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1.
DefinitionMenopause begins one year after the last menstrual period. Symptoms often begin in the perimenopausal years.Incidence/prevalenceIn the United Kingdom the mean age for the menopause is 50 years 9 months. The median onset of the perimenopause is between 45.5 and 47.5 years. One Scottish survey (of 6096 women aged 45 to 54 years) found that 84% had experienced at least one of the classic menopausal symptoms, with 45% finding one or more symptoms a problem.1
Interventions
- Beneficial:OestrogensTibolone
- Likely to be beneficial:ProgestogensClonidine
- Unknown effectiveness:Phyto-oestrogensTestosteroneAntidepressants
2.
Chinchilla "big" and "little" gastrins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gastrin heptadecapeptides (gastrins I and II which differ in the presence of sulfate on the tyrosine of the latter) have been purified and sequenced from several mammalian species including pig, dog, cat, sheep, cow, human and rat. A 34 amino acid precursor ("big" gastrin), generally accounting for only 5% of total gastrin immunoreactivity, has been purified and sequenced only from the pig, human, dog and goat. Recently we have demonstrated that guinea pig (GP) "little" gastrin is a hexadecapeptide due to a deletion of a glutamic acid in the region 6-9 from its NH2-terminus and that GP "big" gastrin is a 33 amino acid peptide. The chinchilla, like the GP, is a New World hystricomorph. This report describes the extraction and purification of "little" and "big" gastrins from 31 chinchilla antra. Chinchilla "little" gastrin is a hexadecapeptide with a sequence identical to that of the GP and its "big" gastrin is a 33 amino acid peptide with the following sequence: (See text) 相似文献
3.
Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) "little" and "big" gastrins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Y Shinomura J Eng S C Rattan R S Yalow 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry》1990,96(2):239-242
1. "Little" gastrins from most mammalian species are 17 amino acid peptides and the precursor "big" gastrins are 34 amino acid peptides. 2. "Little" gastrins of the New World hystricomorphs, guinea-pig and chinchilla, are 16 amino acid peptides due to deletion of a glutamic acid in the region 6-9 from their NH2-terminus and the corresponding "big" gastrins are 33 amino acid peptides. 3. Antral gastrins from the opossum, a New World marsupial, have a glutamic acid deletion in the same region as the hystricomorph gastrins. 4. Opossum "big" gastrin is a 33 amino acid peptide with the following sequence: less than ELGPQDLPYLTADLSKKQGPWLEEEEAYGWMDF#. 相似文献
4.
Abstract: The structures of purified "soluble"and "detergent-soluble"bovine caudate nucleus acetylcholinesterases were compared by peptide mapping on polyacrylamide gels. The digestion products generated from the two acetylcholinesterases on proteolysis by a given protease ( Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, α-chymotrypsin, or papain) are remarkably similar as judged from the electrophoretic band patterns. We conclude that the "soluble"and "detergent-soluble"acetylcholinesterases from bovine caudate nucleus share a common evolutionary origin. 相似文献
5.
Sokolov EN Nezlina NI Polianskiĭ VB Evtikhin DV 《Zhurnal vysshe? nervno? deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova》2001,51(4):421-437
The concept of orienting reflex based on the principle of vector coding of cognitive and executive processes is proposed. The orienting reflex to non-signal and signal stimuli is a set of orienting reactions: motor, autonomic, neuronal, and subjective emphasizing new and significant stimuli. Two basic mechanisms can be identified within the orienting reflex: a "targeting reaction" and a "searchlight of attention". In the visual system the first one consists in a foveation of a target stimulus. The foveation is performed with participation of premotor neurons excited by saccadic command neurons of the superior colliculi. The "searchlight of attention" is based on the resonance of gamma-oscillations in the reticular thalamus selectively enhancing responses of cortical neurons (involuntary attention). The novelty signal is generated in novelty neurons of the hippocampus, which are selectively tuned to a repeatedly presented standard stimulus. The selective tuning is caused by the depression of plastic synapses representing a "neuronal model" of the standard stimulus. A mismatch of the novel stimulus with the established neuronal model gives rise to a "novelty signal" enhancing the novel input. The novelty signal inhibits current conditioned reflexes (external inhibition) contributing to redirecting the behavior. By triggering the expression of early genes the novelty signal initiates the formation of the long-term memory connected with neoneurogenesis. 相似文献
6.
J R Koke P D Gupta S K Malhotra 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1971,42(3):576-582
7.
Al-Qattan MM 《Plastic and reconstructive surgery》2001,108(2):336-342
Pericranial flaps are thin and, hence, their volumes are small. Therefore, their use for soft-tissue augmentation has not been popular. In this article, the author introduces a new concept: the use of a multifolded pericranial flap as a "plug" or a "pad" for localized contour defects. Eight patients were included in the study. In all cases, an anteriorly based pericranial flap was used, and the flap was folded on itself several times to increase its bulk. The results were satisfactory in all patients. The literature on the topic is reviewed, and the blood supply of pericranial flaps is discussed. 相似文献
8.
The " A" - " Not A" method is a rating method with two categories. It is often treated as a discrimination method. Unlike forced choice procedures, the Thurstonian model for this method involves a choice criterion. In statistical tests, it is treated as a comparison of two proportions. In this paper, the power for hypothesis tests involving the monadic and replicated monadic " A" - " Not A" method is discussed. The power functions and the sample sizes needed for 80% power are given based on Thurstone's δ. Designs with equal and unequal allocations for A and A (Not A) samples are considered. The power of the method is also compared with that of four forced choice methods under the assumption that the perceptual variance is identical among methods. The comparison shows that, in general, the power for the five methods ranks from high to low: the 3-AFC, 2-AFC, " A" - " Not A", triangular and duo-trio. The comparison also shows that, based on the same number of panelists and/or the same sample size for the A and A− samples for the methods, if the panelists are not too discrepant and the choice criterion in the " A" - " Not A" method is not too strict or too lax, the power of the " A" - " Not A" method is very close to that of the 2-AFC method. 相似文献
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10.
Experiments were carried out on immobilized cats to determine whether, among visual cortical neurons, besides the "scanners" described by the writers previously, which are responsible for a dynamic shift of preferred orientation, there exist also "timer" cells, which do not change the temporal parameters of their responses during rotation of a flashing stimulus. The existence of such cells is postulated on the basis of the previous hypothesis on the spatiotemporal principle of orientational coding. Of 76 neurons tested 27, i.e., 36%, were classed as "timers." They differed significantly from the "scanners" (64%) by the following properties: shorter latent periods, shorter time to the peak and duration of responses, more rapid rise of discharge frequently in the volley. The "timers" had less sharp orientational tuning and a low ratio between values of responses to presentation of preferred and worst stimuli (on account of a considerable increase in responses to unpreferred orientations). The set of preferred orientations of the "timers" was found to be highly selective and additional relative to the corresponding distribution for "scanners."The difference in frequency-temporal properties of responses and orientational tuning of the "timers" and "scanners" and their possible mutually complementary role in orientational coding at the visual cortical level are discussed.Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 35–43, January–February, 1985. 相似文献
11.
R J Wegmann 《Cellular and molecular biology, including cyto-enzymology》2000,46(1):215-219
The author examines the concept's deviations due to some erroneous constructions of words, by considering the words oxidase, cryostat and apoptosis. But he insists much more on the bandy-legged structures linked to these words which deviate totally from any significance attached "officially" to them and leading to false deductions. The author conveys all scientists to use: oxydase, cryotome and Programmed Cell Death, or PCD, forgetting all other queer non-sense words. He suggests to use the word "cytoptosis". 相似文献
12.
Consoli SG 《Médecine sciences : M/S》2006,22(2):197-200
To construct a coherent identity, humans must distinguish what belongs to the external, perceived world from what belongs to their own inner world and the inner world of other individuals. Based on the theory developed by S. Freud and on work by ethologists, a number of psychoanalysts (J. Bowlby, R.A. Spitz, D.W. Winnicott, etc.) have underlined the importance of early tactile exchanges with the mother if a child is to become an autonomous individual who feels secure within what he or she perceives to be sound and reliable mental and physical boundaries. More recently, other psychoanalysts (E. Bick, W.R. Bion, etc.) have studied the fantasized mental structures that form the limits between an individual's inner mental space and the external world (including other individuals). As part of this theoretical psychoanalytical movement, Didier Anzieu, a French psychoanalyst, started to develop the concept of the "Moi-peau" in 1974. The "Moi-peau" designates a fantasized reality that a child uses during its early development to represent itself as "me", based on its experience of the body surface. The child, enveloped in its mother's care, fantasizes of a skin shared with its mother: on one side the mother (the outer layer of the "Moi-peau"), and on the other side the child (the inner layer of the "Moi-peau"). These two layers must separate gradually if the child is to acquire its own me-skin. D. Anzieu's work allowed dermatologists and other specialists, such as pediatricians, to focus on the quality of early tactile exchanges between a mother and her child, including the child with a chronic skin disorder. It also helped dermatologists to recognize patients with "borderline" states, which are particularly frequent in dermatology (ereutophobia, dysmorphophobia, tattooing, self-mutilation, artefacta dermatitis). These borderline patients are adults who, as a result of their mental conflicts, adopt defense mechanisms derived from both neurotic and psychotic functioning. Their complaints reflect difficulties with the solidity of their mental and physical limits: their real skin is metaphorically linked to the fantasized mental structure that delimits the individual mental space. Among other clinical characteristics, they have a "pathology of action" and frequently attack their own skin, paradoxically, in order to test the solidity and reliability of their own limits. Finally, D. Anzieu's work encouraged dermatologists to use psychotherapeutic approaches in parallel to classical dermatologic approaches, when necessary, and helped them better understand how psychoanalysts work with patients who have not yet acquired their own "Moi-peau". As a result, D. Anzieu was among the first to reconcile dermatologists and psychoanalysts. 相似文献
13.
Since the domestication of wild grapes ca 6000 years ago, numerous cultivars have been generated by spontaneous or deliberate crosses, and up to 10 000 are still in existence today. Just as in human paternity analysis, DNA typing can reveal unexpected parentage of grape cultivars. In this study, we have analysed 89 grape cultivars with 60 microsatellite markers in order to accurately calculate the identity-by-descent (IBD) and relatedness (r) coefficients among six putatively related cultivars from France ("Pinot", "Syrah" and "Dureza") and northern Italy ("Teroldego", "Lagrein" and "Marzemino"). Using a recently developed likelihood-based approach to analyse kinship in grapes, we provide the first evidence of a genetic link between grapes across the Alps: "Dureza" and "Teroldego" turn out to be full-siblings (FS). For the first time in grapevine genetics we were able to detect FS without knowing one of the parents and identify unexpected second-degree relatives. We reconstructed the most likely pedigree that revealed a third-degree relationship between the worldwide-cultivated "Pinot" from Burgundy and "Syrah" from the Rhone Valley. Our finding was totally unsuspected by classical ampelography and it challenges the commonly assumed independent origins of these grape cultivars. Our results and this new approach in grape genetics will (a) help grape breeders to avoid choosing closely related varieties for new crosses, (b) provide pedigrees of cultivars in order to detect inheritance of disease-resistance genes and (c) open the way for future discoveries of first- and second-degree relationships between grape cultivars in order to better understand viticultural migrations. 相似文献
14.
Some medical centers re-use dialysis units sterilized with formaldehyde. In a study of 239 cases, 14 "anti-N" antibodies were found only among the 59 patients of the medical centers which re-use dialysis units. The action of formol seems to be confirmed by the presence of "anti-N" in 2 patients who had undergone prosthesis several times, but not dialysis. For these prostheses, a bone cement, sterilized with formol, was used. These "anti-N" are very often associated with cold autoagglutinins, and appear regardless of the patient's MN group. The action of formaldehyde suggests the following hypotheses:--antigenic modification;--disturbances in the immune response mechanisms;--a combination of the two. In the first hypothesis: the action of formol discovered since a long time on red cells. In the second hypothesis: the existence of auto-agglutinins only among the 14 hemo-dialysis patients with anti-N antibodies. 相似文献
15.
A. David Napier 《Medical anthropology quarterly》2003,17(4):501-503
Meaning, Medicine, and the "Placebo Effect" Daniel Moerman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xiii. 172 pp. 相似文献
16.
Paramecium bursaria is composed of a "host" ciliate and a "symbiont" green alga. Based upon physiology, DNA hybridization and virus infection, two types of symbionts, called "American" type and "European" type, have been reported to date. Here, we determined the 18S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions for both "American" and "European" types. Sequence features clearly separated into two lineages; NC64A (USA), Syngen 2-3 (USA), Cs2 (Chinese), MRBG1 (Australian), and Japanese strains belong to the "American", whereas PB-SW1 (German) and CCAP 1660/11 (British) strains belong to the "European". In "American" 18S rDNA, three introns were inserted in the same positions as for previously described Japanese symbionts. In "European" 18S rDNA, a single intron occurred in a different position than in the "American". Between the types, sequence differences were seven or eight nucleotides (0.39 %) in the 18S rDNA exon, and more than 48 nucleotides (19.2 %) in ITS2 regions. We subsequently sequenced the host 18S rDNA. As a result, two groups: Cs2, MRBG1, and Japanese strains, and PB-SW1 and CCAP 1660/11 strains, were separated (with 23 substitutions and 4 insertions or deletions between the groups). The congruent separations between hosts and symbionts may imply that the type of symbiont depends on the host type. 相似文献
17.
Akalin I Senses DA Ilgin-Ruhi H Misirlioğlu E Yalçiner M Cetinkaya E Fryns JP Tükün A 《Genetic counseling (Geneva, Switzerland)》2005,16(2):145-148
A novel Fryns "anophthalmla-plus" syndrome associated with primary hypothyroidism: Here, we report a newborn male with "anophthalmia-plus" syndrome and primary congenital hypothyroidism. To our knowledge this is the first case of 'anophthalmia-plus' syndrome associated with congenital hypothyroidism in the literature up to date. 相似文献
18.
Kroiher M Miller MA Steele RE 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2001,23(1):69-76
The mechanisms by which most receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) transmit signals are now well established. Binding of ligand results in the dimerization of receptor monomers followed by transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domains of the receptors. This tidy picture has, however, some strange characters lurking around the edges. Cases have now been identified in which RTKs lack kinase activity, but, despite being "dead" appear to have roles in signal transduction. Even stranger are the cases in which genes encoding RTKs produce protein products consisting of only a portion of the kinase domain. At least one such "fractured" RTK appears to be involved in signal transduction. Here we describe how these strange molecules might function and discuss the questions associated with their evolution. BioEssays 23:69-76, 2001. 相似文献
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Scemes E 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2012,1818(8):1880-1883
The molecular identity of the protein forming "hemichannels" at non-junctional membranes is disputed. The family of gap junction proteins, innexins, connexins, and pannexins share several common features, including permeability characteristics and sensitivity to blocking agents. Such overlap in properties renders the identification of which of these protein species actually establishes the non-junctional membrane conductance and permeability quite complicated, especially because in vertebrates pannexins and connexins have largely overlapping distributions in tissues. Recently, attempts to establish criteria to identify events that are "hemichannel" mediated and those to allow the distinction between connexin- from pannexin-mediated events have been proposed. Here, I present an update on that topic and discuss the most recent findings related to the nature of functional "hemichannels" focusing on connexin43 and pannexin1. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, composition, structure and characteristics. 相似文献