人类蛋白质组表达谱蛋白质鉴定的分步搜索策略

大规模蛋白质组表达谱研究的蛋白质鉴定一般采取基于数据库搜索的策略,因此数据库的选择及搜索策略在蛋白质鉴定中非常重要。现有的人类蛋白质数据库远不够完善,而从其他物种的蛋白质数据库中所能得到的补充非常有限,但人类基因组数据库中却可能含有很大的补充空间。在对国际人类蛋白质数据库充分调研、比较的基础上,提出了一种分步搜索的策略。这种策略首先利用一个质量较高、覆盖率相对较大的非冗余数据库进行基本鉴定,随后利用其他蛋白和核酸数据库进行补充鉴定和新蛋白挖掘。该策略能有效地鉴定尽可能多的高可靠蛋白,并能进一步充分利用质谱数据进行补充鉴定和新蛋白挖掘,对大规模蛋白质组表达谱研究具有重要的意义。     

MIPS: a database for genomes and protein sequences

The Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS-GSF), Martinsried, near Munich, Germany, continues its longstanding tradition to develop and maintain high quality curated genome databases. In addition, efforts have been intensified to cover the wealth of complete genome sequences in a systematic, comprehensive form. Bioinformatics, supporting national as well as European sequencing and functional analysis projects, has resulted in several up-to-date genome-oriented databases. This report describes growing databases reflecting the progress of sequencing the Arabidopsis thaliana (MATDB) and Neurospora crassa genomes (MNCDB), the yeast genome database (MYGD) extended by functional analysis data, the database of annotated human EST-clusters (HIB) and the database of the complete cDNA sequences from the DHGP (German Human Genome Project). It also contains information on the up-to-date database of complete genomes (PEDANT), the classification of protein sequences (ProtFam) and the collection of protein sequence data within the framework of the PIR-International Protein Sequence Database. These databases can be accessed through the MIPS WWW server (http://www. mips.biochem.mpg.de).     

Genome mapping databases: data acquisition, storage and access.

The introduction of the genome database to the human gene mapping community in September 1990 heralded the advent of a new generation of databases to serve the needs of the human genome initiative over the coming years. The databases will act as a fulcrum around which the activities of the human genome initiative can be coordinated at an international level.     

Protein interaction databases

Life depends on the interaction of proteins. The availability of the complete human genome sequence has highlighted the need for a tool to analyse protein interactions and several databases have been compiled for this purpose. These databases document, categorize, and analyze interacting proteins and the cellular functions of the interactions.     

人类遗传突变数据库及其应用

随着人类基因组序列草图的完成,基因组突变的研究显得日益重要,而越来越多的突变信息的积累,使得各种突变数据库相继诞生。本文根据各种数据库的功能,对目前的人类突变相关数据库资源进行了分类总结,分类为突变数据库、单核苷酸多态信息数据库、与疾病相关的突变数据库、突变对蛋白质的影响、突变图谱以及特定基因的突变信息,分析该如何合理使用这些遗传突变数据资源,以及目前的突变数据库所存在的问题。Abstract：Researches on genome mutation are becoming more and more important with the finish of human genome DNA draft. This review is to classify the existing human mutation databases, including mutation database, SNP(single nucleotide polymorphisms) databases, mutation databases about disease, mutation databases about proteins, mutation databases about map and mutation information about specific gene. We also give advice on how to utilize these mutation databases, and discuss problems of existing databases.     

Computational analysis of human disease-associated genes and their protein products

The complete genome sequences for human, Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported recently. With the availability of complete sequences for many bacteria and archaea, and five eukaryotes, comparative genomics and sequence analysis are enabling us to identify counterparts of many human disease genes in model organisms, which in turn should accelerate the pace of research and drug development to combat human diseases. Continuous improvement of specialized protein databases, together with sensitive computational tools, have enhanced the power and reliability of computational prediction of protein function.     

The Homeodomain Resource: sequences, structures, DNA binding sites and genomic information

The Homeodomain Resource is an annotated collection of non-redundant protein sequences, three-dimensional structures and genomic information for the homeodomain protein family. Release 3.0 contains 795 full-length homeodomain-containing sequences, 32 experimentally-derived structures and 143 homeo-box loci implicated in human genetic disorders. Entries are fully hyperlinked to facilitate easy retrieval of the original records from source databases. A simple search engine with a graphical user interface is provided to query the component databases and assemble customized data sets. A new feature for this release is the addition of DNA recognition sites for all human homeodomain proteins described in the literature. The Homeodomain Resource is freely available through the World Wide Web at http://genome.nhgri.nih.gov/homeodomain.     

Mapping of EST- and STS-markers in the human genome using a panel fo radiation hybrids

Ten DNA markers were localized in the human genome by a screening procedure against the radiation hybrid somatic cell panel (GeneBridge 4 RH Panel) using polymerase chain reaction (RH mapping method). DNA markers were developed to nucleotide sequences adjacent to NotI sites of human chromosome 3 (NotI-STS markers) and also to nucleotide sequences of human cDNA (EST markers). Three EST markers mapped (B10164, S16R and 18F5R) were localized in the human genome for the first time. Marker B10164 was found to be homologous to the nucleotide sequence of the BASP1 gene coding a major receptor protein. Markers S16R and 18F5R presumably tagged new genes, because no homologies were revealed among the nucleotide sequences presented in the databases. For four NotI-STS, more precise localization on human chromosome 3 was determined. On the basis of the data obtained, the NotI map may be integrated with other types of physical maps of human chromosome 3. RH mapping with a standard commercial panel of radiation hybrid somatic cells provided a chance to integrate the data obtained into international databases and existing integrated human chromosomal maps.     

An efficient algorithm for large-scale detection of protein families

Detection of protein families in large databases is one of the principal research objectives in structural and functional genomics. Protein family classification can significantly contribute to the delineation of functional diversity of homologous proteins, the prediction of function based on domain architecture or the presence of sequence motifs as well as comparative genomics, providing valuable evolutionary insights. We present a novel approach called TRIBE-MCL for rapid and accurate clustering of protein sequences into families. The method relies on the Markov cluster (MCL) algorithm for the assignment of proteins into families based on precomputed sequence similarity information. This novel approach does not suffer from the problems that normally hinder other protein sequence clustering algorithms, such as the presence of multi-domain proteins, promiscuous domains and fragmented proteins. The method has been rigorously tested and validated on a number of very large databases, including SwissProt, InterPro, SCOP and the draft human genome. Our results indicate that the method is ideally suited to the rapid and accurate detection of protein families on a large scale. The method has been used to detect and categorise protein families within the draft human genome and the resulting families have been used to annotate a large proportion of human proteins.     

Human proteomic databases: a powerful resource for functional genomics in health and disease

Decoding of the genome information in terms of regulation and function will be the next great challenge in the life sciences in this millennium and indeed, today we are experiencing a rapid explosion of technology for the high throughput expression analysis of genes and their products (functional genomics). In particular, the field of proteomics is booming as proteins are often the functional molecules and represent important targets for the pharmaceutical industry. The proteomic technology is complex, and comprises a plethora of state-of-the-art techniques to resolve, identify and detect their interacting partners, as well as to store and communicate protein information in comprehensive two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) databases. Besides annotating the genome, these databases will offer a global approach to the study of gene expression both in health and disease. Here, we review the current status of human 2D PAGE databases that we are systematically constructing for the study of bladder cancer and skin ageing.     

The properties of protein family space depend on experimental design

MOTIVATION: Databases of protein families often exhibit drastically different properties of the protein family space. RESULTS: We compared the properties of protein family space as reflected by exhaustive protein family databases and databases with predefined families. We used TRIBES, Protomap, ProDom and COGs as representatives of the exhaustive databases, and Pfam-A and Superfamily as databases that predefine families. We observe a power-law distribution of family sizes in all these databases, albeit in predefined databases the power-law line collapses before reaching smaller sized families. We discuss the future trends of this power-law distribution and suggest that saturation in the sampling of protein family space will result in a distortion of the power law in small family sizes. For larger genome sizes, predefined databases show logarithmic growth of the number of families per genome, whereas exhaustive databases exhibit a virtually linear relationship. All databases consistently differ in the proportion of protein families shared between taxa. Predefined databases have a larger number of protein families shared between the three domains of life, while exhaustive databases show a much more fragmented distribution. We argue that these discrepancies reflect alternative approaches to the trade-off issue of sensitivity versus specificity in the detection of homologous proteins. We conclude that these properties are complementary rather than contradictory, while describing the protein universe from different perspectives.     

The annotation of both human and mouse kinomes in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: one small step in manual annotation, one giant leap for full comprehension of genomes

Biomolecule phosphorylation by protein kinases is a fundamental cell signaling process in all living cells. Following the comprehensive cataloguing of the protein kinase complement of the human genome (Manning, G., Whyte, D. B., Martinez, R., Hunter, T., and Sudarsanam, S. (2002) The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 298, 1912-1934), this review will detail the state-of-the-art human and mouse kinase proteomes as provided in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot protein knowledgebase. The sequences of the 480 classical and up to 24 atypical protein kinases now believed to exist in the human genome and 484 classical and up to 24 atypical kinases within the mouse genome have been reviewed and, where necessary, revised. Extensive annotation has been added to each entry. In an era when a wealth of new databases is emerging on the Internet, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot makes available to the scientific community the most up-to-date and in-depth annotation of these proteins with access to additional external resources linked from within each entry. Incorrect sequence annotations resulting from errors and artifacts have been eliminated. Each entry will be constantly reviewed and updated as new information becomes available with the orthologous enzymes in related species being annotated in a parallel effort and complete kinomes being completed as sequences become available. This ensures that the mammalian kinomes available from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot are of a consistently high standard with each separate entry acting both as a valuable information resource and a central portal to a wealth of further detail via extensive cross-referencing.     

In Silico Characterization of Proteins: UniProt,InterPro and Integr8

Nucleic acid sequences from genome sequencing projects are submitted as raw data, from which biologists attempt to elucidate the function of the predicted gene products. The protein sequences are stored in public databases, such as the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), where curators try to add predicted and experimental functional information. Protein function prediction can be done using sequence similarity searches, but an alternative approach is to use protein signatures, which classify proteins into families and domains. The major protein signature databases are available through the integrated InterPro database, which provides a classification of UniProtKB sequences. As well as characterization of proteins through protein families, many researchers are interested in analyzing the complete set of proteins from a genome (i.e. the proteome), and there are databases and resources that provide non-redundant proteome sets and analyses of proteins from organisms with completely sequenced genomes. This article reviews the tools and resources available on the web for single and large-scale protein characterization and whole proteome analysis.     

Comparative analysis of human and bovine protein kinases reveals unique relationship and functional diversity

Reversible protein phosphorylation by protein kinases and phosphatases is a common event in various cellular processes. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily, which is one of the largest superfamilies of eukaryotic proteins, plays several roles in cell signaling and diseases. We identified 482 eukaryotic protein kinases and 39 atypical protein kinases in the bovine genome, by searching publicly accessible genetic-sequence databases. Bovines have 512 putative protein kinases, each orthologous to a human kinase. Whereas orthologous kinase pairs are, on an average, 90.6% identical, orthologous kinase catalytic domain pairs are, on an average, 95.9% identical at the amino acid level. This bioinformatic study of bovine protein kinases provides a suitable framework for further characterization of their functional and structural properties.     

Cas1p is a membrane protein necessary for the O-acetylation of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide

The capsule is certainly the most obvious virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans. The main capsule constituents are glucuronoxylomannans (GXM). Several studies have focused on the structure and chemistry of the GXM component of the capsule, yet little is known about the genetic basis of the capsule construction. Using a monoclonal antibody specific to a sugar epitope, we isolated a capsule-structure mutant strain and cloned by complementation a gene named CAS1 that codes for a putative membrane protein. Although no sequence homology was found with any known protein in the different databases, protein analysis using the PROPSEARCH software classified Cas1p as a putative glycosyltransferase. Cas1p is a well-conserved evolutionary protein, as we identified one orthologue in the human genome, one in the drosophila genome and four in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Analysis of the capsule structure after CAS1 deletion showed that it is required for GXM O-acetylation.     

The homeodomain resource: a prototype database for a large protein family

The Homeodomain Resource is an annotated collection of non-redundant protein sequences, three-dimensional structures and genomic information for the homeodomain protein family. Release 2.0 contains 765 full-length homeodomain-containing sequences, 29 experimentally derived structures and 116 homeobox loci implicated in human genetic disorders. Entries are fully hyperlinked to facilitate easy retrieval of the original records from source databases. A simple search engine with a graphical user interface is provided to query the component databases and assemble customized data sets. A new feature for this release is the addition of more automated methods for database searching, maintenance and implementation of efficient data management. The Homeodomain Resource is freely available through the WWW at http://genome.nhgri.nih.gov/homeodomain     

Tandem use of X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry to obtain ab initio the complete and exact amino acids sequence of HPBP, a human 38-kDa apolipoprotein

The Human Phosphate Binding Protein (HPBP) is a serendipitously discovered apolipoprotein from human plasma that binds phosphate. Amino acid sequence relates HPBP to an intriguing protein family that seems ubiquitous in eukaryotes. These proteins, named DING according to the sequence of their four conserved N-terminal residues, are systematically absent from eukaryotic genome databases. As a consequence, HPBP amino acids sequence had to be first assigned from the electronic density map. Then, an original approach combining X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry provides the complete and a priori exact sequence of the 38-kDa HPBP. This first complete sequence of a eukaryotic DING protein will be helpful to study HPBP and the entire DING protein family.