到137个等位基因,平均每个位点等位基因数为2.915个,各位点等位基因变异范围为2~7个。(2)遗传多样性分析结果表明,平均Shannon’s信息指数为0.181,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.068,平均多态信息含量PIC为0.182。综合各指标分析发现,位点eSSR-GR018、eSSR-GR083和eSSR-GR109的多态性程度最高,反映的遗传信息量更大,能够在桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析和种质鉴定等方面发挥更大的作用。(3)非加权类平均法(UPGMA法)和主坐标分析法(PCoA法)聚类分析均表明,159份桉树种质材料分为两大类群,且昆士兰桉和少花桉间具有较高的遗传相似度,很可能产生杂交种;聚类结果与基于形态学的HillJohnson分类系统基本一致。研究表明,中国引种的桉树种质资源具有较高水平的遗传多样性,该研究所选用的47对SSR引物可有效地应用于桉树种质资源的鉴定分析。     

黔南60份茶树种质资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

为探索黔南野生茶树种质资源的遗传多样性,利用SSR分子标记技术,对黔南60份茶树资源进行了DNA遗传多样性分析。结果表明:15对引物均显示多态性,基因多态性百分率为98.64%。15对SSR引物共扩增出147个观测等位基因和73.778 6个有效等位基因,平均每个引物扩增9.8个观测等位基因,4.918 6个有效等位基因。15个通用位点共产生280种基因型,平均每个位点18.7种基因型。遗传多态信息量变异范围为0.123 9~0.926 8,平均0.572 5,平均观测杂合度、平均期望杂合度和平均Shannons信息指数分别为0.470 0、0.602 3、1.464 4。经聚类分析后,60份材料间遗传相似系数在0.205 1~0.863 6之间,以平均遗传相似系数0.477 5为阈值,可将60份种质资源聚为8个类群,其在分子遗传水平上的分类结果与其材料来源分类的结果并不完全一致,而且材料来源地间遗传距离与地理距离不存在显著的相关性,有少部分同一来源的材料分散在各个类群中。研究认为,黔南茶树资源间的遗传差异较大,遗传基础较宽,具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

基于SSR分子标记分析云南月季种质资源亲缘关系(英文)

利用简单重复序列SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记技术对48份月季种质资源(包括14份野生种、20份古老月季品种和14份栽培品种)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明,(1)18对SSR引物在18个SSR位点上共检测到160个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6～13个,平均8.9个,材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.157 8～0.754 9,表明在分子水平上云南月季种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性.(2)聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.44处,可将 14个野生种明显分为6个组,这与植物形态学分类结果上基本一致;在遗传相似系数为0.40水平上将48份供试材料分为八大组群.(3)亲缘关系分析结果显示,5个野生种和所有古老月季品种与大多数栽培品种的亲缘关系较近.     

薇菜SSR分子标记的开发及遗传多样性初步探讨

利用改良FIASCO法(Fast Isolation by AFLP Sequences COntaining repeats)开发出的9对多态性SSR引物评价了薇菜(Osmunda japonica Thunb.)2个野生居群(庐山和恩施)、1个栽培居群(恩施)的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平。结果显示,9个SSR标记在3个薇菜居群中共检测到47个等位基因,每个SSR位点的平均等位基因数为5.222个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.000~0.944和0.577~0.834,香农指数为0.962~1.860,表明各SSR位点多态性较高;各居群的平均期望杂合度均大于平均观测杂合度且种内近交系数均为正值,说明3个薇菜居群中都存在非随机交配现象;对各居群的相关遗传多样性参数分析表明,恩施野生居群遗传多样性最高,而其栽培居群最低;庐山野生居群与恩施野生居群间遗传分化系数为0.092,说明两地野生薇菜居群的遗传分化程度较低,AMOVA分析也表明遗传变异主要存在于野生居群内部。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用微卫星（SSR）标记对来自山西和陕西两省的7个翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollisDiels）种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。10对SSR标记共检测到126个位点,其中多态位点114个。在物种水平上,平均多态位点百分率为90.79%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.6072、0.3166、0.4603;在种群水平上,多态位点百分率为61.99%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.5445、0.2683、0.3815。遗传分化系数GST为0.2074,表明了翅果油树种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内。基因流Nm为1.9111〉1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类结果表明,翅果油树种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,经Mantel检验,种群的地理距离与遗传距离之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平（p〉0.05）。结果表明,遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和不同干扰生境有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)

 We have identified, isolated, and characterized microsatellite/simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) by screening partial genomic libraries. We have also examined the compatibility and use of the P. tremuloides SSR primers to resolve microsatellites in other Populus species. Fourteen microsatellites were identified from 1600 clones screened. The TC/AG microsatellites were the most abundant. A total of 29 alleles were detected in 36 P. tremuloides individuals at the four SSR loci (two each of di- and tri-nucleotide repeats) characterized. The number of alleles at the SSR loci ranged from 5 to 11, with an average of 7.25 alleles per locus, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.19 to 0.82, with a mean of 0.46 per locus. Although the highest polymorphism was observed for a dinucleotide SSR locus, the trinucleotide SSR loci showed substantial polymorphism. There were 34 unique multilocus genotypes among the 36 P. tremuloides individuals examined, and 89% of the individuals had unique multilocus genotypes. Two pairs of SSR primers were successful in PCR, amplifying genomic DNA and resolving microsatellites of comparable size from Populus deltoides, P. nigra, P.×canadensis, and P. maximowiczii. The microsatellite DNA markers developed could be used for clonal fingerprinting, certification of controlled crosses, genome mapping, marker-assisted early selection, genetic diversity assessments, and conservation and sustainable management of poplar genetic resources. Received: 14 November 1997 / Accepted: 17 November 1997     

Genetic variation in populations of Populus davidiana Dode based on microsatellite marker analysis

Populus davidiana Dode, the only aspen in Korea, is useful for restoration because of its fast growth and vigorous reproduction. This study was conducted to estimate the genetic diversity and subdivision in populations of P. davidiana in South Korea using microsatellite markers. DNA from 113 individuals from five populations was amplified using five microsatellite primers. Fifty-three alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity was 0.603. The populations of P. davidiana in Korea have high genetic variation despite their peripheral distribution. R _ST (0.213) indicated a significant level of genetic subdivision among populations compared to the differentiation among other aspen populations. The high conservation value of the populations is attributed to its ecological and commercial importance.     

Genetic linkage mapping in aspen (Populus tremula L. and Populus tremuloides Michx.)

A large number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker-containing genetic maps are available for several Populus species. For aspen however, no SSR-containing map has been published so far. In this study, genetic linkage mapping was carried out with an interspecific mapping pedigree of 61 full-sib hybrids of European × quaking aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.), using the two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. Amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) and SSR markers were used for mapping, resulting in the first SSR-containing genetic linkage maps for aspen. The maps allow comparisons with a Populus consensus map and other published genetic maps of the genus Populus. The maps showed good collinearity to each other and to the Populus consensus map and provide a direct link to the Populus trichocarpa genomic sequence. Sex as a morphological trait was assessed in the mapping population and mapped on a non-terminal position of linkage group XIX on the male P. tremuloides map.     

Successful hybridisation of normally incompatible hybrid aspen (Populus tremula?��?P. tremuloides) and eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides)

Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) belong to the section Populus. Eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides) is a member of the section Aigeiros within the genus Populus. These poplar sections are generally considered to be incompatible. Here, we describe successful hybridisation between these parents, producing an offspring family with 27 individuals. The hybrid character of individuals was proven by genotypes at 16 nuclear microsatellite loci. One individual was suspected to have more than the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 due to the observation of more than two alleles at several loci. This individual is a triploid, ascertained by flow cytometry. Two distinct growth classes of tall and dwarf plants were observed in the progeny, reflecting different degrees of postzygotic incompatibility. Two loci linked to the tested microsatellites have an effect on height growth. Some fast-growing individuals were micropropagated to test them for biomass performance together with other clones in field trials.     

Effect of alginate matrix composition on regrowth of in vitro-derived encapsulated apical microcuttings of hybrid aspen

Effect of alginate matrix composition on regrowth performance of encapsulated microcuttings of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Mincx.) was studied. Both high regrowth frequency and viability of explants were registered in all encapsulation mixtures tested. Some ingredients of the matrix (nutrient medium salts, sugars, growth regulators) significantly affected the initial development of the microcuttings. Sucrose appeared to play an important role in the starting stage of the regrowth event.     

Wood ontogeny during ex vitro acclimatization in micropropagated hybrid poplar clones

Wood ontogeny patterns were determined during the ex vitro acclimatization period in micropropagated plantlets of hybrid poplar clones T-14 [Populus tremula × (Populus × canescens)] and T-50 [(Populus × canescens) × Populus tremula]. The temporal course of developmental changes in the woody tissue was characterized on a weekly basis starting from the day of transfer to the ex vitro environment until full acclimatization was achieved on day 28. In vitro rooted plantlets had already initiated lignification of secondary xylem cells. The greatest increase in the amount of woody tissue was observed on days 21 and 28. At the end of the acclimatization period, T-14 plantlets contained on average 41.4 % of secondary xylem tissue compared to 30.3 % found in T-50 plantlets. During the course of acclimatization, both clones displayed identical patterns of vessel lumen size distribution from small vessel lumen area to large vessel lumen area. This pattern differs from the characteristic diffuse-porous pattern of approximately evensized vessel lumen area distribution typical of mature wood. At the end of acclimatization, the differences in vessel lumen area and relative conductivity between the clones were negligible. Development of secondary xylem tissue during ex vitro acclimatization promotes the establishment of vigorous regenerants with stems that show increased bending strength and stiffness.     

A tapetal ablation transgene induces stable male sterility and slows field growth in Populus

The field performance of genetic containment technologies–considered important for certain uses of transgenic trees in forestry–is poorly known. We tested the efficiency of a barnase gene driven by the TA29 tapetum-dominant promoter for influencing growth rate and inducing male sterility in a field trial of transgenic hybrid poplar (Populus tremula?×?Populus tremuloides). When the growth of 18 transgenic insertion events with the sterility transgene were compared to non-transgenic controls after two growing seasons, they grew 40 % more slowly in stem volume, and all but one transgenic event grew significantly more slowly than the control. In contrast, when we compared the growth of transgenic trees containing four kinds of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene constructs to non-transgenic trees—all of which had been produced using the same transformation method and poplar clone and grown at the same field site—there were no statistically significant differences in growth after three growing seasons. In 2 years where gross pollen release from catkins was monitored and found to be abundant in the control, no pollen was visible in the transgenic trees; microscopy suggested the cause was tapetal collapse and revealed the presence of a very few normal-sized pollen grains of unknown viability. In two additional years when viable, well-formed pollen was microscopically documented in controls, and no pollen could be observed in any transgenic trees. We conclude that this construct resulted in robust and possibly complete male sterility that was stable over 4 years in the field.     

黑龙江省帽儿山林区6种主要林分类型凋落物研究

对帽儿山林区水曲柳、落叶松等六种主要林分的年凋落量、凋落物组成及分解动态进行了观测。结果表明：(1) 六种林分的年凋落量分别为水曲柳(5.57 t·hm^-2)、蒙古栎(4. t·hm^-2)、山杨(4.27 t·hm^-2)、落叶松(4.08 t·hm^-2)、红松(5.62 t·hm^-2)、樟子松(5.56 t·hm^-2);(2) 六种林分其叶的年凋落量占年总凋落量的比例明显大于其它组分,是其凋落物中的主要组成部分;(3) 经过近1a时间的分解,测得六种林分凋落叶分解速率依次为：水曲柳>樟子松>落叶松>山杨>蒙古栎>红松;经模拟研究表明,水曲柳凋落叶95%分解需3.5 a;蒙古栎需8.0 a;山杨需6.7 a;落叶松需6.6 a;红松需8.8 a;樟子松需4.4 a。     

Hybrid aspens responses to alkalisation of soil: growth, leaf structure, photosynthetic rate and carbohydrates

Interactions between photosynthetic rate, transpiration, content of soluble carbohydrates, leaf dimensions and structural parameters and growth of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula?×?P. tremuloides Michx.) were studied in relation to soil pH and chemical composition. The investigations were conducted in two plantations on former agricultural lands in North Estonia. One plantation was established on a territory influenced for a long time by alkaline cement dust pollution before plantation establishment and the other on an unpolluted territory. At pH 7.4 and higher concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, N and P in soil on the polluted area inhibition of height growth and diameter at breast height, leaf area and dry mass was observed compared to the unpolluted plantation with an optimum soil pH of 6.7. Differences in hybrid aspen leaves in the two plantations were related to the lower net photosynthetic and transpiration rates and higher starch and sucrose contents in the polluted plantation. Leaves from alkaline soil had a thicker palisade mesophyll layer and lower number of stomata at abaxial epidermis. The relatively low N concentration in leaves in the polluted area was associated with the low height and diameter at breast height of trees.