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1.
Isochorismate‐based salicylic acid biosynthesis confers basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley
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Qunqun Hao Wenqiang Wang Xiuli Han Jingzheng Wu Bo Lyu Fengjuan Chen Allan Caplan Caixia Li Jiajie Wu Wei Wang Qian Xu Daolin Fu 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2018,19(8):1995-2010
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in signal transduction and disease resistance. In Arabidopsis, SA can be made by either of two biosynthetic branches, one involving isochorismate synthase (ICS) and the other involving phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL). However, the biosynthetic pathway and the importance of SA remain largely unknown in Triticeae. Here, we cloned one ICS and seven PAL genes from barley, and studied their functions by their overexpression and suppression in that plant. Suppression of the ICS gene significantly delayed plant growth, whereas PAL genes, both overexpressed and suppressed, had no significant effect on plant growth. Similarly, suppression of ICS compromised plant resistance to Fusarium graminearum, whereas similar suppression of PAL genes had no significant effect. We then focused on transgenic plants with ICS. In a leaf‐based test with F. graminearum, transgenic plants with an up‐regulated ICS were comparable with wild‐type control plants. By contrast, transgenic plants with a suppressed ICS lost the ability to accumulate SA during pathogen infection and were also more susceptible to Fusarium than the wild‐type controls. This suggests that ICS plays a unique role in SA biosynthesis in barley, which, in turn, confers a basal resistance to F. graminearum by modulating the accumulation of H2O2, and reactive oxygen‐associated enzymatic activities. Although SA mediates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in dicots, there was no comparable SAR response to F. graminearum in barley. This study expands our knowledge about SA biosynthesis in barley and proves that SA confers basal resistance to fungal pathogens. 相似文献
2.
The plant response induced in wheat ears by a combined attack of Sitobion avenae aphids and Fusarium graminearum boosts fungal infection and deoxynivalenol production
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Nathalie De Zutter Kris Audenaert Maarten Ameye Marthe De Boevre Sarah De Saeger Guy Smagghe 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2017,18(1):98-109
3.
Sujon Sarowar Syeda T. Alam Ragiba Makandar Hyeonju Lee Harold N. Trick Yanhong Dong Jyoti Shah 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2019,20(5):626-640
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of the floral tissues of wheat and barley for which highly resistant varieties are not available. Thus, there is a need to identify genes/mechanisms that can be targeted for the control of this devastating disease. Fusarium graminearum is the primary causal agent of FHB in North America. In addition, it also causes Fusarium seedling blight. Fusarium graminearum can also cause disease in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis–F. graminearum pathosystem has facilitated the identification of targets for the control of disease caused by this fungus. Here, we show that resistance against F. graminearum can be enhanced by flg22, a bacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). flg22-induced resistance in Arabidopsis requires its cognate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLS2, and is accompanied by the up-regulation of WRKY29. The expression of WRKY29, which is associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), is also induced in response to F. graminearum infection. Furthermore, WRKY29 is required for basal resistance as well as flg22-induced resistance to F. graminearum. Moreover, constitutive expression of WRKY29 in Arabidopsis enhances disease resistance. The PTI pathway is also activated in response to F. graminearum infection of wheat. Furthermore, flg22 application and ectopic expression of WRKY29 enhance FHB resistance in wheat. Thus, we conclude that the PTI pathway provides a target for the control of FHB in wheat. We further show that the ectopic expression of WRKY29 in wheat results in shorter stature and early heading time, traits that are important to wheat breeding. 相似文献
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Zhenying Wu Nengfei Wang Hiroshi Hisano Yingping Cao Fengyan Wu Wenwen Liu Yan Bao Zeng‐Yu Wang Chunxiang Fu 《Plant biotechnology journal》2019,17(4):836-845
Ferulate 5‐hydroxylase (F5H) catalyses the hydroxylation of coniferyl alcohol and coniferaldehyde for the biosynthesis of syringyl (S) lignin in angiosperms. However, the coordinated effects of F5H with caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase (COMT) on the metabolic flux towards S units are largely unknown. We concomitantly regulated F5H expression in COMT‐down‐regulated transgenic switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) lines and studied the coordination of F5H and COMT in lignin biosynthesis. Down‐regulation of F5H in COMT‐RNAi transgenic switchgrass plants further impeded S lignin biosynthesis and, consequently, increased guaiacyl (G) units and reduced 5‐OH G units. Conversely, overexpression of F5H in COMT‐RNAi transgenic plants reduced G units and increased 5‐OH units, whereas the deficiency of S lignin biosynthesis was partially compensated or fully restored, depending on the extent of COMT down‐regulation in switchgrass. Moreover, simultaneous regulation of F5H and COMT expression had different effects on cell wall digestibility of switchgrass without biomass loss. Our results indicate that up‐regulation and down‐regulation of F5H expression, respectively, have antagonistic and synergistic effects on the reduction in S lignin resulting from COMT suppression. The coordinated effects between lignin genes should be taken into account in future studies aimed at cell wall bioengineering. 相似文献
6.
Li Z Zhou M Zhang Z Ren L Du L Zhang B Xu H Xin Z 《Functional & integrative genomics》2011,11(1):63-70
Fusarium head blight (scab), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Wheat sharp eyespot, mainly caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis, is one of the major diseases of wheat in China. The defensin RsAFP2, a small cyteine-rich antifungal protein from radish
(Raphanus sativus), was shown to inhibit growth in vitro of agronomically important fungal pathogens, such as F. graminearum and R. cerealis. The RsAFP2 gene was transformed into Chinese wheat variety Yangmai 12 via biolistic bombardment to assess the effectiveness of the defensin
in protecting wheat from the fungal pathogens in multiple locations and years. The genomic PCR and Southern blot analyses
indicated that RsAFP2 was integrated into the genomes of the transgenic wheat lines and heritable. RT-PCR and Western blot proved that the RsAFP2 was expressed in these transgenic wheat lines. Disease tests showed that four RsAFP2 transgenic lines (RA1–RA4) displayed enhanced resistance to F. graminearum compared to the untransformed Yangmai 12 and the null-segregated plants. Assays on Q-RT-PCR and disease severity showed that
the express level of RsAFP2 was associated with the enhanced resistance degree. Two of these transgenic lines (RA1 and RA2) also exhibited enhanced resistance
to R. cerealis. These results indicated that the expression of RsAFP2 conferred increased resistance to F. graminearum and R. cerealis in transgenic wheat. 相似文献
7.
Zongkuan Wang Bo Yang Wenyue Zheng Lei Wang Xingxing Cai Jie Yang Rongrong Song Sen Yang Yuyin Wang Jin Xiao Huiquan Liu Yan Wang Xiue Wang Yuanchao Wang 《Plant biotechnology journal》2023,21(4):769-781
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in substantial yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Reliable genetic resources for FHB resistance in wheat are lacking. In this study, we characterized glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) family proteins secreted by F. graminearum. We established that two GH12 proteins, Fg05851 and Fg11037, have functionally redundant roles in F. graminearum colonization of wheat. Furthermore, we determined that the GH12 proteins Fg05851 and Fg11037 are recognized by the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like protein RXEG1 in the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana. Heterologous expression of RXEG1 conferred wheat responsiveness to Fg05851 and Fg11037, enhanced wheat resistance to F. graminearum and reduced levels of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat grains in an Fg05851/Fg11037-dependent manner. In the RXEG1 transgenic lines, genes related to pattern-triggered plant immunity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and anti-oxidative homeostasis signalling pathways were upregulated during F. graminearum infection. However, the expression of these genes was not significantly changed during infection by the deletion mutant ΔFg05851/Fg11037, suggesting that the recognition of Fg05851/Fg11037 by RXEG1 triggered plant resistance against FHB. Moreover, introducing RXEG1 into three other different wheat cultivars via crossing also conferred resistance to F. graminearum. Expression of RXEG1 did not have obvious deleterious effects on plant growth and development in wheat. Our study reveals that N. benthamiana RXEG1 remains effective when transferred into wheat, a monocot, which in turn suggests that engineering wheat with interfamily plant immune receptor transgenes is a viable strategy for increasing resistance to FHB. 相似文献
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Manuela Diethelm Michael Schmolke Jennifer Groth Wolfgang Friedt Günther Schweizer Lorenz Hartl 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2014,34(1):31-43
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. In wheat it is mainly caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. We report the identification and evaluation of candidate genes for quantitative FHB resistance. These genes showed altered expression levels in the moderately resistant winter wheat genotypes Capo and SVP72017 after inoculation with F. graminearum. Amongst others, a NPR1-like gene was identified. Sequence analysis of this gene fragment revealed a high level of variation between the parents of a doubled haploid population. Single nucleotide polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction markers were developed and two homoeologous genes were mapped on the long arms of chromosomes 2A and 2D, respectively. Markers for both genes had significant effects on FHB resistance in a diverse collection of 178 European winter wheat cultivars evaluated in multi-environmental field trials after spray inoculation with F. culmorum. These results revealed that allelic variation in two homoeologous NPR1-like genes is associated with FHB resistance in European winter wheat. Markers for these genes might therefore be used for marker-assisted breeding programs. 相似文献
11.
Koutaniemi S Warinowski T Kärkönen A Alatalo E Fossdal CG Saranpää P Laakso T Fagerstedt KV Simola LK Paulin L Rudd S Teeri TH 《Plant molecular biology》2007,65(3):311-328
Lignin biosynthesis is a major carbon sink in gymnosperms and woody angiosperms. Many of the enzymes involved are encoded
for by several genes, some of which are also related to the biosynthesis of other phenylpropanoids. In this study, we aimed
at the identification of those gene family members that are responsible for developmental lignification in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Gene expression across the whole lignin biosynthetic pathway was profiled using EST sequencing and quantitative
real-time RT-PCR. Stress-induced lignification during bending stress and Heterobasidion annosum infection was also studied. Altogether 7,189 ESTs were sequenced from a lignin forming tissue culture and developing xylem
of spruce, and clustered into 3,831 unigenes. Several paralogous genes were found for both monolignol biosynthetic and polymerisation-related
enzymes. Real-time RT-PCR results highlighted the set of monolignol biosynthetic genes that are likely to be responsible for
developmental lignification in Norway spruce. Potential genes for monolignol polymerisation were also identified. In compression
wood, mostly the same monolignol biosynthetic gene set was expressed, but peroxidase expression differed from the vertically
grown control. Pathogen infection in phloem resulted in a general up-regulation of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway, and
in an induction of a few new gene family members. Based on the up-regulation under both pathogen attack and in compression
wood, PaPAL2, PaPX2 and PaPX3 appeared to have a general stress-induced function.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
12.
Overexpression of defense response genes in transgenic wheat enhances resistance to Fusarium head blight 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mackintosh CA Lewis J Radmer LE Shin S Heinen SJ Smith LA Wyckoff MN Dill-Macky R Evans CK Kravchenko S Baldridge GD Zeyen RJ Muehlbauer GJ 《Plant cell reports》2007,26(4):479-488
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species, is a major disease problem for wheat production worldwide. To combat this problem, large-scale
breeding efforts have been established. Although progress has been made through standard breeding approaches, the level of
resistance attained is insufficient to withstand epidemic conditions. Genetic engineering provides an alternative approach
to enhance the level of resistance. Many defense response genes are induced in wheat during F. graminearum infection and may play a role in reducing FHB. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop transgenic wheat overexpressing
the defense response genes α-1-purothionin, thaumatin-like protein 1 (tlp-1), and β-1,3-glucanase; and (2) to test the resultant
transgenic wheat lines against F. graminearum infection under greenhouse and field conditions. Using the wheat cultivar Bobwhite, we developed one, two, and four lines
carrying the α-1-purothionin, tlp-1, and β-1,3-glucanase transgenes, respectively, that had statistically significant reductions
in FHB severity in greenhouse evaluations. We tested these seven transgenic lines under field conditions for percent FHB disease
severity, deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin accumulation, and percent visually scabby kernels (VSK). Six of the seven lines differed
from the nontransgenic parental Bobwhite line for at least one of the disease traits. A β-1,3-glucanase transgenic line had
enhanced resistance, showing lower FHB severity, DON concentration, and percent VSK compared to Bobwhite. Taken together,
the results showed that overexpression of defense response genes in wheat could enhance the FHB resistance in both greenhouse
and field conditions. 相似文献
13.
D. Hu X. B. Liu H. Z. She Z. Gao R. W. Ruan D. Q. Wu Z. L. Yi 《Biologia Plantarum》2017,61(1):138-146
Lignin is closely related to the lodging resistance of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). However, the characteristics of lignin synthesis related genes have not yet been reported. We investigated the lignin biosynthesis gene expression, activities of related enzymes, and accumulation of lignin monomers during branching stage, bloom stage, and milky ripe stage by real-time quantitative PCR, UVspectrophotometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the 2nd internode of three common buckwheat cultivars with different lodging resistance. The results showed that lignin content and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) were closely related to the lodging resistance of common buckwheat. Further, we studied gene expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT). The lignin biosynthesis genes were divided into three classes according to their expression pattern: 1) expression firstly increasing and then descending (PAL, 4CL, CAD, C4H, CCoAOMT, F5H, and CCR), 2) expression remaining constant during maturation (C3H), and 3) expression decreasing with maturation (COMT). The present study provides preliminary insights into the expression of lignin biosynthesis genes in common buckwheat, laying a foundation for further understanding the lignin biosynthesis. 相似文献
14.
Yonggang Li Ruiting Wang Jinxin Liu Lankun Xu Pingsheng Ji Lei Sun 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2019,29(3):263-275
Corn stalk rot, caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most destructive diseases of maize in many regions of the world. A bacterial strain BV23 was isolated from corn rhizosphere that reduced corn stalk rot significantly in greenhouse studies in 2016 and 2017. BV23 was identified as Bacillus vallismortis, which showed antagonistic effects against a number of fungal pathogens, including F. graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Athelia rolfsii, and Thanatephorus cucumeris. BV23 had the greatest fungistatic effect on F. graminearum, inhibiting mycelial growth by 66.2%, conidial germination by 90.1%, and conidial production by 86.7%. The probable antifungal mechanism was assessed by examining the morphology and ultrastructure of F. graminearum hyphae. Treatment by BV23 culture supernatant resulted in coarser hyphae, induced cytoplasmic granulation, and increased cell membrane permeability of F. graminearum, causing cytoplasm leakage. These effects became increasingly obvious with increasing concentration (1%, 5% and 10%). Furthermore, the antifungal active substances were sensitive to heat. 相似文献
15.
Identification and overexpression of gibberellin 2‐oxidase (GA2ox) in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for improved plant architecture and reduced biomass recalcitrance
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Wegi A. Wuddineh Mitra Mazarei Jiyi Zhang Charleson R. Poovaiah David G. J. Mann Angela Ziebell Robert W. Sykes Mark F. Davis Michael K. Udvardi Charles Neal Stewart Jr 《Plant biotechnology journal》2015,13(5):636-647
16.
Antifungal mechanisms of a plant defensin MtDef4 are not conserved between the ascomycete fungi Neurospora crassa and Fusarium graminearum
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Kaoutar El‐Mounadi Kazi T. Islam Patricia Hernández‐Ortiz Nick D. Read Dilip M. Shah 《Molecular microbiology》2016,100(3):542-559
Defensins play an important role in plant defense against fungal pathogens. The plant defensin, MtDef4, inhibits growth of the ascomycete fungi, Neurospora crassa and Fusarium graminearum, at micromolar concentrations. We have reported that MtDef4 is transported into the cytoplasm of these fungi and exerts its antifungal activity on intracellular targets. Here, we have investigated whether the antifungal mechanisms of MtDef4 are conserved in these fungi. We show that N. crassa and F. graminearum respond differently to MtDef4 challenge. Membrane permeabilization is required for the antifungal activity of MtDef4 against F. graminearum but not against N. crassa. We find that MtDef4 is targeted to different subcellular compartments in each fungus. Internalization of MtDef4 in N. crassa is energy‐dependent and involves endocytosis. By contrast, MtDef4 appears to translocate into F. graminearum autonomously using a partially energy‐dependent pathway. MtDef4 has been shown to bind to the phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA). We provide evidence that the plasma membrane localized phospholipase D, involved in the biosynthesis of PA, is needed for entry of this defensin in N. crassa, but not in F. graminearum. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a defensin which inhibits the growth of two ascomycete fungi via different mechanisms. 相似文献
17.
Aims: To develop a real‐time PCR assay to quantify Fusarium graminearum biomass in blighted wheat kernels. Methods and Results: Primers designed to amplify a gene in the trichothecene biosynthetic cluster (TRI6) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Primer pair Tri6_10F/Tri6_4R specifically and consistently amplified a 245‐bp DNA fragment from F. graminearum. A workflow was developed and validated to extract DNA from infested grain. The assay detected as little as 10 μg of F. graminearum mycelia in 1 g of ground wheat grain with a high correlation between fungal biomass and cycle threshold values (R2 = 0·9912; P = 0·004). In field‐inoculated grain, qPCR measurements of biomass correlated closely with deoxynivalenol levels (R = 0·82, P < 0·0001) and two visual techniques to assess grain quality (R = 0·88, P < 0·0001 and R = 0·81, P < 0·0001). Conclusions: The qPCR assay provided accurate and precise assessments of the amount of F. graminearum biomass in blighted wheat kernels. This method represents a technical advance over other approaches to quantify kernel colonization and real‐time PCR detection methodologies for F. graminearum that do not correlate quantification of fungal genomic DNA to biomass. Significance and Impact of the Study: Quantifying F. graminearum biomass, especially low levels of growth associated with kernels that are visually asymptomatic, represents a new approach to screen for resistance to kernel infection, an understudied yet potentially important avenue to reduce the impact of head blight. 相似文献
18.
Holly L. Baxter Mitra Mazarei Nicole Labbe Lindsey M. Kline Qunkang Cheng Mark T. Windham David G. J. Mann Chunxiang Fu Angela Ziebell Robert W. Sykes Miguel Rodriguez Jr Mark F. Davis Jonathan R. Mielenz Richard A. Dixon Zeng‐Yu Wang C. Neal Stewart Jr 《Plant biotechnology journal》2014,12(7):914-924
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