土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸PLFA生物标记多样性

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)生物标记法是一种可定性和定量分析土壤中微生物群落多样性的方法.研究以烟田土壤为例,应用生态学评价方法,即丰富度 (S)、均匀度(J)、Simpson优势度(D)、Shannon-Wiener(H1)、Brillouin(H2)和McIntosh(H3)多样性指数等测度方法,分析土壤中微生物群落PLFAs生物标记的多样性.研究结果表明,供试土壤微生物群落中,先后出现了43种PLFAs,将其聚类分析,可以将所获得的PLFAs分成五大类:第Ⅰ类为高含量、高频次和多样性,PLFA为18:1ω9c的真菌生物标记;第Ⅱ类为高含量、高频次和多样性,PLFA为16:0的假单胞菌生物标记;第Ⅲ类为高含量、高频次,多样性中等,PLFA为16:1ω5c的甲烷氧化菌生物标记;第Ⅳ类为中等含量,频次较高,多样性中等,含有表征好氧菌的i15:0、a15:0、i16:0和a17:0的PLFA,还有表征厌氧菌的18:1ω7c以及硫酸盐还原菌的16:0 10Me;第Ⅴ类为低含量,低频次和多样性,其特征生物标记有表征好氧菌的I 15:0 3OH、15:1 I G、a16:0、i16:1 G、i16:1 H、17:0、i17:0、15:0 2OH、15:0 3OH、17:0和17:0 2OH的PLFAs,存在有表征真菌的18:3ω6c (6,9,12)、放线菌的17:0 10Me和18:0 10Me以及表征原生动物的20:4ω6,9,12,15c.说明供试土壤中能够起主导作用的功能菌依次是真菌、假单胞菌、甲烷氧化菌和部分的好氧菌、厌氧菌及硫酸盐还原菌,将为合理调节土壤微生态系统提供指导,是一种可行的评价土壤微生物群落多样性的新方法.     

萘对川西亚高山森林土壤微生物量、丰度和磷脂脂肪酸的影响

萘作为土壤动物化学抑制剂已在土壤动物生态功能的研究中广泛使用,但其非目标效应使其应用仍存在很大的不确定性。为了解在亚高山森林土壤应用萘抑制土壤动物群落的非目标效应,以川西亚高山森林土壤为研究对象,采用微缩实验研究了土壤微生物生物量、丰度和磷脂脂肪酸对萘胁迫的短期响应。结果表明,萘处理和对照的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、真菌丰度以及细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性菌(G~+)和革兰氏阴性菌(G~-)PLFAs含量在整个培养期间表现为降低的变化趋势,二者的土壤微生物生物量碳和G~+PLFAs含量以培养52d最低,细菌、真菌和G~-PLFAs含量以培养的45d最低。萘处理和对照的微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量表现出先升高后降低的动态,微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)则表现为相反趋势。对照的真菌/细菌PLFAs比值呈现先升高后降低的动态,以培养的17d最高,但萘处理的真菌/细菌PLFAs比值无明显变化规律;萘处理的G~+/G~-PLFAs比值表现为降低的变化趋势,对照的G~+/G~-PLFAs比值表现为先降低后升高的趋势。萘处理仅显著影响了G~+/G~-PLFAs比值,但萘处理和采样时间的交互作用显著影响MBC/MBN、细菌丰度、真菌/细菌丰度比以及细菌、真菌的PLFAs含量、真菌/细菌PLFAs比值、G~+/G~-PLFAs比值。萘作为土壤动物抑制剂对川西亚高山森林土壤微生物群落的非目标效应具有时间变异性。     

磷脂脂肪酸分析方法在微生物生态学中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸分析方法(PLFA)是基于生物化学手段的一种微生物生态学研究新技术,它具有对细胞生理活性没有特殊的要求,对样品保存时间也要求不高等优点,由样品中所有微生物提供信息,是一种快捷、可靠的分析方法。本文介绍了PLFA在微生物生态学研究中的应用,主要包括对微生物群落生物量、群落结构和功能及其变化,指示特定微生物以及营养状况方面的研究。     

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as measures of soil microbial community structure

Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles extracted from soils is a rapid and inexpensive procedure that holds great promise in describing soil microbial community structure without traditional reliance on selective culturing, which seems to severely underestimate community diversity. Interpretation of FAME profiles from environmental samples can be difficult because many fatty acids are common to different microorganisms and many fatty acids are extracted from each soil sample. We used principal components (PCA) and cluster analyses to identify similarities and differences among soil microbial communities described using FAME profiles. We also used PCA to identify particular FAMEs that characterized soil sample clusters. Fatty acids that are found only or primarily in particular microbial taxa-marker fatty acids-were used in conjunction with these analyses. We found that the majority of 162 soil samples taken from a conventionally-tilled corn field had similar FAME profiles but that about 20% of samples seemed to have relatively low, and that about 10% had relatively high, bacterial:fungal ratios. Using semivariance analysis we identified 21:0 iso as a new marker fatty acid. Concurrent use of geostatistical and FAME analyses may be a powerful means of revealing other potential marker FAMEs. When microbial communities from the same samples were cultured on R2A agar and their FAME profiles analyzed, there were many differences between FAME profiles of soil and plated communities, indicating that profiles of FAMEs extracted from soil reveal portions of the microbial community not culturable on R2A. When subjected to PCA, however, a small number of plated communities were found to be distinct due to some of the same profile characteristics (high in 12:0 iso, 15:0 and 17:1 ante A) that identified soil community FAME profiles as distinct. Semivariance analysis indicated that spatial distributions of soil microbial populations are maintained in a portion of the microbial community that is selected on laboratory media. These similarities between whole soil and plated community FAME profiles suggest that plated communities are not solely the result of selection by the growth medium, but reflect the distribution, in situ, of the dominant, culturable soil microbial populations.     

杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

采用氯仿熏蒸法、稀释平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了常绿阔叶林转变成杉木人工林后土壤微生物种群数量和群落结构的变化特征.结果表明:常绿阔叶林转变为杉木人工林后,林地土壤的微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数降低.杉木人工林地总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、真菌PLFAs比常绿阔叶林分别降低了49.4％、52.4％和46.6％,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs远低于常绿阔叶林.杉木人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数显著高于杉木人工林林地土壤,根际土壤中总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs的含量也高于林地土壤,但真菌PLFAs和细菌PLFAs之比却低于林地土壤.对土壤微生物群落结构进行主成分分析发现,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释了土壤微生物群落结构变异的78.2％.表明常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤的微生物群落结构间存在差异.     

两种镉积累型小麦根际微生物群落结构及功能多样性

为探究不同积累型小麦品种对根际微生物群落结构及功能多样性的影响,以镉低积累型小麦济麦22和镉高积累型小麦冀5265为研究材料,采用分离培养法和Biolog-Eco微平板法分析根际细菌数量、可培养优势群落结构以及微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明：污染土壤济麦22根际总细菌数量和抗Cd细菌数量均显著高于冀5265,而非污染土壤中两品种间无差异。污染土济麦22根际发现较多产脲酶和高镉抗性菌株(200 mg/L)。污染土济麦22根际优势菌多为Arthrobacter sp.和Bacillus sp.,冀5265根际优势菌主要为Streptomyces sp.;非污染土济麦22与冀5265根际优势菌群相似,均以Bacillus sp.为主。Biolog试验结果表明,两个小麦品种根际微生物群落对碳源的利用能力存在差异,济麦22根际微生物AWCD值、Mc Intosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数在污染土和无污染土中均显著高于冀5265。因此,污染土壤中不同积累型小麦品种根际微生物群落结构及功能多样性均存在差异,该研究结果对于揭示高低积累型小麦根际微生物机制提供了重要参考依...     

不同荒漠植物根际土壤微生物群落结构特征

于2015年7月在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采集膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)、红砂(Reaumuria songarica)、合头草(Sympegma regelii)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)5种典型荒漠植物根际土壤样品,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法结合Sherlock微生物鉴定系统分析了土壤微生物群落结构。结果表明,5种荒漠植物根际土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸种类和组成差异显著,其中表征革兰氏阳性菌的18:0 iso、16:0 iso和17:1 isoω9c分别为红砂、珍珠猪毛菜特有表征放线菌的18:1ω7c 10-methyl仅在珍珠猪毛菜根际存在。总PLFAs、真菌、放线菌和真菌/细菌在珍珠猪毛菜中显著最高,革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌在膜果麻黄和珍珠猪毛菜根际显著高于其他植物,AM真菌在合头草根际有最高值。结构方程模型分析表明,与植物相比,土壤因子对微生物群落结构影响更为显著,其中易提取球囊霉素对放线菌有显著影响,土壤碱解氮是革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的主要影响因子。同时,土壤微生物群落结构可用于检测不同荒漠植物根际微环境土壤退化状况。     

Standardizing methylation method during phospholipid fatty acid analysis to profile soil microbial communities

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) as biomarkers, is widely used to profile microbial communities in environmental samples. However, PLFA extraction and derivatization protocols are not standardized and have widely varied among published studies. Specifically investigators have used either HCl/MeOH or KOH/MeOH or both for the methylation step of PLFA analysis, without justification or research to support either one. It seems likely that each method could have very different outcomes and conclusions for PLFA based studies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst type for methylation on detecting PLFAs and implications for interpreting microbial profiling in soil. Fatty acid samples extracted from soils obtained from a wetland, an intermittently flooded site, and an adjacent upland site were subjected to HCl/MeOH or KOH/MeOH catalyzed methylation procedures during PLFA analyses. The methylation method using HCl/MeOH resulted in significantly higher concentrations of most PLFAs than the KOH/MeOH method. Another important outcome was that fatty acids with a methyl group (18:1ω,7c 11Me, TBSA 10Me 18:0, 10Me 18:0, 17:0 10Me and 16:0 10Me being an actinomycetes biomarker) could not be detected by HCl/MeOH catalyzed methylation but were found in appreciable concentrations with KOH/MeOH method. From our results, because the HCl/MeOH method did not detect the fatty acids containing methyl groups that could strongly influence the microbial community profile, we recommend that the KOH/MeOH catalyzed transesterification method should become the standard procedure for PLFA profiling of soil microbial communities.     

Rhizodeposition shapes rhizosphere microbial community structure in organic soil

The aims of the study were to determine group specificity in microbial utilization of root-exudate compounds and whole rhizodeposition; quantify the proportions of carbon acquired by microbial groups from soil organic matter and rhizodeposition, respectively; and assess the importance of root-derived C as a driver of soil microbial community structure. Additions of 13C-labelled root-exudate compounds to organic soil and steady-state labelling of Lolium perenne, coupled to compound-specific isotope ratio mass spectrometry, were used to quantify group-specific microbial utilization of rhizodeposition. Microbial utilization of glucose and fumaric acid was widespread through the microbial community, but glycine was utilized by a narrower range of populations, as indicated by the enrichment of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis fractions. In L. perenne rhizospheres, high rates of rhizodeposit utilization by microbial groups showed good correspondence with increased abundance of these groups in the rhizosphere. Although rhizodeposition was not the quantitatively dominant C source for microbes in L. perenne rhizospheres, relative utilization of this C source was an important driver of microbial group abundance in organic soil.     

不同放牧与围封高寒灌丛草地土壤微生物群落结构PLFA分析

土壤微生物群落可以指示土壤质量变化,是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了高寒杜鹃灌丛草地不同强度放牧及围封后,土壤微生物群落结构特征的变化规律和响应。结果显示,高寒杜鹃灌丛草地土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和放线菌生物量均随着放牧强度的增大而显著降低(P0.05)。重牧灌丛草地,围封后的土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、放线菌生物量、G~+/G~-和压力指数显著高于放牧处理,而细菌/真菌比显著低于放牧处理;中牧灌丛草地,围封后的土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、细菌/真菌比显著高于放牧处理,而真菌生物量和压力指数显著低于放牧处理;轻牧灌丛草地,围封处理的土壤各生物量和生物量比值与放牧处理无显著差异。PLFA主成分分析表明:主成分一(PC1)主要包括14:0、15:0、10Me16:0和18:1ω9c等直链饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸,占PC1的53.68%;主成分二(PC2)主要包括由i16:0、16:1ω7c、i17:0、cy17:0、17:0、18:1ω9t、18:0和cy19:0等支链饱和脂肪酸和环丙烷脂肪酸组成,占PC2的51.34%;各处理样地土壤微生物群落结构相似;围封处理的响应程度大于放牧处理。相关性分析表明,土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和放线菌生物量与土壤有机碳、全氮均呈极显著正相关,细菌/真菌比值与土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著负相关。以上表明过度放牧降低了高寒灌丛草地土壤微生物活性,显著降低了土壤微生物生物量,适度放牧和围封可维持土壤微生物群落结构的稳定,围封有利于过度放牧草地土壤微生物的恢复。     

内生真菌感染对禾草宿主生境土壤特性和微生物群落的影响

以羊草(Leymus chinensis)-内生真菌共生体为研究对象, 分别在野外样地和室内盆栽两种实验条件下研究了内生真菌感染对土壤特性和微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示：在处理时间较长并伴随有枯落物分解的羊草样地中, 内生真菌感染促进了土壤氮(N)的积累, 提高了30天培养时间内土壤初始碳(C)矿化速率和前3天土壤矿化量和土壤矿化总量; 而在处理时间较短且没有地上枯落物分解的盆栽羊草中, 内生真菌感染对土壤的C、N含量及C矿化均无显著影响。无论是野外样地还是室内盆栽实验, 内生真菌感染均未引起土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸种类的变化, 但内生真菌感染均有提高土壤微生物生物量的趋势, 内生真菌显著增加了盆栽羊草土壤中细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和磷脂脂肪酸总量, 增加了羊草样地土壤中革兰氏阳性细菌和放线菌的磷脂脂肪酸含量。总体看来, 内生真菌感染能够改变土壤N积累和C矿化率, 并且改变土壤中微生物群落的结构, 这有助于进一步认识内生真菌与羊草之间的共生关系及其在生态系统C、N循环中所起的作用。     

应用磷脂脂肪酸和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析技术研究湿地植物根际微生物群落多样性

以天津大学校内两个相邻的小型湖泊(青年湖和爱晚湖)为研究区域, 通过采样分析, 利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析技术, 研究了湿地植物种类(芦苇(Phragmites australis)和东方香蒲(Typha orientalis))和生长方式(单生和混生)对根际微生物生物量和群落结构的影响。PLFA分析结果表明, 植物根际微生物生物量大于非根际(爱晚湖芦苇除外); 植物种间的差异较大, 东方香蒲根际沉积物中微生物生物量大于芦苇根际; 种内根际微生物受植物的生长状况影响较大, 采样期间两个湖泊中东方香蒲的生长状况(株高)相似, 根际微生物生物量相差不大, 而爱晚湖芦苇由于与东方香蒲共生, 受到东方香蒲的抑制, 使得根际微生物生物量明显低于单独生长的芦苇; 革兰氏阳性细菌数量小于革兰氏阴性细菌的数量, 且根际的革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌的比值小于非根际。沉积物中的细菌群落结构主要与植物种类有关, 同一种植物的根际细菌群落结构差异较小(这些根际细菌聚为一类); 不同植物的根际细菌群落结构差异较大。     

培养条件下二氯喹啉酸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探讨除草剂二氯喹啉酸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,在25℃黑暗培养条件下,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(Phospholipid Fatty Acid,PLFA)分析了二氯喹啉酸(0对照、83.3和166.6μg/kg干土)处理对淹水和不淹水水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,在实验处理的60 d内,不淹水水田土壤在83.3μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理后对土壤微生物生物总量、细菌生物量及真菌生物量有抑制作用,而166.6μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理后各生物量指标均显著增加,但是两种浓度处理均使土壤真菌/细菌比值下降,说明二氯喹啉酸处理会使不淹水水田土壤微生物稳定性下降;淹水水田土壤在83.3μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理下,对土壤微生物生物总量和真菌生物量有促进作用,对细菌生物量有一定的抑制作用,166.6μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理对土壤微生物生物总量、细菌及真菌生物量均有促进作用,从真菌/细菌比值上看,不同浓度处理与对照无显著差异,说明二氯喹啉酸对淹水生物稳定性无明显干扰。PLFA主成分分析表明,不同浓度处理的两种土壤微生物群落均以含14∶0、15∶0、16∶0和18∶2n6c的微生物为优势种群。     

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as a tool to investigate community structure of two agricultural soils

Soil microbiological parameters may be the earliest predictors of soil quality changes. Recently, molecular techniques such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles have been used to characterize soil microbial communities. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from whole soil may be derived from live cells, dead cells, humic materials, as well as plant and root exudates. Our objective was to verify differences in FAME profiles from two agricultural soils with different plants. Soil samples were collected from Ritzville and Palouse silt loams for fatty acid analysis. Soil samples from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), jointed goatgrass ( Aegilops cylindrica L.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) rhizospheres were also collected for fatty acid analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the two soils explained 42% of the variance on PC1, which accounted for Palouse soil. Ritzville soil accounted for 19% of the variance on PC2. Factor analysis showed that rhizosphere microbial communities from various plant species may differ depending on the plant species. Presence of Gram-positive bacteria as identified by a15:0, i15:0, a17:0 and i17:0 peaks were similar between rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. Gram-negative bacteria characterized by short chain hydroxy acids (10:03OH and 12:03OH) as well as cyclopropane acids (cy17:0) were higher in rhizosphere soil than nonrhizosphere. This indicates a possible shift in the bacterial community to more Gram-negative bacteria and fewer Gram-positive bacteria in the rhizospheres of the plants species studied.     

施磷对干旱胁迫下箭竹根际土壤养分及微生物群落的影响

以箭竹及其根际土壤作为研究对象,采用两因素随机区组实验,设置2种水分处理（正常浇水和干旱胁迫）和2种施磷量处理（施磷和不施磷）,探究施磷对干旱胁迫下箭竹根际土壤养分及微生物群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫显著降低了箭竹根际土壤中微生物量碳、可溶性有机氮和有效磷的含量,虽对箭竹根际土壤微生物群落的多样性无显著影响,但显著降低了箭竹根际土壤中总PLFA（phospholipid fatty acid contents）的含量和真菌、细菌、革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA含量以及革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA比值,显著改变了箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,结果显著降低了箭竹的生物量。（2）施磷显著增加了受旱箭竹根际土壤中微生物量碳和有效磷的含量,虽大体上对受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落的多样性无显著影响,但显著增加了受旱箭竹根际土壤中总PLFA和真菌PLFA的含量,并在一定程度上增加了细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌的PLFA含量以及革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌和真菌/细菌的PLFA比值,也在一定程度上改善了受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,从而改善受旱箭竹的生长。（3）主成分分析表明,干旱对箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响显著,而施磷的影响不明显。（4）相关分析发现,箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构与箭竹根际土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机氮及箭竹生物量呈显著正相关。综上,干旱降低了箭竹根际土壤养分含量和微生物生物量,改变了箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,抑制了箭竹的生长;施磷能增加受旱箭竹根际土壤养分含量和微生物生物量,改善受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,进而改善受旱箭竹的生长。     

有机无机缓释复合肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构的影响

研究缓释复合肥不同用量对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构多样性的影响,在农业生产上广泛应用缓释复合肥有着重要意义。试验采用室内长期恒温培养和磷脂脂肪酸法,以化肥和普通复合肥适量施用养分量为对比,研究缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量施肥水平对土壤微生物PLFA含量的影响规律。结果表明,SRF1、SRF2、SRF3(缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量)较CK(不施肥)和CF1(化肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量碳,且较CK、CF1和CCF1(普通复合肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量氮。土壤微生物量碳、氮随着缓释复合肥施肥水平的增加而增加,但没有随着施肥水平的倍量增加而倍量增加,且SRF2和SRF3无显著差异。缓释复合肥(SRF1、SRF2和SRF3)较CK、CF1和CCF1增加土壤PLFA的种类和含量,且总PLFA含量增加7.4%—26.7%、17.6%—38.7%和12.8%—33.0%,3个施肥水平以SRF2作用效果最好,总PLFA含量最高,分别较SRF1和较SRF3高16.4%和17.9%。土壤细菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌PLFA含量以SRF1和SRF2显著高于CF1和CCF1。主成分分析和聚类分析显示施肥处理分布较多PLFA的优势种群,SRF3与SRF1和SRF2的PLFA结构差别较大。综上认为,适量施肥水平以缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥对土壤微生物的作用显著,其中缓释复合肥3个施肥水平以高量施肥水平作用最好。     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

十字花科作物根肿病对根际土壤微生物群落的影响

为探究根肿病对十字花科作物根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,以罹病大白菜和健康株根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对2组样本的细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS基因进行序列测定,分析了样本间的微生物群落结构和组成差异,同时测定根际土壤理化性质,探讨根肿病、土壤微生物群落、土壤环境因子三者的相关性。研究表明:1)患病植株根际土壤pH和总磷、总钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量显著低于正常植株根际土,而交换性钙含量明显增加。2)根肿病的发生降低了根际土壤中细菌种群的丰富度和多样性程度,但对根际土壤中的真菌α-多样性无明显影响。3)变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等是所测土壤样本的主要优势细菌种群,其中患病植株根际土壤中拟杆菌门丰度显著高于健康植株根际土壤,放线菌门丰度则显著降低(P<0.05)。优势细菌纲为γ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲、放线菌纲、酸杆菌纲等,2组土壤样本间多种优势细菌纲相对丰度差异显著。4)根际土壤优势真菌类群为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门和壶菌门,其相对丰度在患病和健康株根际土壤样本中均有明显差异。主要真菌纲为散囊菌纲、被孢霉纲、锤舌菌纲等,并且土壤样本间的多种优势真菌纲相对丰...     

The functional significance of the microbial biomass in organic and conventionally managed soils

In order to achieve sustainability in managed ecosystems we must understand management impacts on soil processes and clarify the regulatory role of the microbial community on these processes. Crop rotation and organic management practices are thought to have positive impacts on the microbial biomass; however, the specific impacts of crop rotation organic management on soil microbial ecology are largely unknown. The effect of organic management on soil microbial ecology was investigated using soils collected from the Rodale Institute Research Center's long-term Farming Systems Trial (FST) experiment. The FST, begun in 1981, included a manured and a cover cropped organic rotation and a conventionally managed grain based rotation. Soil respiration rates and¹³C-isotope fate in a companion study suggest that the biomass characteristics of the FST treatment soils were different in November 1991. However, direct measurement of the microbial community at this time using Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis (PLFA) did not identify statistically significant treatment based differences in soil biomass characteristics. Variability among the PLFA profiles of treatment replicates was as great as variability between farming systems. Treatment based trends were observed among selected PLFAs, particularly those present in large amounts, that were consistent with indirect biomass and biomass-dependent measures. Overall, PLFA profiles, soil respiration rates and¹³C-cycling suggested that the organic cover cropped soil had the Largest and most heterogeneous microbial population while the biomass of the organic-manure amended soil was the least heterogeneous, and the most metabolically active. Present address: University of Illinois, 11025. Goodwin ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA     

转Bt基因水稻根际土壤微生物多样性的磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)表征

以亲本水稻为对照,应用13C脉冲标记和磷脂脂肪酸技术,分析转Bt基因对水稻根际微生物多样性的影响.结果表明:转Bt基因水稻与亲本水稻根际均以饱和脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸为主,单不饱和脂肪酸次之,多不饱和脂肪酸最少.苗期、拔节期和抽穗期,转成基因水稻根际革兰氏阳性菌(G+)代表性磷脂脂肪酸含量显著低于亲本水稻;革兰氏阴性菌(G-)代表性磷脂脂肪酸含量显著高于亲本水稻.水稻各生育期,转Bt基因未对水稻根际土壤真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量造成显著影响,且转Bt基因水稻与亲本水稻根际微生物磷脂脂肪酸13C含量无显著性差异.表明外源Bt基因插入仅对水稻根际微生物多样性造成短暂影响,不具有持续性.