轮作及绿肥不同利用方式对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过4年田间定位试验比较了3种轮作及相应绿肥不同利用方式对作物产量和土壤性质的影响.轮作方式包括夏休闲-冬小麦（对照）、豆类绿肥-冬小麦和豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦.豆类绿肥-冬小麦包括3种绿肥利用方式：提前覆盖、提前翻压和播前翻压;豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦也包括3种绿肥利用方式：豆类茎秆覆盖、茎秆翻压和茎秆移出田间.结果表明：对于豆类绿肥-冬小麦轮作,绿肥消耗了更多小麦播前土壤水,使小麦产量不稳定;麦收后0～200 cm土层硝态氮储量显著高于另外两种轮作,有更高的淋失风险;该轮作方式下提前覆盖处理0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和有机碳储量(SSOC)最高.对于豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作,小麦播前土壤储水量显著高于豆类绿肥-冬小麦,小麦产量更稳定;麦收后0～200 cm土层硝态氮储量显著低于豆类绿肥-冬小麦轮作,淋失风险较低;该轮作方式下茎杆覆盖处理0～20 cm土层土壤SOC含量显著高于茎杆移出处理,且SSOC相对于试验初始也有所增加.可见,豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作体系中豆类收获籽粒后茎杆地表覆盖方式,在提高小麦播前土壤储水量、稳定产量、培肥土壤和降低0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留量上表现较好,是具有类似气候地区的合理种植制度.
     

种植密度对夏玉米产量和源库特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和登海661(DH661)为试验材料,在4个不同区域(山东农业大学、汶口、兖州和莱州)设置22500、45000、67500、90000和112500株.hm-25个种植密度,研究了种植密度对夏玉米产量及源库特性的影响.结果表明:两品种在112500株.hm-2密度条件下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量最高,分别为19132和36965kg.hm-2,与22500和67500株.hm-2密度相比,籽粒产量分别增加了72%和48%,生物产量分别增加了152%和112%.两品种单株叶面积、最大花丝数、穗粒数和千粒重随密度增大而减小,但叶面积指数随密度增大而显著提高.收获指数与粒叶比随密度增大而显著减小,当密度超过67500株.hm-2时差异不显著,表明高密度条件下玉米通过增加群体库来提高产量.     

氮肥对半湿润区不同基因型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

以9430、小偃6号和商188为供试材料,在年均降水量632 mm的黄土高原南部半湿润红油土上进行田间试验,研究不施氮和施氮条件下3种基因型冬小麦的灌浆特性.结果表明,遗传差异是控制小麦籽粒灌浆特征参数的主要因素,最大灌浆速率持续期、活跃灌浆期和达到最大灌浆速率的天数在不同基因型间存在显著差异;从基因型差异看,商188、小偃6号和9430的最大灌浆速率持续期分别为17.20、14.15和14.13 d,达到最大灌浆速率的天数分别为28.14、23.90和23.89 d,活跃灌浆期分别为29.00、26.40和26.88 d,商188显著大于9430和小偃6号,而小偃6号与9430间差异不显著.氮肥与基因间存在互作,但总体上氮肥对这些参数的影响相对较小.最大灌浆速率持续期、达到最大灌浆速率的天数、活跃灌浆期与千粒重呈极显著正相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.825、0.679和0.627(P<0.01),是影响粒重的关键因子.     

播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响

选用郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为试验材料,在砂培和大田条件下设置3、5、7和9 cm 4个播种深度,并在大田条件下以不同播种深度混播作为对照(CK),研究播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响.结果表明： 随着播种深度的增加,夏玉米的出苗率下降,出苗时间延长.ZD958和XY335播深9 cm的出苗率较3 cm的分别降低9.4%和11.8%,出苗时间较3 cm的均延长1.5 d.随着播种深度的增加,幼苗长度及幼苗整齐度显著降低,中胚轴长度显著增加,胚芽鞘长度差异不显著;初生胚根长度逐渐减小,次生胚根总长度逐渐增加,总根长度差异不显著;幼苗与中胚轴的总干质量增加,总根干质量差异不显著.随播种深度的增加,种子萌发时幼苗各部位可溶性糖含量增加,营养物质消耗量增加,幼苗根系生长速度增加,根系活力降低,总节根数及节根层数增加.播深增加后出苗率及幼苗活力的降低导致收获穗数的显著降低,最终影响产量形成.此外,播深一致有利于群体整齐度的提高和群体性状的改善,从而提高产量.     

夏休闲期复种油菜对旱地土壤水分和小麦产量的影响

以冬小麦收获后高留茬休闲地为对照,连续4年在陇东黄土旱塬设6个油菜播种期,研究了休闲期作物覆盖对土壤水分及后作冬小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：不同播种期夏休闲期土壤贮水量差异显著(P＜0.05),其中8月5日播种油菜的土壤蓄水效率为58.5%,产量和水分利用效率较对照提高7.5%和5.9%.平均而言,夏休闲期复种油菜后作小麦干旱年份增产16.1%,平水年份增产6.8%.夏休闲期复种油菜是西北旱地小麦抗旱增产的有益途径.     

土壤水分胁迫对夏玉米植株性状整齐度的影响

利用大型防雨设施池栽,严格调控水量,研究夏玉米全程及阶段性土壤水分胁迫对植株性状整齐度的影响。结果表明,夏玉米生育全程水分胁迫,植株性状整齐度全面劣化,产量极低;苗期阶段水分胁迫导致大、小苗,壮、弱苗两极分化明显,株高整齐度显著下降,其负效应持续至生育后期,生育进程推迟,千粒重显著降低,对产量造成一定影响;穗期阶段水分胁迫对穗长、穗料数整齐度影响明显,产量降幅度较大;花粒期阶段水平胁迫对千粒重及穗     

不同沼液用量对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶及产量的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究了3个不同沼液用量（15000、22500、30000 kg·hm^-2）对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明：与对照和施氮肥相比,田间浇灌沼液不仅可提高夏玉米地上部干物质量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,而且可提高叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,从而显著增加了玉米穗粗、穗长、穗行数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重和单位面积产量.在3个沼液用量中,以22500 kg·hm^-2处理(拔节期、大口期、抽雄期各追施7500 kg·hm^-2)对提高玉米酶活性和产量的效果最好,其产量可达14006.7 kg·hm^-2,比对照增产40.7％.     

株行距配置对高产夏玉米冠层结构及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在75000株·hm^-2种植密度下,选用郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,设置2种行距配置(等行距、宽窄行)和3种留苗方式(每穴1株、每穴2株、每穴3株),研究了6种种植方式对黄淮海地区高产夏玉米产量构成、吐丝后冠层结构及光合性能的调控作用,并以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程.结果表明： 产量、干物质积累量、作物生长率、灌浆速率、冠层光合能力等均表现为宽窄行处理高于等行距处理,留苗方式以每穴2株最高.各种植方式中以宽窄行每穴2株种植产量最高,达13.12（郑单958）和13.72（先玉335） t·hm^-2.宽窄行每穴2株种植改善了冠层内部光照状况,净光合速率和叶面积指数均有所提高,同时缓解了植株个体与群体间的矛盾,籽粒灌浆能力增强,干物质积累量提高.因此,宽窄行每穴2株种植是黄淮海夏玉米高产条件下产量提高的有效栽培方式.     

施氮时期对高产夏玉米光合特性的影响

选用登海661(DH661)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,研究了高产条件下施氮时期对高产夏玉米光合特性、产量和氮素利用率的影响.结果表明,分次施氮尤其是增加花后施氮较拔节期一次性施氮可提高产量9.3％-18.2％,氮肥偏生产力提高10.9％-17.5％.拔节期、大喇叭口期、花后10d按2∶4∶4施氮,DH661产量可达14188.9 kg/hm2;基肥、拔节期、大口期、花后10d按1∶2∶5∶2施氮,ZD958产量可达14529.6 kg/hm2.分次施氮较一次性施氮可延长灌浆期LAI高值持续期.花后施氮20％-40％较一次性施氮穗位叶Pn、φPSⅡ、NPQ和ETR分别提高了10.8％-24.1％,16.6％-25.1％、29.2％-45.3％和14.4％-25.8％,并保持了灌浆期RuBPCase和PEPCase较高活性,延缓了叶片衰老,提高了光能利用率.DH661较ZD958在相同的施氮方式下花后具有更高的光合性能.分次施氮及花后施氮可显著改善两个高产夏玉米品种光合特性,提高氮素利用率,提高产量.     

基因型和环境对小麦主要品质性状参数的影响

利用8个冬小麦品种（系）于2002年种植在8个不同地点的试验结果,分析了品种（系）、环境以及品种（系）与环境的互作对谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）及其组成、面团揉混仪参数及烘烤品质等主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,基因型对GMP、高、低分子量谷蛋白亚基有显著影响,说明GMP及其组成主要受基因型控制;沉淀值、峰值时间（MPT）、8min带宽（8TW）受环境影响程度比基因型小;而品种、环境及其互作对面包体积都有显著影响。小麦品质性状间的相关系数受环境条件的影响,不同地点品质性状问的相关系数不同。品种（系）和地点的互作效应在同一品种不同地点间是不同的,即使在不利的环境下,也有表现好的品种（系）。综合考虑对烘烤品质的影响,烟台点和济麦20表现最好。因此,进行品质评价时,不同地点间不仅考虑蛋白质含量的变化,还要考虑蛋白质质量、GMP及其组成、沉淀值、中线峰值时间以及8min带宽的变化规律。     

Response of maize genotypes with different nitrogen use efficiency to low nitrogen stresses

Objectives

This paper aims to compare the property difference of spatial and temporal distribution of different nitrogen use efficiency maize genotypes and discuss the physiological mechanism of nitrogen efficiency of maize.

弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长发育和产量的影响

以不同基因型玉米为材料,在玉米生长发育的3个主要阶段(苗期、穗期、粒期)进行分期遮光试验,研究不同时期弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,遮光延缓了玉米叶片的出生速度,使叶片变薄;遮光可以延缓叶片的衰老,但遮光解除后则加速叶片的衰老;遮光造成植株高度增加,但恢复正常光照后,其株高却逐渐低于对照;遮光使干物质积累下降,抽雄吐丝日期推迟,尤其是吐丝日期推迟更多,并使产量降低,但不同基因型玉米不同遮光处理下降程度不同。试验的4个品种中,掖单2 2和豫玉2号受遮光影响较小,而掖单36 38和丹玉13受影响较大,即不同基因型玉米对弱光胁迫的敏感性不同     

Kernel set in maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency in response to resource availability around flowering

Environmental conditions affect grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) mainly by altering the kernel number per plant (KNP). This number is determined during a critical period of about 2 weeks around silking. The objectives of this study were to assess how the rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications affect biomass partitioning and KNP in two genotypes with different N use efficiency, and to compare kernel set of these genotypes under varying regimes of carbohydrate and N availability during the critical period for kernel set. In the first field experiment, plant density and the rate of N supply per plant were varied independently. In the second field experiment, N availability was controlled via the application of N fertilizer, and carbohydrate availability was controlled by shading or thinning at silking. In both experiments, low rates of N supply reduced KNP more strongly in the non-efficient genotype when compared to the efficient genotype. The genotypic differences in kernel set were neither associated with N uptake into the above-ground biomass at maturity, nor above-ground biomass at silking. In the non-efficient genotype, application of N fertilizer at silking increased KNP. This increase was not associated with an increase in plant growth but with increased partitioning of biomass towards the reproductive organs during the critical period for kernel set. The genotype which had been selected for its high N use efficiency also showed higher kernel set at high plant density and shading during flowering when compared to the non-efficient genotype. Under conditions of restricted resource availability per plant, plant and ear growth rates during the critical period of about 14 days after onset of flowering declined compared with non-limiting conditions. However, these growth rates were less reduced in the efficient genotype. Pooling treatments of different plant density and different available N, each hybrid showed linear responses of KNP to plant growth rate and to ear growth rate. Furthermore, in the efficient genotype KNP was reduced to a lesser extent in response to decreasing growth rates. We conclude that higher kernel set of the efficient genotype compared to the non-efficient genotype under stressful conditions was associated with low sensitivity of plant growth and dry matter distribution towards reproductive organs to low assimilate availability during the critical period of kernel set, and particularly with low sensitivity of kernel set to decreasing plant and ear growth rates.     

玉米-大豆间作和施氮对玉米产量及农艺性状的影响

为研究玉米-大豆间作模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状及生长动态的影响,进行2个种植模式(玉米单作和玉米-大豆间作)和2个施氮水平(0 kg/hm2,150 kg/hm2)的双因素随机区组试验,以期揭示施氮和间作对玉米产量的影响规律,为提高玉米-大豆间作系统产量提供一定的理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)与不施氮相比,施氮显著增加了春秋两季间作玉米产量,分别达到23.81%和40.99%。施氮处理下的间作玉米地上部生物量较不施氮提高了29.91%,单作模式下显著提高了40.34%,两者差异均达到显著水平。(2)与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下春玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了18.92%和19.23%,秋玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了31.03%和32.75%,差异均达到显著水平。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作和间作模式均显著提高秋玉米穗长。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作秋玉米的穗粗提高了18.67%,差异显著。(3)施氮和间作均能促进玉米干物质累积、提高株高和叶绿素(SPAD值),且表现为施氮效果高于间作效果。总体来看,种植模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状和生长动态均有一定影响,且施氮效果优于间作效果。由于土壤具有一定的供氮能力,而间作豆科能为玉米供给一定量的氮素,故对于春玉米而言,施氮效果仅在百粒重中表现,随着土壤原有氮素被玉米吸收利用减少后,供氮能力下降,在秋玉米中施氮效果显著提高。     

不同栽培模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统产量、氮素累积和平衡的影响

以河北山前平原区秸秆还田条件下小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,设置农民习惯、高产高效、再高产和再高产高效4个模式,通过定位试验探讨各栽培模式对3个轮作周期作物产量、土壤硝态氮累积量及氮平衡的影响.结果表明: 小麦、玉米产量均以再高产模式最高,高产高效和再高产高效模式次之,均显著高于农民习惯模式;小麦季和玉米季氮肥利用效率(PFP)均以高产高效模式最高,显著高于其他模式;0～400 cm土体硝态氮累积量在 768.4～1133.3 kg·hm^-2之间,其中80%～85%累积在根下90～400 cm土层;4种模式的土壤硝态氮均有明显向下淋移现象,120～150 cm和270～330 cm处均出现了累积峰,以270～330 cm土层硝态氮累积量最大;高产高效模式的土壤硝态氮含量整体水平均低于其他模式,浓度基本维持在30 mg·kg^-1以下,在一定程度上能有效缓解环境压力;冬小麦季0～90 cm土体氮素盈余量均小于夏玉米季,并以高产高效模式的氮素表观损失量最低,显著低于其他模式.综合考虑产量、氮肥利用效率、硝态氮累积和氮平衡,以高产高效模式表现最优,但还有一定的提升空间.     

Grain yield and kernel weight of two maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency at various levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate availability during flowering and grain filling

Grain yield per plant (GYP) and mean kernel weight (KW) of maize (Zea mays L.) are sensitive to changes in the environment during the lag phase of kernel growth (the time after pollination in which the potential kernel size is determined), and during the phase of linear kernel growth. The aim of this study was to assess genotypic differences in the response to environmental stresses associated with N and/or carbohydrate shortage at different phases during plant development. The rate and timing of N and carbohydrate supply were modified by application of fertilizer, shading, and varying the plant density at sowing, at silking or at 14 d after silking. The effects of these treatments on the photosynthetic capacity, grain yield and mean kernel weight were investigated in two hybrids differing in N use efficiency. The total above-ground biomass and grain yield per plant of the efficient hybrid responded little to altered environmental conditions such as suboptimal N supply, enhanced inter-plant competition, and shading for 14 d during flowering, when compared to the less efficient genotype. We conclude that grain yields in the efficient genotype are less sensitive not only to N stress, but also to carbohydrate shortage before grain filling. Shading of N deficient plants from 14 d after silking to maturity did not significantly reduce grain yield in the non-efficient genotype, indicating complete sink limitation of grain yield during grain filling. In the efficient genotype, in contrast, grain yield of N-deficient plants was significantly reduced by shading during grain filling. The rate of photosynthesis declined with decreasing foliar N content. No genotypic differences in photosynthesis were observed at high or low foliar N contents. However, at high plant density and low N supply, the leaf chlorophyll content after flowering in the efficient genotype was higher than that in the non-efficient genotype. Obviously, the higher source capacity of the efficient genotype was not due to higher photosynthetic N use efficiency but due to maintenance of high chlorophyll contents under stressful conditions. In the efficient genotype, the harvest index was not significantly affected by N fertilization, plant density, or shading before the grain filling period. In contrast, in the non-efficient genotype the harvest index was diminished by N deficiency and shading during flowering. We conclude that the high yielding ability of the efficient genotype under stressful conditions was associated with formation of a high sink capacity of the grains under conditions of low carbohydrate and N availability during flowering and with maintenance of high source strength during grain filling under conditions of high plant density and low N availability.     

施氮时期对高产夏玉米氮代谢关键酶活性及抗氧化特性的影响

选用玉米品种登海661和郑单958为材料,研究了高产条件下施氮时期对夏玉米产量、氮素利用率、氮代谢相关酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:拔节期一次性施氮不利于夏玉米产量提高和氮素积累,分次施氮且增施花粒肥显著提高了植株和籽粒的吸氮量,并提高了籽粒产量.拔节期、10叶期、花后10d按2∶4∶4施氮,登海661产量最高可达14123.0kg· hm-2;基肥、拔节期、10叶期、花后10 d按1∶2∶5∶2施氮,郑单958产量最高可达14517.1 kg· hm-2,这2种施氮方式较拔节期一次性施氮分别增产14.5％和17.5％.花前分次施氮可以显著提高开花期硝酸还原酶活性;登海661和郑单958在花后0～42 d中,施氮处理的谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶活性分别平均提高了32.6％、47.1％、50.4％和14.5％、61.8％、25.6％,减缓了其下降趋势;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性提高了22.0％、36.6％和13.4％、62.0％,丙二醛含量显著降低.在高产条件下,分次施氮且适当增加花粒肥施入比例可以提高氮代谢相关酶活性,延缓植株衰老,促进氮素吸收利用,进而提高籽粒产量.     

矮壮素配合氮肥全基施对华北夏玉米氮素利用的调控效应

为了解矮壮素(CCC)配合氮肥基施对夏玉米氮代谢及氮素利用率的调控效应,本研究以‘京农科728’(简称JNK728)和‘中单909’(简称ZD909)为材料,于2018和2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验。试验设置常规氮肥处理(CN)和常规氮肥配合CCC处理(CN-CCC),包含0、62.5、125、187.0 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮水平。结果表明: 与常规氮肥处理相比,矮壮素配合氮肥全基施处理在施氮量为62.5和125 kg·hm^-2时,JNK728和ZD909产量在2018和2019年试验中平均分别增加了7.7%和5.0%。CCC处理提高了玉米生育期内功能叶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和可溶性蛋白含量,促进了玉米氮素代谢。CCC配合低中施氮量(62.5和125 kg·hm^-2)条件下,JNK728和ZD909植株的含氮量平均分别增加17.6%和30.3%,籽粒含氮量分别增加10.3%和17.4%,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥利用率分别较常规氮肥处理平均提高10.0%、15.7%、23.3%、24.8%和5.7%、15.0%、49.9%、71.7%。CCC配合适量氮肥全基施可以增强玉米氮素代谢,提高玉米氮素利用率和产量。在本研究中,CCC配合125 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的夏玉米增产效果最佳。