封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量与体重的相关性分析

目的测定封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量和脏器系数,对脏器重量与体重的相关性进行分析,并计算出相应的直线回归方程和多元回归方程。方法实验选用6-10月龄普通级封闭群五指山小型猪30头（其中♂16头、♀14头）,分别测定体重和7个主要脏器重量,计算脏器系数,通过SAS软件进行脏器系数的性别间比较和各脏器重与体重间的相关与回归分析。结果性别间比较,小型猪仅有心脏的脏器系数差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。除公猪的胃脏和母猪的肺脏外,所测脏器重量与体重间均有明显的正相关线性关系;多因素分析显示公猪的肝脏和肾脏,母猪的心脏、肝脏和肾脏对各自体重有影响。结论封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器系数性别间差异较小,其体重与某些脏器重量存在一定的线性关系。     

Long-Term Weight Loss and Breakfast in Subjects in the National Weight Control Registry

Objective: To examine breakfast consumption in subjects maintaining a weight loss in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR). Research Methods and Procedures: A cross-sectional study in which 2959 subjects in the NWCR completed demographic and weight history questionnaires as well as questions about their current breakfast consumption. All subjects had maintained a weight loss of at least 13.6 kg (30 lb) for at least 1 year; on average these subjects had lost 32 kg and kept it off for 6 years. Results: A large proportion of NWCR subjects (2313 or 78%) reported regularly eating breakfast every day of the week. Only 114 subjects (4%) reported never eating breakfast. There was no difference in reported energy intake between breakfast eaters and non-eaters, but breakfast eaters reported slightly more physical activity than non-breakfast eaters (p = 0.05). Discussion: Eating breakfast is a characteristic common to successful weight loss maintainers and may be a factor in their success.     

Reductions in Internal Disinhibition During Weight Loss Predict Better Weight Loss Maintenance

The construct of disinhibition, as measured by the Eating Inventory, was recently found to have two factors: internal disinhibition (eating in response to cognitive and emotional cues) and external disinhibition (eating in response to environmental cues). This study examined whether early changes in disinhibition that occurred during a weight loss program predicted later weight loss maintenance. Participants were adults enrolled in a weight loss treatment study (n = 81, 16% men, BMI = 38.4 ± 6.5 kg/m²). Two‐thirds of participants were African Americans. Participants received a uniform, meal‐replacement‐based weight loss program in months 1–3 and one of four nutritionally focused programs for weight loss maintenance in months 4–12. Disinhibition and weight were assessed at clinic visits. Change in internal disinhibition from months 1–3 (i.e., the weight loss period) significantly predicted change in weight from month 4 to 12 (i.e., the weight maintenance period); this remained significant when treatment group, age, gender, ethnicity, baseline weight, baseline depression, baseline internal disinhibition, and initial weight loss were controlled for (P = 0.03). A comparable analysis examining change in external disinhibition found that it was not a significant predictor of weight maintenance (P = 0.43). Participants who experienced the biggest decreases in internal disinhibition during the initial phase of treatment had the most success maintaining their weight loss in the next phase of treatment. Long‐term weight loss outcomes may be improved by spending sufficient treatment time teaching strategies for reducing eating in response to internal cues.     

Observable Weight Distributions and Children's Individual Weight Assessment

Social networks theory suggests obesity is “contagious” within peer groups in that known friends highly influence weight. On the other hand, an alternative model suggests that observable weight distributions affect perception of one's own obesity level. We examine whether the BMI levels of the most obese classmates in the individual student's grade by gender is positively associated with “under‐assessment” of obesity and overweight (i.e., independently measured obesity or overweight, but subjective self‐assessment of normal weight). The data are the 2004–2005 School Physical Activity and Nutrition III (SPAN), a stratified, multistage probability sample of 4th, 8th, and 11th grade public school children in Texas. We used logistic regression to test whether the gender‐specific 85th percentile BMI level within the individual student's grade at their school is positively associated with “under‐assessment” of obesity and overweight. The results show that students are much more likely to under‐assess their own weight if the gender‐specific 85th percentile BMI level is higher in their grade at their school. These data suggest that observable weight distributions play a key role in the obesity epidemic.     

杂交籼稻子粒QTL标记遗传距离与粒重、粒重杂种优势的相关性

利用与子粒性状相关的QTL标记分析了10个杂交水稻亲本间(5个不育系和5个恢复系)的遗传差异,结合10个亲本所配25个组合的F1表现,研究了基于子粒QTL分子标记遗传距离与粒重及粒重杂种优势的相关性。结果表明分子标记遗传距离与粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.26*),与对照优势呈显著正相关(r=0.28*),与母本优势呈极显著正相关(r=0.41**)。为分子标记预测杂交水稻杂种优势研究奠定了基础。     

Genetic Contributions to Body Weight in Mice: Relationship of Exploratory Behavior to Weight

Objective: The A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains differ markedly in their exploratory behavior and their weight gain on a high‐fat diet. We examined the genetic contributions of exploratory behavior to body weight and tested for shared, pleiotropic loci influencing energy homeostasis. Research Methods and Procedures: Segregating (A×B6)F2 intercross (n = 514) and (B6AF1×A/J)N2 backcross (N = 223) populations were studied, phenotyping for weight and exploratory behaviors. Relationships among traits were analyzed by correlations. Weight traits were dissected with a genome‐wide scan. Results: Modest correlations were found between exploratory behaviors and weight, explaining 2% to 14% of the variance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weight at 8 weeks (wgt8), 10 weeks (wgt10), and 2‐week weight gain (difference between weeks 8 and 10) on a 6% fat diet were mapped. Two QTL on chromosome 1 (peaks at 66 cM and 100 cM; Bw8q1) affected wgt8 [likelihood of the odds ratio (Lod), 3.0 and 4.4] and wgt10 (Lod, 2.2 and 3.4), respectively. In the backcross, a significant QTL on chromosome 4 (peak at 66 cM; Bw8q2) affected wgt 8 (Lod, 3.3) and wgt10 (Lod, 3.1). For 2‐week weight gain, suggestive QTL were mapped on chromosomes 4 and 6. The chromosome 6 QTL region overlaps a human 7q locus for obesity. A search for between‐strain sequence polymorphisms in the leptin and NPY genes was unrevealing. Discussion: In mice, loci influencing exploratory activity play a modest role in body‐weight regulation. Some forms of obesity may emerge from loci regulating normal body weight.     

Effect of Weight Loss on High‐Molecular Weight Adiponectin in Obese Children

Our aim was to determine the influence of weight reduction on total (T‐) and high‐molecular weight (HMW‐) adiponectin in obese (OB) prepubertal children. Seventy OB prepubertal white patients were followed for 18 months and studied after reducing their BMI by 1 (n = 51) and 2 standard deviation scores (SDS) (n = 21) under conservative treatment, and 6 months after achieving weight loss (n = 44). Body composition dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and serum levels of T‐ and HMW‐adiponectin, resistin, leptin, leptin soluble receptor (sOB‐R), tumoral necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 were determined. The control group consisted of 61 healthy prepubertal children. At diagnosis T‐adiponectin was higher (P < 0.01; confidence interval (+0.04) — (+0.15)) and HMW‐adiponectin lower (P < 0.001; confidence interval (?0.45) ? (?0.21)) in OB children than in controls. A reduction in body fat increased T‐ and HMW‐adiponectin and sOB‐R (all P < 0.001) and decreased leptin (P < 0.001) and interleukin‐6 levels (P < 0.05). After 6 months of sustained weight reduction a decrease in tumoral necrosis factor‐α (P < 0.01) occurred, whereas weight recovery increased leptin (P < 0.001) and decreased T‐adiponectin (P < 0.05). HMW‐adiponectin levels negatively correlated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and BMI in the whole cohort (both P < 0.001), as did T‐adiponectin levels and HOMA index in OB patients (P < 0.01), but neither T‐ nor HMW‐adiponectin correlated with body fat content (BFC) in OB children. We conclude that the impairment of T‐ and HMW‐adiponectin levels in childhood obesity is different to that in elder OB patients, showing closer relationship with carbohydrate metabolism parameters than with BFC, but increasing their levels after weight loss and in association with metabolic improvement.     

Dependence of the Heart Weight on the Body Weight in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases

Postmortem data on the weights of the hearts of 884 patients (523 males and 361 females) with cardiovascular diseases have been analyzed in parallel with their body weights. The heart weight–to–body weight ratios have been compared in different groups of patients. Exponential equations describing the dependence of the heart weight on the body weight have been obtained for 18 groups of cardiovascular diseases, separately for males and females.     

Mediators of Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Middle‐aged Women

Long‐term behavioral self‐regulation is the hallmark of successful weight control. We tested mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle‐aged women who participated in a randomized controlled 12‐month weight management intervention. Overweight and obese women (N = 225, BMI = 31.3 ± 4.1 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to a control or a 1‐year group intervention designed to promote autonomous self‐regulation of body weight. Key exercise, eating behavior, and body image variables were assessed before and after the program, and tested as mediators of weight loss (12 months, 86% retention) and weight loss maintenance (24 months, 81% retention). Multiple mediation was employed and an intention‐to‐treat analysis conducted. Treatment effects were observed for all putative mediators (Effect size: 0.32–0.79, P < 0.01 vs. controls). Weight change was ?7.3 ± 5.9% (12‐month) and ?5.5 ± 5.0% (24‐month) in the intervention group and ?1.7 ± 5.0% and ?2.2 ± 7.5% in controls. Change in most psychosocial variables was associated with 12‐month weight change, but only flexible cognitive restraint (P < 0.01), disinhibition (P < 0.05), exercise self‐efficacy (P < 0.001), exercise intrinsic motivation (P < 0.01), and body dissatisfaction (P < 0.05) predicted 24‐month weight change. Lower emotional eating, increased flexible cognitive restraint, and fewer exercise barriers mediated 12‐month weight loss (R² = 0.31, P < 0.001; effect ratio: 0.37), but only flexible restraint and exercise self‐efficacy mediated 24‐month weight loss (R² = 0.17, P < 0.001; effect ratio: 0.89). This is the first study to evaluate self‐regulation mediators of weight loss and 2‐year weight loss maintenance, in a large sample of overweight women. Results show that lowering emotional eating and adopting a flexible dietary restraint pattern are critical for sustained weight loss. For long‐term success, interventions must also be effective in promoting exercise intrinsic motivation and self‐efficacy.     

Sustained Weight Loss in Obese Subjects Has Benefits That Are Independent of Attained Weight

Objective: To explore the hypothesis that sustained weight loss in severely obese patients may have benefits that are independent of their attained BMI. Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted a comparison of two weight‐stable groups with BMI in the 30 to 35 kg/m² range. Subjects (n = 79) were selected obese patients 3 years after laparoscopic adjustable gastric band surgery, and controls (n = 79) were obese patients seeking weight loss therapy. Subjects were selected in a de‐identified manner from our database to best match the control group. A range of clinical, biochemical, and questionnaire measures were obtained to assess obesity‐related health status Results: Subjects maintained a mean weight loss of 32.8 ± 18 kg after surgery. The weight loss subjects had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations, along with higher high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels and better indirect measures of insulin sensitivity when compared with controls (p < 0.05 for all). In addition, aminotransferase levels, neutrophil counts, and globulin levels were also significantly lower in weight loss subjects. All differences in laboratory variables remained significant after controlling for BMI. The subjects also reported better health‐related quality of life, fewer symptoms of depression, and greater satisfaction with their appearance than controls. Discussion: These findings suggest that the post‐weight loss state conveys benefits that are greater than predicted by the attained BMI. These findings may have important implications regarding the expectations of weight loss therapy, and mechanisms for this effect should be carefully sought.