鸡源双歧杆菌定向选育和发酵参数研究

目的从肉仔鸡肠道中筛选出耐酸、耐胆盐和耐消化酶的优良双歧杆菌,研究其生长特性,并优化其发酵参数,为转化生产力提供理论依据。方法通过无菌采样并分离得到多株双歧杆菌,对分离获得的双歧杆菌进行形态学、生化特性研究,然后采用牛津杯法,测定90株双歧杆菌对大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的抑制作用,采用改良MRS培养基,模拟鸡胃肠道逆环境,对其耐消化道特性进行研究,筛选出优良双歧杆菌,再进行生长特性研究及发酵参数优化。结果从肉仔鸡肠道分离出90株双歧杆菌,初步挑选出23株作为候选菌株,抑菌试验测得双歧杆菌B1、B2和B3具有良好的抑菌效果,然后经过耐受消化道逆环境试验,发现B2菌株的耐受能力最好,初步鉴定双歧杆菌B2为小鸡双歧杆菌,并将其定名为Bifidobacterium pullorum B2,对其生长特性的研究发现经18 h发酵细菌总数可以从8.3×105CFU/mL升高到1.3×109CFU/mL,运用优化的发酵培养基进行中试试验,发酵后的活菌数可达1.41×1010CFU/mL。结论本实验从肉仔鸡肠道中分离筛选并初步鉴定了Bifidobacterium pullorum B2,优化了制备Bifidobacterium pullorum B2发酵液的发酵条件,降低了生产成本。     

根际益生菌链霉菌S506固体发酵条件优化

链霉菌S506是一株具有广谱防病、促生和降解根系毒素功能的根际益生菌.采用液固两相发酵工艺,以活菌总数和分生孢子产生量为检测指标,研究了S506活菌制剂固体发酵物料的配方和工艺参数.获得固体发酵物料的最佳参数为:麸皮100 g、M-115g、磷酸氢二钾0.3 g、氯化钠0.25 g、硝酸钾0.1 g、碳酸钙0.8 g,自然pH值,液体菌种种龄84 h,接种量10%,发酵温度30℃,料水比10:6,发酵时间60 h.在最佳发酵条件下,S506固体菌剂的活菌总量达到8.27×109CFU/g,分生孢子数达到6.23×109CFU/g.     

里氏木霉FS10-C固体发酵基质筛选及发酵条件初探

筛选适宜里氏木霉FS10-C菌株固体发酵的基质,并优化其发酵基本条件,以期为将该菌株应用于土壤重金属污染修复中奠定基础。采用单因素试验对固体发酵基质进行筛选,在筛选结果的基础上,再运用正交试验设计初步确定适宜的发酵条件,并在50 L固体发酵罐中进行放大试验。结果表明,桔皮麦麸混合物为木霉FS10-C的最佳发酵基质,优化后的平皿固体发酵条件为:桔皮、麦麸按1∶1比例配伍,固水比为1∶1.2,接种量为5%,发酵温度为28℃,发酵14 d后产孢量可高达2.43×1010 CFU/g,且应用于固体发酵罐中发酵效果良好,产孢量达到1.44×1010 CFU/g。通过对固体发酵基质的筛选和发酵条件的优化,可实现木霉FS10-C的高密度培养,降低制剂成本,具有规模化生产的潜力。     

大菱鲆鳗弧菌灭活疫苗原液发酵条件的优化

为实现大菱鲆鳗弧菌灭活疫苗中试生产,通过对大菱鲆鳗弧菌菌株VAM003二级种子培养时间、盐度、培养基、接种量、补料等发酵条件的优化筛选,确定大菱鲆鳗弧菌菌株VAM003灭活疫苗发酵原液的发酵工艺条件。鳗弧菌菌珠VAM003接种于含2. 5%Na Cl的TSB液体发酵培养基,28℃振荡培养12～14 h,制备二级种子液,按发酵罐培养基总量的10%接种二级种子液,28℃补料发酵10～12 h。在该条件下鳗弧菌菌株VAM003发酵活菌数达到1. 20×1010cfu/m L,比优化前提高120%以上。     

益生枯草芽胞杆菌B15的性能检测及培养条件研究

对筛选得到的枯草芽胞杆菌B15进行了产酶及拮抗性能的检测,结果表明该菌株能够分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶,同时对常见病原体有一定的拮抗作用,具有作为益生菌进行发酵和研制微生态制剂的潜力。采用单因子试验,对B15菌株的培养液组成（碳源、氮源）及培养条件进行了研究,结果表明：以1.5%葡萄糖及0.5%酵母浸出物制成的培养液,在35℃、初始pH6.5左右,装液量为20 ml/250 ml,接种量2%的条件下培养B15,可将活菌数目从原始的1.15×109CFU/ml提高至1.61×109CFU/ml。     

猪源屎肠球菌WEI-9的高密度培养

目的对分离自健康仔猪肠道的屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)WEI-9的高密度发酵培养基进行响应面优化,为菌株WEI-9的工业化生产奠定基础。方法首先采用单因素试验确定最适高密度发酵培养基的碳源和氮源,随后采用Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响菌株WEI-9发酵活菌数的显著因素,利用最陡爬坡试验得出显著因素逼近最大活菌数产量的响应区域,最后应用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析法确定显著影响因子的最佳浓度。结果优化后的最适高密度发酵培养基成分和配比为:乳清粉21.34 g/L,蛋白胨21.94 g/L,Na AC·3H2O 5 g/L,柠檬酸铵2 g/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 2 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L,Mn SO4·H2O 0.05 g/L,吐温-80 1 g/L,发酵液最高活菌数达到1.6×109CFU/m L,是相同条件下MRS培养基中活菌数的1.98倍。结论本研究实现了猪源屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)WEI-9的高密度培养。     

特基拉芽胞杆菌B05高密度发酵培养基与发酵条件优化

特基拉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)B05是1株能显著提高小麦、玉米耐盐、耐旱能力的根际优良菌株,为提高其扩繁效率及使用效果,降低使用成本,以发酵液活菌数为指标,采用单因子预筛选和正交试验方法对菌株发酵培养基及发酵条件进行优化,在10 L发酵罐水平上进行扩大培养。结果表明,菌株B05最适发酵培养基(质量与体积分数)为麦芽浸粉1%、酵母浸粉2%、胰蛋白胨2%、复合无机盐0.3%(质量比为KH_2PO_4:K_2HPO_4:MnSO_4·H_2O=1:1:1)。最佳发酵培养条件为培养温度30℃、初始pH 6.5、摇床转速200 r/min、接种量7%、装液量40%,培养18 h菌液活菌数可达9.3×10~(10) cfu/mL,较优化前活菌数量提高了两个数量级。在含盐0.4%的盐碱土壤上进行了小麦盆栽试验,较空白对照植株生物量提高45.8%。     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang固态发酵条件的优化

利用一株分离自传统发酵酸马奶中的益生干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei Zhang）进行固态发酵（Solid State Fermentation,SSF）。以发酵物中的活菌数为主要指标,采用九因素四水平（L32（4^9））的正交试验优化固态发酵培养基,并在优化的培养基基础上研究不同的初始含水量及培养时间对Lactobacillus casei Zhang活菌数的影响。实验结果表明,在固态发酵培养基组成为4g豆粕、5g麸皮、0．6g乳清粉、0．3g葡萄糖、0．3g碳酸钙、0．02g硫酸铵、0．01g硫酸镁,初始含水量为55％的优化条件下,37℃发酵60h,发酵物中Lactobacillus casei Zhang活菌数可达到4．08×10^10CFU／g。     

产漆酶真菌的筛选及其固态发酵条件研究

用愈创木酚平板法对14株白腐真菌进行初筛,通过测定漆酶活力进行复筛,筛选出1株生活力较强,产漆酶活力高的菌株MZ-1,经ITS-5.8S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为Trametes versicolor。在固态发酵培养基的基础上,对该菌株产漆酶的培养基组成进行正交优化,得到最优发酵培养基:麸皮∶秸秆粉∶豆粕∶玉米粉为3∶3∶2∶1,可溶性淀粉2%,(NH4)2SO4+蛋白胨1%,KH2PO40.1%,料水比1∶2。接种4个菌塞,温度为30℃,发酵8 d后酶活可达到1 555.57 U/g。     

水产动物益生菌乳酸杆菌LH发酵工艺的研究

目的从生产实际出发,对1株高效乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus spp）LH进行液体发酵培养基优化及发酵条件研究。方法通过碳源、氮源、无机盐、促生长素等单因子筛选及正交试验设计获得以下最佳培养基：糖蜜12 g/L,酵母膏5 g/L,蛋白胨1 g/L,葡萄糖4 g/L,玉米浆3 g/L,乙酸钠5 g/L,NaC l 5 g/L,K2HPO42.5 g/L,KH2PO42.5 g/L,MgSO40.5g/L,MnSO40.25 g/L。在此培养基上研究了该菌株最佳发酵条件。结果培养基初始pH 6.0,接种量2%（v/v,相对装液量）,500 m l三角瓶中装液量为500 m l,发酵温度为30～35℃,静置培养。在最佳培养条件下,LH活菌量达到1.74×10^9CFU/m l。结论通过活菌平板计数法测定了乳酸杆菌LH生长曲线,24 h为最佳种龄,生产收获时间是36 h。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism