云南芒果采后炭疽病病原菌的鉴定及室内生防菌的筛选

随着对云南芒果需求量的增加,其种植面积日趋扩大,并不断引入新品种,这也导致云南省芒果炭疽病害发生日趋加重。为了有针对性地开展芒果炭疽病的生物防治,采用组织块分离法分离芒果采后炭疽病病原菌,通过形态学观察初步鉴定,并遵循柯赫氏法则对病原菌进行验证。随后,利用rDNA-ITS序列和系统发育树分析明确病原菌的分类学地位。最后,采用5种生防细菌对病原菌进行拮抗试验。通过对芒果采后炭疽病病原菌进行分离鉴定,确定胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)是引起云南芒果采后炭疽病的病原菌,该菌株内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列长度为536 bp,登录号为MH744668;5株生防细菌对芒果炭疽病病原菌都有一定的抑菌作用,具有较好的生防开发潜能,其中抗生素溶杆菌L-44的抑菌效果最好,抑制率达53.7%。研究结果为云南省芒果采后病害的生物防治提供了新的思路。     

杧果果实的扫描电镜观察

果成熟果实呈黄色长卵形是典型的核果。其外果皮呈革质,中果皮呈肉质,内果皮呈骨质表面有纤维。内果皮包被着种子形成一个大而扁的核。种子扁形,种皮很薄,子叶呈多胚或单胚。通过对果果实结构各个层次的扫描电镜观察,为其贮藏保鲜及繁育栽培工作提供一些科学依据。     

Development and characterization of 20 new polymorphic microsatellite markers from Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae)

? Premise of the study: Twenty microsatellite loci for mango (Mangifera indica), an important commercial fruit tree in East Asia, were developed to evaluate the genetic diversity and identification of cultivars. ? Methods and Results: The 20 new microsatellite markers were isolated from mango using a magnetic bead enrichment method, and polymorphisms were identified in 22 mango cultivars. The number of alleles ranged from one to nine, with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0 to 0.826. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0 to 0.756 with a mean of 0.525. ? Conclusions: These new microsatellite loci should be useful and convenient for further studies of the genetic diversity and identification of cultivars in mango.     

Biodegradation of mango kernel by Syncephalastrum racemosum and its biological control

Poor germination of mango seed due to fungal decay is a common problem in mango nurseries. The main causal fungus behind this problem is a black spore producing fungus, Syncephalastrum racemosum. This fungus exhibited high amylolytic activity and hence utilised the starch present in mango kernel for its own growth, thereby resulting in the death of emerging radical and plumule, which ultimately causes the death of emerging seedlings. A simple biocontrol device has been worked out by modifying the storage conditions of the mango seeds from aerobic to facultative. This change resulted in yeast growth on the pulp sticking to the mango seed, which in turn produced alcohol and prevented the growth of this fungus. The germination of such seeds has been found to be about 85–90%.     

First evidence of ethylene production by Fusarium mangiferae associated with mango malformation

Malformation is arguably the most crucial disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) at present. It is receiving great attention not only because of its widespread and destructive nature but also because of its etiology and control is not absolutely understood. Recently, Fusarium mangiferae is found to be associated with mango malformation disease. There are indications that stress ethylene production could be involved in the disease. Here we have shown the first direct evidence of production of ethylene in pure culture of F. mangiferae obtained from mango. The study also revealed that all the isolates dissected from mango acquire morphological features of F. mangiferae showing most similarity to the features of species with accepted standard features. The isolates of F. mangiferae from mango were observed to produce ethylene in significant amounts, ranging from 9.28–13.66 n mol/g dry wt/day. The findings presented here suggest that F. mangiferae could contribute to the malformation of mango by producing ethylene and probably stimulating stress ethylene production in malformed tissue of mango. Ethylene might be produced through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase-type ethylene-forming-enzyme (EFE) pathway in Fusarium sp, which needs to be investigated.     

Evaluation of yellow sticky traps for monitoring the population of thrips (Thysanoptera) in a mango orchard

Populations of several thrips species were estimated using yellow sticky traps in an orchard planted with mango, Mangifera indica L. during the dry and wet seasons beginning in late 2008-2009 on Penang Island, Malaysia. To determine the efficacy of using sticky traps to monitor thrips populations, we compared weekly population estimates on yellow sticky traps with thrips population sizes that were determined (using a CO(2) method) directly from mango panicles. Dispersal distance and direction of thrips movement out of the orchard also were studied using yellow sticky traps placed at three distances from the edge of the orchard in four cardinal directions facing into the orchard. The number of thrips associated with the mango panicles was found to be correlated with the number of thrips collected using the sticky trap method. The number of thrips captured by the traps decreased with increasing distance from the mango orchard in all directions. Density of thrips leaving the orchard was related to the surrounding vegetation. Our results demonstrate that sticky traps have the potential to satisfactorily estimate thrips populations in mango orchards and thus they can be effectively employed as a useful tactic for sampling thrips.     

景谷芒果老果园更新改造的试验研究

本试验旨在针对１个早衰低产、行将淘汰的芒果老果园进行几种更新改造模式的探索性试验,以为景谷全县现存数万株芒果老果树的更新复壮作出示范和提供科学依据。自１９９１年采果后,对此１０ｈｍ＾２２０６４株的老果园分别采取轻度更新、隔行更新、强度更新与轻度修剪４种模式,并使命以其它农艺措施（定期防治病虫害、坡改台、增施肥料）加强管理。在原有大芒果树仅保留１１００株的情况下,１９９３年全园总产量达４４３６０ｋｇ     

Identification of difurocumenonol, a new antimicrobial compound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome

AIM: The aim of the present work was to purify and characterize potential natural antibacterial compound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome. METHODS AND RESULTS: The mango ginger rhizome powder was sequentially extracted and screened for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method. Nonpolar extracts of mango ginger showed high antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria with low minimum inhibitory concentration (60-180 ppm). Among five extracts of mango ginger, the chloroform extract demonstrated highest antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract by repeated silica gel column chromatography yielded pure compound. The purified antibacterial compound was analysed by UV, IR, LC-MS and 2D-HMQCT NMR spectra and was identified as a difurocumenonol, a novel compound not reported previously. CONCLUSIONS: Mango ginger extracts and isolated difurocumenonol demonstrated high antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A novel and natural antibacterial compound as well as mango ginger extracts can be used as food preservative to control the growth of food-borne pathogens and as a source of mango flavour.     

Phenotypic diversity of Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae

Carbohydrate utilization profiles by means of the API (Appareils et Procédés d'Identification) system and sensitivity to antibiotics and heavy metal salts of 68 Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae strains isolated in nine countries from mango ( Mangifera indica L.) and other genera of the Anacardiaceae were examined to assess the variability of the taxon. The strains could be separated into 10 groups according to Ward clustering. Apigmented strains isolated from the pepper tree [syn. Brazilian pepper] ( Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi) could not be clearly differentiated from most apigmented strains isolated from mango. Yellow-pigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and Reunion Island, apigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and from ambarella in the French West Indies, clustered in distinct groups. The results are consistent with those of other studies, based on isozyme analysis of esterase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase, and hrp -RFLP analysis; they indicate the need for a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of xanthomonads associated with Anacardiaceae.     

Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers in mango (Mangifera indica)

Six microsatellite loci that were isolated from a microsatellite‐enriched genomic library of mango (Mangifera indica) along with their specific primer sets were each characterized by using 36 cultivars collected mainly in Thailand. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.83 and from 0.29 to 0.73, respectively. The number of putative alleles are two to six. Three of the six alleles have frequencies of over 75%. The high frequency may be attributed to the bias in the origin of cultivars. Among 36 mango cultivars tested, 29 cultivars showed a unique pattern by six primer sets, whereas seven cultivars cannot be identified because of genotype similarities. This suggests the potentials for identification of mango cultivars by microsatellite markers.     

Phenotypic diversity of Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae

Carbohydrate utilization profiles by means of the API (Appareils et Procédés d'Identification) system and sensitivity to antibiotics and heavy metal salts of 68 Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae strains isolated in nine countries from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other genera of the Anacardiaceae were examined to assess the variability of the taxon. The strains could be separated into 10 groups according to Ward clustering. Apigmented strains isolated from the pepper tree [syn. Brazilian pepper] (Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi) could not be clearly differentiated from most apigmented strains isolated from mango. Yellow-pigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and Reunion Island, apigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and from ambarella in the French West Indies, clustered in distinct groups. The results are consistent with those of other studies, based on isozyme analysis of esterase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase, and hrp-RFLP analysis; they indicate the need for a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of xanthomonads associated with Anacardiaceae.     

Mango profilin: cloning,expression and cross-reactivity with birch pollen profilin Bet v 2

Mango can cause severe anaphylactic reactions. Profilin has been assumed partly responsible for the cross-reactivity between mango fruit and other allergens but has not been finally clarified. In this study, two isoforms of mango fruits profilin were amplified by RT-PCR and 3'RACE from total RNA. Each mango profilin cDNA includes an open reading frame coding for 131 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein show high identity with other allergenic profilins. Expression of the recombinant mango profilin was carried out in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using vector PET28a and the purification of the recombinant protein was performed via affinity chromatography with Ni+ coupled to sepharose. IgE reactivity of recombinant mango profilin was investigated by immunoblot and 8 of 18 mango-allergic patients tested presented specific IgE-antibodies to recombinant mango profilin. IgE-inhibition and ELISA inhibition experiments were performed to analyze mango profilin cross-reactivity with profilins from birch pollen and high cross-reactivities have been found.     

杧果Whirly基因鉴定及其在病菌侵染过程中的表达分析

Whirly家族是一类植物特异的转录因子,无论在细胞核还是在细胞器内都有着广泛而复杂的生物学功能.该研究以杧果全基因组数据为基础,采用生物信息学的方法对杧果Whirly家族基因进行序列分析,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析杧果胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Cg)和细菌性黑斑病菌(...     

SENSORY EVALUATION OF MANGO DRINKS USING FUZZY LOGIC

Three brands of ready to serve mango drinks namely 'Frooti', 'Real'and 'Slice'that are available in the market were used for sensory evaluation along with the vacuum dried reconstituted mango powder drink. Mango powder was produced from mango pulp of 'Totapuri'variety with addition of Maltodextrin, Glycerol monostearate and Tri calcium phosphate at rate of 0.62, 0.015 and 0.015 kg per kg dry mango solid, respectively. These ingredients were added for getting a nonsticky free flowing powder. The pulp along with the ingredients was dried in a vacuum drier at 70 ± 2C and 710–750 mm Hg vacuum. Fuzzy logic analysis was used for finding out the best of the three market mango drinks. BrimA index (a criterion for acceptance of fruit juice) and total solid (kg per kg drink) of the reconstituted mango drink was adjusted based on the BrimA index and total solid values of the best market drink. The reconstituted mango drink satisfied the quality criteria set for 'mouth feel'but not the color, smell and taste.     

AFLP在芒果品种鉴定中的应用

利用 AFLP分子标记技术对 1 6个芒果 (Mangif era indica L.)品种以及 7个芒果砧木材料进行了初步研究 ,6对 AFLP选择性引物共产生 2 0 4条清晰谱带。同时利用品种间共有谱带率 (Band-sharing)对某些品种间的遗传关系进行了分析。 1 6个栽培品种间的平均共有谱带率为 83 % ,变异幅度为 70 %～ 94% ,7个砧木间的平均共有谱带率则为 80 % ,变异幅度为 5 3 %～ 96%。     

Role of stressed mango host conditions in attraction of and colonization by the mango bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and in the symptom development of quick decline of mango trees in Pakistan

The mango sudden death syndrome has become a serious threat to the mango industry and caused significant decline in mango production worldwide. The bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has been suggested as a potential vector of the disease based primarily on field observations with little or no supporting empirical data. In this study, we investigated the role of infected mango trees in host attraction and colonization by H. mangiferae to determine if beetle attack and colonization contributes to the disease progression on mango trees. Initially, the role of various stress factors on beetle attraction and disease progression was assessed under lathe house conditions from 2008 to 2009. Results suggest that symptomatic or recently inoculated mango trees (without any obvious symptoms) are preferentially colonized by H. mangiferae. Although not significant, high numbers of beetles attacked stressed or wounded mango trees, compared to healthy or dead mango trees. Disease symptoms after beetle colonization, such as bark splitting, wilting and oozing, were further evaluated. These symptoms showed positive correlation with the degree of disease severity and host plant condition. Furthermore, two fungi, Ceratocystis fimbriata and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, were frequently isolated from the beetle and beetle-colonized trees. Based on these findings, they suggests that H. mangiferae can vector multiple fungi associated with mango sudden decline disease and play a significant role in outbreaks of this disease.     

Mango - Postharvest Biology and Biotechnology

Mango is one of the choicest fruits in the world and popular due to its delicate taste, pleasant aroma and nutritional value. Mango is indigenous to north-east India and north Burma, but now grown in over 90 countries. In the past two decades, mango production has increased appreciably with international trade jumping approximately four-fold valued close to US$ 950 million. Mango belongs to the category of climacteric fruits and its ripening is initiated and proceeded by a burst in ethylene production and a dramatic rise in the rate of respiration. Although there are a few hundred mango cultivars grown in the Indian subcontinent and other parts of the world, the most popular cultivars are generally highly perishable and ripen within 7 to 9 days of harvest at ambient temperature. Currently, the export potential and international trade of mango is limited due to several factors such as its perishable nature, disease and pest infestation, and susceptibility of certain premium cultivars to chilling injury when stored at low temperatures. Efforts are ongoing to develop technologies for improved storage and packaging, and overcome limitations encountered during storage and transit. Controlled atmosphere (CA) and hypobaric storage of mango are powerful means to overcome its perishable nature. The composition of CA varies among cultivars to ensure its original taste, flavor and aroma. Edible coating on the fruit skin may further cut down the rate of deterioration. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding ripening characteristics of mango at the molecular level. Candidate genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, cell wall modification, aroma production and stress response have been cloned and characterized for future use in mango improvement. Efforts are also being made to establish a suitable transformation and plant regeneration system so that transgenic mango with added value and increased shelf life for long distance transportation could be developed.     

Attraction of the West Indian fruit fly to mango fruit volatiles

In this study, we investigated the attraction of West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to volatiles of three mango [Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae)] cultivars in field cage tests. The number of flies captured with Multilure traps baited with Amate mature green mangoes was significantly higher than that captured in traps baited with Coche and Ataulfo fruits. There was no significant difference between the number of flies captured in traps baited with Coche or Ataulfo mangoes. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of mango fruit volatiles identified 24, 22, and 19 compounds for Amate, Ataulfo, and Coche mango cultivars, respectively. A principal component analysis of the volatiles revealed that the Amate mango was more distant from the Ataulfo mango, and the latter cultivar was closer to the Coche mango. The compounds myrcene, α‐pinene, β‐selinene, and trans‐β‐ocimene were the most abundant in Amate mangoes, whereas 3‐carene, β‐selinene, terpinolene, and α‐pinene were the predominant compounds of Ataulfo cultivars. In the Coche mango, the predominant compounds were 3‐carene, β‐selinene, terpinolene, and limonene. Traps baited with a blend of myrcene, α‐pinene, and trans‐β‐ocimene captured more A. obliqua females and males than control traps. Flies were more attracted to the Super Q volatile extracts of Amate mango than to the three‐component blend formulated in a ratio of 1:1:1. However, there was no significant difference between the number of flies caught by traps baited with Amate mango extracts and that caught by traps baited with the three‐blend component when this was formulated according to the relative proportions in the mango extracts. Traps baited with myrcene, the major component, caught fewer flies than traps baited with Amate mango extracts.     

ISSR鉴定亲缘关系非常近的芒果栽培品种

用ISSR技术鉴定7个吕宋芒品种(系)和柳州吕宋芒。从30个引物中筛选出6个多态性好的ISSR引物建立DNA指纹图谱用于区分吕宋芒品种(系)。分析DNA指纹图谱,发现这6个引物中每个引物都能区分吕宋系列品种(系),表明ISSR-PCR技术对芒果品种(系)的鉴定非常有效,能区分亲缘关系很近的品种(系)。基于69条多态性条带的聚类分析结果,发现吕宋芒和其它供试的7个品种(系)同源性低,而这7个品种(系):高州吕宋芒、湛江吕宋芒、田阳香芒、金钱芒、柳州吕宋芒、粤西一号、攀西红吕宋同源性较高,可归为一类。