Wound-induced traumatic resin duct development in stems of Norway spruce (Pinaceae): anatomy and cytochemical traits

Wounding of Norway spruce by inoculation with sterile agar, or agar containing the pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica, induced traumatic resin duct formation in the stem. Visible anatomical responses occurred in the cambium 6-9 d post-inoculation. Near the inoculation site cellular proliferation, polyphenolic accumulation, and lignification were induced as a wound reaction to seal the damaged area. Five centimetres from the inoculation site cells in the cambial zone swelled and divided to form clusters. By 18 d post-inoculation, these cells began to differentiate into resin duct epithelial cells surrounding incipient schizogenous lumens. Mature axial traumatic ducts appeared by 36 d as a row of ducts in the xylem centripetal to the cambium. The ducts formed an interconnected network continuous with radial resin ducts. Parenchyma cells surrounding the ducts accumulated polyphenols that disappeared as the cells differentiated into tracheids. These polyphenols appeared to contain fewer sugar residues compared to those accumulating in the secondary phloem, as indicated by the periodic acid-Schiff's staining. The epithelial cells did not accumulate polyphenols but contained immunologically detectable phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), indicating synthesis of phenolics as a possible resin component. These findings may represent a defense mechanism in Norway spruce against the pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica.     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

Leaf anatomy plasticity of Alchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiaceae) under distinct light regimes in a Brazilian montane Atlantic rain forest

 Alchornea triplinervia trees occur in a montane Atlantic rainforest at the Macaé de Cima State Ecological Reserve (Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil). They are found in two adjacent secondary forests at distinct successional stages: a late-secondary (shaded and humid) and an early-secondary forest (drier, higher light intensities reaching the understory). Leaf samples collected in these environments were compared in regard to various anatomic parameters. Histochemical tests, anatomic measurements and counting indicated no significant variation for the basic leaf anatomy. Nevertheless, as compared to the late-secondary forest, the leaves of the early-secondary forest individuals showed an increased bulk of sclerenchyma at the main nervation and petiole, gelatinous fibers with hygroscopic walls all along the central vascular system, thicker cuticle, a higher abaxial stomatal density, abundance of tannin in the mesophyll, a significantly thicker palisade and spongy parenchyma, and compactation of the spongy parenchyma. This anatomical variation indicates an increased xeromorphism of leaves under the drier conditions of the early-secondary forest. Leaf anatomy plasticity may contribute to the high ecological plasticity of this widespread neotropical species. Received: 11 November 1996 / Accepted: 5 February 1997     

中国樟科植物叶中油细胞和粘液细胞的比较解剖研究

利用组织透明法和石蜡制片法对樟科21属、112种、5变种和2变型植物叶中油细胞的分布密 度、油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)的形态结构及其在叶肉中的具体分布进行了比较研究。油细胞和粘液细胞 (腔)是樟科植物叶片解剖的显著特征,其在叶肉中的分布可以划分为4种类型：只有油细胞分布;只有 粘液细胞(腔)分布;油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)共存;油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)皆无。油细胞的分布密度、油 细胞与粘液细胞(腔)是否共存、是否单独存在或无,以及其具体分布部位等方面在种间存在一定的差 异,这对于属以下等级的区分具有一定意义。在本科内甚至在某些属内,油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)分布的 4种类型的演化趋势为：只有油细胞分布—油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)共存—只有粘液细胞(腔)分布—油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)皆无。油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)4种分布类型的划分支持樟科两个亚科的划分。     

Turonian Pinaceae of the Raritan Formation, New Jersey

 Fossil vegetative and reproductive structures from deposits of the Raritan Formation in New Jersey (Turonian, Upper Cretaceous, ∼90 MYBP) include ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Gymnosperms collected from this formation have been known since the beginning of the 20th century. Fossil leaves, wood and seed cones have been are identified as belonging to the Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Taxodiaceae. In the present contribution, we describe a series of fossil dwarf shoots, leaves and a pollen cone belonging to the family Pinaceae. Fossils are charcoalified with preserved three-dimensional structure and excellent cellular detail. The dwarf shoots are assigned to a new species Prepinus crossmanensis sp. nov. and to the previously described Pinus quinquefolia Jeffrey. The new species Prepinus crossmanensis differs in size, shape, presence of hypodermis, sclerenchyma and stomata in the cataphylls, and number and shape of needle leaves from previously known species. Also, isolated leaves were found that were assigned to the new species, Prepinus raritanensis sp. nov. The new species is differentiated by the size and shape of stomata, the presence of number of layers of the hypodermis; and the cell-shape and number of layers of the mesophyll and transfusion tissue. A previously undescribed male cone, Amboystrobus cretacicum gen. and sp. nov., has an axis with spirally attached microsporophylls, each bearing two abaxial ovoid microsporangia. The pollen grains are monosulcate and bisaccate (eusaccate), with an elliptical corpus, granulate exine sculpture, and honeycomb-like wall structure. Received March 21, 2000 Accepted November 13, 2000     

Comparative anatomy of oil cells and mucilage cells in the leaves of the Lauraceae in China

The distribution density of oil cells, the morphology and structure of both oil and mucilage cells, and their localization in the mesophyll of 112 species, 5 varieties and 2 forms in 21 genera of the Lauraceae are comparatively studied with the methods of tissue clearing and paraffin sectioning. The results show that there exist obvious differences of the distribution density of oil cells among the species in the Lauraceae. The presence of oil cells and mucilage cells is found to be a marked anatomical feature of the leaves in most of the plants in the Lauraceae. Their distribution in the mesophyll can be divided into 4 types: type Ⅰ , in which only oil cells are present; type Ⅱ, in which both the oil and mucilage cells are present; type Ⅲ, in which only mucilage cells are present; type Ⅳ, in which neither oil cells nor mucilage cells are present. The distribution density of oil cells, the distribution types of oil cells and mucilage cells and their localization in the mesophyll are of some taxonomic value at the specific level in the Lauraceae. In the whole Lauraceae or in some large genera, the evolutionary trend of the distribution types of oil cells and mucilage cells might be as follows: type Ⅰ → type Ⅱ →type Ⅲ →type Ⅳ. The characteristics of the 4 distribution types of oilcells and mucilage cells support the division of two subfamilies in the Lauraceae.     

Vesicular mycorrhizal colonization of seedlings of Pinaceae and Betulaceae after spore inoculation with Glomus intraradices

 Although Pinaceae and Betulaceae have been reported to contain Glomus–type root endophytes, its ecological importance and the conditions influencing this symbiosis are poorly understood. Seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa, Alnus rubra, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla were inoculated with Glomus intraradices to determine the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) development and responsiveness of these hosts. The role of companion VAM host plants on mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient uptake by Pseudotsuga menziesii was also examined by growing seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii in dual culture with VAM hosts Thuja plicata or Calamagrostis rubescens. After 8 weeks, no seedlings were colonized. At 16 weeks, 8 of 17 Thuja plicata seedlings grown with Pseudotsuga menziesii and all 18 inoculated Thuja plicata seedlings grown alone were colonized with vesicles and hyphae. Two of 17 inoculated Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in dual culture with Thuja plicata were colonized with abundant vesicles and hyphae. No ectomycorrhizal seedlings grown in monoculture were colonized. At 9 months, all 10 Calamagrostis rubescens and all 10 inoculated Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in dual culture were colonized by vesicles and hyphae. Two of 10 inoculated Pseudotsuga menziesiiand 1 of 10 inoculated Pinus ponderosa seedlings grown in monoculture were similarly colonized. The mean phosphorus content in the needles of colonized Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown with Calamagrostis rubescens was about twice as high as in noncolonized Pseudotsuga menziesiiseedlings grown with Calamagrostis rubescens. Tissue nitrogen did not differ between these treatments. The results show that Glomus intraradices colonization of Pinaceae is most successful when a VAM host is present, although some vesicular colonization of Pinaceae occurred in the absence of a VAM host. Accepted: 24 September 1997     

A new classification of marginal resin ducts improves understanding of hard pine (Pinaceae) diversity in Taiwan

Resin ducts provide important characters for classifying the Pinaceae. Here we study Pinus massoniana and P. taiwanensis and show that the generally-used term marginal (=external) resin duct, applied to ducts in needle leaves, needs to be further differentiated into marginal (strongly attaching to the dermal tissue, and lacking the complete ring structure formed by the sheath cells) and submarginal ducts (adjacent to hypodermal cells, with a complete ring structure formed by the sheath cells). On this basis P. massoniana and P. taiwanensis, which are nearly indistinguishable based on external morphology, are clearly differentiated. Their similar morphology has led to a long standing debate on where P. massoniana occurs in Taiwan. Based on this new classification of resin ducts, we examined old herbarium specimens previously identified as P. massoniana, surveyed current hard pines in Taiwan, and checked historical documents. Needle leaves of these two taxa were studied and compared with the material of P. massoniana from mainland China as a reference. Pinus massoniana shows almost exclusively marginal resin ducts, with extremely rare changes along the length of the duct to submarginal positions. In contrast, P. taiwanensis shows a mixture of medial, submarginal, septal, and rarely endonal ducts, with occasional changes of the duct between various types. Re-identification of specimens showed that only 5 specimens are possible native P. massoniana collected from northern Taiwan and the others are all P. taiwanensis. The hard pine of Junjianyan is unexpectedly found to be the only currently known P. massoniana in Taiwan, which is likely a relic of historical afforestation. The hard pine from Huoyansan and the Coastal Range, which is widely accepted as P. massoniana, is not this species. In addition to the taxonomic value of the new definition applied to these two studied taxa, we expect that this approach can generally be applied distinguishing the respective characters in the genus Pinus and in other conifers.     

Atmospheric CO2 concentration, N availability, and water status affect patterns of ergastic substance deposition in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) foliage

 Leaf chemistry alterations due to increasing atmospheric CO₂ will reflect plant physiological changes and impact ecosystem function. Longleaf pine was grown for 20 months at two levels of atmospheric CO₂ (720 and 365 μmol mol^–1), two levels of soil N (4 g m^–2 year^–1 and 40 g m^–2 year^–1), and two soil moisture levels (– 0.5 and – 1.5 MPa) in open top chambers. After 20 months of exposure, needles were collected and ergastic substances including starch grains and polyphenols were assessed using light microscopy, and calcium oxalate crystals were assessed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Polyphenol content was also determined using the Folin-Denis assay and condensed tannins were estimated by precipitation with protein. Evaluation of phenolic content histochemically was compared to results obtained using the Folin-Denis assay. Total leaf polyphenol and condensed tannin content were increased by main effects of elevated CO₂, low soil N and well-watered conditions. Elevated CO₂ and low soil N decreased crystal deposition within needle phloem. Elevated CO₂ had no effect on the percentage of cells within the mesophyll, endodermis, or transfusion tissue which contained visible starch inclusions. With respect to starch accumulation in response to N stress, mesophyll > endodermis > transfusion tissue. The opposite was true in the case of starch accumulation in response to main effects of water stress: mesophyll < endodermis < transfusion tissue. These results indicate that N and water conditions significantly affect deposition of leaf ergastic substances in longleaf pine, and that normal variability in leaf tissue quality resulting from gradients in soil resources will be magnified under conditions of elevated CO₂. Received: 5 November 1996 / Accepted: 7 March 1997     

Comparative wood anatomy in Abietoideae (Pinaceae)

This study, which includes 51 species and six genera of subfamily Abietoideae (Pinaceae), assesses the systematic significance of the wood structure in this group. In particular, the presence of normal and traumatic resin canals, the ray structure and the axial parenchyma constitute phylogenetically informative features. Comparative wood anatomy of Abietoideae clearly supports the monophyly of the genera Abies–Cedrus–Keteleeria–Nothotsuga–Pseudolarix–Tsuga, all of which have axial parenchyma with nodular transverse end walls in the regions of growth ring boundaries, crystals in the ray parenchyma and pitted horizontal and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells. Axial resin canals support a subdivision of the subfamily into two groups: Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix and Tsuga, without axial resin canals, and Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, with axial resin canals and a specific arrangement of traumatic axial resin canals. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160 , 184–196.     

Comparative anatomy of the cheek muscles of Korean cobitid fishes (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes), with the comments on their phylogenetic relationships

Cheek muscles of 16 species of all Korean cobitid species belong to six genera were examined and described in detail, with comments on their phylogenetic relationships made on the basis of characteristics of cheek muscles. Korean cobitids were divided into two groups, the Cobitis and Misgurnus groups, by five characters related to three cheek muscles (adductor mandibulae, preorbitalis, and retractor arcus palatine). The former group, comprising Cobitis, Iksookimia, Kichulchoia, Koreocobitis, and Niwaella, is defined by four apomorphies, and the latter, including Misgurnus, by a single apomorphy.     

Chemotaxonomic differentiation of conifer families and genera based on the seed oil fatty acid compositions: multivariate analyses

 The fatty acid compositions of seed oils from 34 conifer species, mainly Pinaceae and secondarily Cupressaceae, have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl esters. As noted in earlier studies, these oils were characterized by the presence of several Δ5-olefinic acids, i.e., 5,9-18:2, 5,9,12-18:3, 5,9,12,15-18:4, 5,11-20:2, 5,11,14-20:3, and 5,11,14,17-20:4 acids, in addition to the more common saturated, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Based on these fatty acid compositions, and on those established in earlier systematic studies (totalling 82 species), we established a chemotaxonomic grouping of the main conifer families, i.e., of the Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, and Taxaceae. This was achieved using multivariate analyses (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis). The fatty acids that discriminate best in this classification are the 5,11,14,17-20:4, 9,12,15-18:3 and 5,9,12-18:3 acids. Moreover, it was possible to differentiate between several genera of the Pinaceae: Pinus (including Tsuga and Pseudotsuga), Abies, Cedrus, and Picea plus Larix, represented quite distinct groups. Other fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, and 5,9-18:2 acids were also important for this purpose. The fatty acid compositions, and particularly the Δ5-olefinic acid contents of conifer seed oils, may thus be applied to the chemosystematic distinction among conifer families as well as genera of the Pinaceae. Received: 3 January 1997 / Accepted: 17 April 1997     

Variant mouse lymphoma cells with modified response to interferon demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity

 We have previously developed an experimental model for the xenogenization of malignant lymphoma. From highly tumorigenic S49 mouse lymphoma cells that proliferate in suspension culture (designated T-25), we selected variant clones that grew as an adherent monolayer (designated T-25-Adh) and were non-tumorigenic in syngeneic mice. Furthermore, priming of syngeneic hosts with T-25-Adh cells protected them against subsequent challenges with the tumorigenic T-25 cells. Several lines of evidence have indicated that antigens of an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) are involved in the immunogenicity of T-25-Adh cells. Since interferon (IFN) is known to affect retroviral assembly and maturation on the cell membrane, we have studied the effects of IFN on endogenous MMTV-related structures, as well as on the immunogenicity of T-25-Adh cells. We observed that mouse α and β interferons affect the morphogenesis of intracellular MMTV-related precursors in the immunogenic T-25-Adh cells, but not in tumorigenic T-25 cells. From T-25-Adh cells we selected variants that were either high responders or low responders to the above-mentioned interferon effect. The high-response variants were significantly more protective against tumorigenic T-25 cells than the low-response variants. Involvement of MMTV-related antigens in the immune response of the host to T-25-Adh cells was further suggested by immunoelectron-microscopical analysis, demonstrating that antisera from mice, immunized with T-25-Adh cells, interacted specifically with cell-surface MMTV budding particles. These findings indicate a novel method for xenogenization of lymphoma cells by IFN. Since endogenous retroviruses are present in all tissues of the mouse, this approach might be applicable to a wide variety of tumors. Received: 6 June 1995 / Accepted: 13 March 1997     

Comparative anatomy of the heart of mammals

Hearts from 20 mammalian orders were examined according to a fixed protocol to determine if the gross differences of shape and internal anatomy could be explained. Three generalizations can be made: firstly differences are most closely related to taxonomic position, secondly some features, such as the prominence of the conus of the right ventricle in animals that leap, dig or sprint regularly as part of their defence mechanism and a long, narrow left ventricle in endurance performers may be more closely related to activity than ancestry, and lastly some characteristics may be pleiotropic effects of thoracic morphogenesis.     

Morphology, anatomy and vasculature of leaves in Pinus (Pinaceae) and its evolutionary meaning

The morphology, anatomy and vasculature of Pinus leaves was studied. The results indicate that the Pinus leaf is always supplied with only one single vascular bundle, which is surrounded by a prominent bundle sheath. In several taxa, especially of subgenus Pinus, the vascular bundle may however be subdivided by longitudinal parenchymatic bands in the middle part of the leaf. As a result, the single bundle gets the appearance of two individual bundles, which are surrounded by a common bundle sheath. The general rule that a bundle sheath does sheath only one single bundle, as in other gymno- and angiospermous seed plants, applies therefore also for Pinus. The morphological and anatomical similarities between cladodes of Sciadopitys (Sciadopityaceae) and Pinus leaves are based on a completely different bauplan. The idea of “hidden cladodes” in some Pinaceae is therefore obsolete.     

含笑属叶片的比较解剖学研究

对中国含笑属 ( Michelia) 1 8种 (包括观光木 1 ) ) ,1变种的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究 ,结果表明 :( 1 )含笑属植物的叶片均有明显的栅栏组织和海绵组织之分 (除石碌含笑和观光木外 ) ,但二者的厚度及它们在叶肉中的所占的比例在组间、种间有一定的差别 ;( 2 )有些种类叶片的上表皮有下皮 ,有些则无 ,少数种类 (石碌含笑 )上、下表皮皆有下皮 ;( 3)表皮毛的有无及表皮毛的细胞个数有一定的种间差别 ;( 4 )叶表皮角质层的厚薄程度在种间有一定的差别 ;( 5 )油细胞在含笑属植物叶片整个叶肉中普遍存在 (除含笑只在栅栏组织中有分布 ) ,但其分布密度在种间有较大的差异。通过对含笑属植物叶片结构的比较观察 ,旨在探讨该属间的系统演化关系 ,为分组、分种提供解剖学方面的实验证据     

安徽黄精属植物叶片的比较解剖学

对安徽黄精属(PolygonatumMill.)7种植物的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明:(1)7种黄精属植物叶肉细胞中普遍存在含针晶束的异细胞,其数量多少存在种间差异;(2)除玉竹(P.odoratum)的下表皮外,叶表皮均无表皮毛的存在;(3)仅下表皮有气孔器分布,除湖北黄精(P.ganlandeianens)既有单个散布也有2个或3个聚集后随机散布外,均为单个随机散布在下表皮上;(4)叶片无栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,除湖北黄精和安徽黄精(P.anhuiense)的叶片有不显著的栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化;(5)气孔器的某些特征,如气孔器大小、气孔器分布、气孔器类型等特征以及表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样在种间有一定的差异。上述特征为黄精属植物种的划分及系统演化关系的探讨提供实验证据。     

Targeting endothelium for gene therapy via receptors up-regulated during angiogenesis and inflammation

 Endothelial cells are an attractive target for gene therapy because they are intimately involved in disease processes associated with inflammation and angiogenesis and because endothelial cells are readily accessible to gene therapy vectors via the circulation. Furthermore, specific receptors are up-regulated during angiogenesis or during inflammation. Therefore it should be possible to target the specific populations of endothelial cells involved in each of these disease processes. We have utilized two bispecific antibodies to target entry of an adenovirus vector into endothelial cells expressing a receptor up-regulated during angiogenesis (α_v integrins) and a receptor up-regulated during inflammation (E-selectin). Both bispecific antibodies contain the anti-FLAG M2 mAb, which binds to a FLAG epitope genetically incorporated into the penton base protein of the vector, AdFLAG. The anti-α_v-integrin×anti-FLAG bsAb was able to direct binding and entry of AdFLAG into endothelial cells via α_v integrins. Likewise, the anti-E-selectin×anti-FLAG bsAb was able to direct binding and entry of AdFLAG into tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)-activated endothelial cells via E-selectin. Endothelial cells not activated with TNF were not efficiently transduced by the AdFLAG/E-selectin bsAb complex. These results demonstrate that bispecific antibodies can be successfully used to target adenovirus to endothelially expressed receptors that are up-regulated during angiogenesis or inflammation. Accepted: 14 October 1997