广藿香原生质体制备、培养与融合技术优化研究

为建立高效稳定的广藿香原生质体培养与融合技术体系,该研究以广藿香愈伤组织悬浮细胞为材料,研究了原生质体制备的酶解条件和培养方法、细胞密度、激素种类和浓度等因素对原生质体培养的影响,并通过测定融合产物直径确立融合细胞筛选范围,进一步研究聚乙二醇浓度、细胞密度、融合时间及融合液加入量等因素对原生质体融合的影响。结果表明:制备原生质体的适宜条件为pH5.8,酶解温度25 ℃; 原生质体培养以铵盐减半的MS₁培养基进行海藻酸钠包埋、激素选用0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA、2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA,培养密度2.0×10⁵个·mL^-1、蔗糖添加量1.0%、酸水解酪蛋白500 mg·L^-1的条件下原生质体分裂频率、植板率均较高,且开始分裂时间和细胞团形成时间都较短; 双细胞融合产物筛选范围为69.33～87.35 μm; 以40% PEG 6000化学促融30 min、加入0.5倍体积的融合液、细胞密度2.0×10⁵个·mL^-1的条件进行原生质体融合,聚合率可达57.19%; 获得的融合产物经海藻酸钠包埋培育2个月后可观察到再生愈伤组织。     

培养基成分和培养时间对匍匐翦股颖植株再生的影响

以匍匐翦股颖成熟种子为外植体,研究了培养基2,4-D浓度、2,4-D和6-BA组合配比、蔗糖浓度对匍匐翦股颖愈伤组织诱导的影响以及愈伤组织再生过程中继代时间、6-BA浓度、蔗糖浓度对愈伤组织分化的影响。结果表明:在MS培养基上,2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D和0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA的组合最利于愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率高达94%。蔗糖浓度为30 g·L^-1时愈伤组织诱导率最高,为82%; 在再生过程中,当6-BA浓度为1 mg·L^-1时分化率最高(62%),蔗糖浓度为40 g·L^-1时,愈伤组织分化率最高(52%)。经过2次继代培养的愈伤组织(外植体放到培养基后40天)的分化率为最高(71%),随着继代次数增多,分化率逐渐降低,在经过5次继代后(培养100 d)分化率仅有18%。     

野葛叶片和茎段高频再生体系的建立

探讨几种因子对野葛叶片和茎段高频再生体系建立的影响。采用植物组织培养、正交实验和单因子实验的方法。野葛叶片和茎段的最佳消毒方式为70%酒精处理30 s后再用0.1%HgCl₂处理15 min;野葛叶片愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1,野葛茎段愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1;暗培养更有利于野葛愈伤组织的诱导;野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织诱导的最佳蔗糖浓度均为30 g·L^-1;野葛叶片愈伤组织的最佳出芽培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+6-BA 3.0 mg·L^-1,而野葛茎段愈伤组织的最佳出芽培养基为MS+ NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+KT 2 mg·L^-1;光照培养更有利于野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织芽的再分化;野葛叶片愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 0.5 mg·L^-1,而野葛茎段愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 3.0 mg·L^-1;野葛叶片和茎段愈伤组织再生芽生根的最佳蔗糖浓度均为30 g·L^-1;叶片再生苗移栽的最佳PP₃₃₃浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1,茎段再生苗移栽的最佳PP₃₃₃浓度为3.0 mg·L^-1;叶片和茎段再生苗的最佳移栽基质均为蛭石:珍珠岩（2:1）。     

沙枣组织脱分化培养与快繁体系建立的研究

研究了以沙枣的种子为外植体诱导形成愈伤组织以及植株再生的过程,对培养中出现的愈伤组织和不定芽的类型进行了探讨。通过正交试验及单因素试验方法,确定了沙枣快繁体系的最适培养方案：①诱导材料：苗期为10 d的沙枣无菌苗子叶;②有效愈伤组织诱导培养基：MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+BA 2.0 mg·L^-1+3%蔗糖;③有效芽的分化培养基：MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+BA1.0 mg·L^-1+3% 蔗糖;④壮苗培养基：MS+NAA 0.1mg·L^-1+BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+GA 30.2 mg·L^-1+3%蔗糖;⑤生根培养基：1/2MS+ABT生根粉（1号）1.0 mg·L^-1+1.5%蔗糖。     

草木樨状黄芪甲硫氨酸抗性系的原生质体培养及植株再生

建立了草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides Pall．)甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体再生植株的实验体系。以茎切段诱导的松软愈伤组织为材料,通过酶法分离出大量有活力的原生质体。原生质体经培养持续分裂形成了愈伤组织,并高频率地分化出再生苗。比较了不同培养基、培养方法和培养密度对原生质体分裂和再生的影响。结果表明,原生质体以3×10⁵/mL的植板密度,采用琼脂糖岛法培养在附加1．0mg／L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、0．5mg／L 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6BA)、500mg／L水解酪蛋白、3％蔗糖、0．3mol／L甘露醇的KM_8p培养基中,可获得最佳效果,其细胞分裂频率达38％左右。原生质体培养后仍然保持对甲硫氨酸的抗性,同时对乙硫氨酸表现交叉抗性。     

镍离子对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收和生长生理的影响

以‘全年油麦菜’尖叶莴苣为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究3个浓度(0 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺在22.4 mg·L^-1 N处理下对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收的生长及生理影响。结果显示：(1)尖叶莴苣根系和地上部生物量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势。与对照T₁(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、112 mg·L^-1 N)相比,T₂处理(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及叶片生长具有一定抑制作用,植株鲜重、干重、根冠比、根系长度、平均直径、表面积、体积、根尖数、分根数、叶片表面积和体积在T3处理(0.1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)下显著高于对照,T₄处理(1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及其叶片生长具有一定促进作用,但对其根尖数和分根数表现出一定抑制性。(2)随着Ni²⁺浓度的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量呈先升后降的变化规律,且均在T₃处理下显著提高。(3)随着处理时间的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)逐渐上升,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)逐渐下降,且T₃处理叶片的G_s显著高于对照,其C_i最低,P_n最大。(4)施加Ni²⁺对尖叶莴苣有机酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性有显著影响,在T₃处理下有机酸含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,SOD和POD活性显著提高。(5)T₃处理尖叶莴苣根系中N及叶片中B和Ca含量较高;根系中Ni含量高于叶片,T₃处理叶片中的Ni含量较低,Mg含量较高;植株体内Cu含量随Ni²⁺浓度增加而下降。研究表明,外源Ni²⁺处理能影响低氮条件下(22.4 mg·L^-1 N)尖叶莴苣幼苗生长及生理状况,适宜浓度(0.1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺可有效提高尖叶莴苣根系对氮素的吸收利用效率,减少氮素施用量,促进尖叶莴苣根系和地上部叶片生长,增加光合色素含量,并提高净光合速率,进而改善植株的产量和营养品质。     

裸果木再生体系建立与不定芽发生研究

为探究裸果木再生体系建立的影响因素,确定其不定芽发生的起源,该研究以裸果木健壮植株的茎段为外植体,采用6 BA和IBA不同浓度组合,筛选愈伤增殖及不定芽再生的最佳浓度组合,确定生根诱导的关键影响因素,建立再生体系,并对其不定芽分化进程进行解剖结构分析,以确认其起源。结果表明：(1)裸果木茎段的最佳愈伤增殖培养基为MS+1 mg·L^-1 IBA+1 mg·L^-1 6 BA+30 g·L^-1蔗糖+7 g·L^-1琼脂,主体间效应分析表明IBA为关键影响因素;愈伤大小随IBA浓度增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势。(2)最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L^-1 6 BA+30 g·L^-1蔗糖+7 g·L^-1琼脂,诱导不定芽数量为4.9个/块,生芽率达92.3%。(3)生根诱导中,SH基本培养基和蔗糖浓度为关键因素,最佳生根培养基为SH+0~10 g·L^-1蔗糖+7 g·L^-1琼脂,生根率达91.3%。(4)解剖结构观察发现,不定芽起源于愈伤表层的分生细胞,为外起源。该研究通过器官发生途径建立了裸果木的再生体系,确定了不定芽为外起源,为裸果木这一珍稀濒危的林木种质资源保护及可持续利用奠定了研究基础,并为其未来的发展利用提供了有效途径。     

江西铅山红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织诱导及其再生体系的建立

以江西铅山红芽芋脱毒苗为试材,研究不同因素对红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织诱导及其再生体系的影响,以期对红芽芋脱毒苗的再生体系进行优化。结果表明,红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基是MS+TDZ 2 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 1 mg·L^-1。红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基是MS+TDZ 2 mg·L^-1+NAA 1 mg·L^-1。红芽芋脱毒苗不定芽生根的最佳培养基是1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 0.5 mg·L^-1。红芽芋再生苗最好的移栽基质为发酵后的腐锯木屑。红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织再生苗移栽时最佳的PP₃₃₃浓度为20～50 mg·L^-1。本试验成功建立了红芽芋脱毒苗球茎愈伤组织的再生体系,为红芽芋脱毒苗转基因的研究和种质创新奠定了基础。     

铁皮石斛四倍体离体诱导和鉴定及生理特性研究

以铁皮石斛原球茎为材料,经不同质量浓度的秋水仙素(C₂₂H₂₅O₆)和0.02 g·mL^-1二甲基亚砜(DMSO)混合水溶液处理后进行组织培养,通过对变异株进行形态学、细胞学及流式细胞仪鉴定,以期获得稳定的四倍体植株并分析其生理特性。结果表明:用2.0 g·L^-1秋水仙素和0.02 g·mL^-1 DMSO混合水溶液处理铁皮石斛原球茎36 h后,植株诱导率达20%;诱导四倍体植株在形态上明显矮化、茎秆粗壮、叶片变小增厚、气孔直径增大;细胞遗传学观察发现,四倍体植株染色体2n=4x=76,二倍体植株染色体2n=2x=38;流式细胞仪分析显示,DNA相对含量四倍体为400,二倍体仅为200;四倍体植株叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量均高于二倍体,分别为5.03、3.59、2.98 mg·g^-1;四倍体叶片中主要抗氧化酶POD和SOD活性均显著高于二倍体,分别为9.08、180.4 U·mg^-1,且四倍体植株明显降低了MDA含量累积。研究认为,2.0 g·L^-1秋水仙素和0.02 g·mL^-1 DMSO混合水溶液处理原球茎36 h可提高诱导成功率、降低嵌合体比例,此组合为诱导四倍体较佳诱导条件。     

冬小麦原生质体培养的胚状体直接发生

冬小麦品种“京花一号”胚性愈伤组织在改良的N₆培养基(NBD培养基)上继代得到易碎型胚性愈伤组织,转入改良MS液体培养基(MSDL培养基)后得到胚性悬浮系,分离的原生质体在改良的MS培养基(MSDP培养基)上培养,再生细胞直接产生体细胞胚胎,并再生出完整植株。体细胞胚胎形成过程与小麦合子胚的形成过程十分相似。     

青海野生黑果枸杞再生体系的建立及遗传稳定性分析

以野生黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)的无菌苗叶片作为外植体,建立了两条再生体系:一条是经愈伤组织再分化的间接再生体系,一条是不经愈伤组织再分化的直接再生体系。并采用流式细胞术(FCM)及ISSR分子标记技术对两种途径再生苗进行了遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:(1)最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L-12,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),诱导率达100%;最佳分化培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L-16-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)+0.1 mg·L-1吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA),1 g愈伤组织上的平均不定芽数为39.4个。(2)叶片直接诱导不定芽的最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L-16-BA+0.3 mg·L-1α-萘乙酸(NAA),不定芽诱导率为92.9%,每个外植体上平均不定芽数为18.1个。(3)两条途径再生的不定芽在不含植物生长调节剂的MS培养基上,2周内均可正常生根。(4)FCM结果显示亲本苗及2种再生苗均为二倍体。(5)ISSR分析表明,间接再生苗的平均遗传相似性系数为0.84,直接再生苗的平均遗传相似性系数为0.91,直接再生体系是一种更加快速高效的繁殖方法。     

Increased totipotency of protoplasts from Brassica oleracea plants previously regenerated in tissue culture

Factors affecting the division of cells derived from leaf and cotyledon protoplasts from Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Green Comet hybrid broccoli) were examined to optimize conditions for plant regeneration and to determine whether there was a genetic basis for improved regeneration from protoplasts derived from plants previously regenerated from tissue cultures [15]. When leaf protoplasts from different plants grown from hybrid seed were isolated and cultured simultaneously, division efficiencies of 1–95% were obtained. Cells from some plants showed high division efficiencies in consecutive experiments while cells from other plants had consistently low division rates. More plants from hybrid seed gave high division efficiencies when cotyledon protoplasts were used. However, cotyledon or leaf protoplasts from selfed progeny of regenerated plants produced more vigorous calli and more shoots than protoplasts from hybrid seed. These results suggest that there may be a genetic component to the increased totipotency of Brassica oleracea protoplasts.     

Somatic hybrid plants between the forage legumes Medicago sativa L. and Medicago arborea L.

Interspecific somatic hybrid plants were obtained by symmetrical electrofusion of mesophyll protoplasts of Medicago sativa with callus protoplasts of Medicago arborea. Somatic hybrid calli were picked manually from semi-solid culture medium after they were identified by their dual color in fluorescent light. Twelve putative hybrid calli were selected and one of them regenerated plants. The morphogenesis of the somatic hybrid calli was induced by the synthetic growth regulator 1,2 benzisoxazole-3-acetic acid. Somatic hybrid plants showed intensive genome rearrangements, as evidenced by isozyme and RFLP analysis. The morphology of somatic hybrid plants was in general intermediate between the parents. The production of hybrids by protoplast fusion between sexually incompatible Medicago species is related to the in vitro respon siveness of the parental protoplasts. The possibility of using somatic hybrid plants in alfalfa breeding is discussed.     

Plant regeneration from callus and protoplast cultures of Helianthus giganteus L.

Summary Methods of plant regeneration from callus and protoplasts of Helianthus giganteus L. are described. Embryogenic callus was obtained from leaf explants and plants were regenerated from these calli on MS media with different combinations of benzyladenine and naphtaleneacetic acid. Leaf protoplasts isolated from in vitro grown plants formed somatic embryos when cultured in agarose solidified droplets of V-KM medium containing benzyladenine and naphtaleneacetic acid. Embryos developed into plantlets on media with reduced auxin contents. Regenerated plants were successfully planted in soil.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - NAA naphtaleneacetic acid - V-KM protoplast culture medium of Binding and Nehls     

Protoplast isolation and culture for somatic hybridisation of rapid cycling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> with ‘Anand’ CMS and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>

Protoplasts were isolated from the young leaves of rapid cycling Brassica rapa and cotyledons and hypocotyls of 10-day-old Brassica juncea seedlings. Protoplasts were fused by 40% polyethylene glycol and cultured in modified K8p medium supplemented with 2.5 mg·l⁻¹ isopentenyladenine (2ip), 0.5 mg·l⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid, 1 mg·l⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.1 mg·l⁻¹ zeatin, 1% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.4 M mannitol as osmoticum. After 3 days of initial culture, 3 different culture methods were employed and evaluated. The highest plating efficiency (1.97%) was obtained with a semi-solid agarose embedding culture method. Both shoots and somatic embryos formed from protoplast culture-derived calli. The somatic embryos were derived from asymmetrically divided calli that developed progressively into deep-purple heart shapes as well as the early-torpedo and bipolar stages to finally form complete plantlets. Thirteen putative somatic hybrids were produced via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis. Random amplified polymorphism DNA analysis was performed to identify somatic hybrids. Six regenerated plants had a chromosome number of 2n = 56 the same as the sum of B. juncea (2n = 36) and B. rapa (2n = 20) chromosomes; 2 plants had a chromosome number of 2n = 54. These regenerated plants exhibited morphology intermediate to those of their parents. The flowers of somatic hybrids exhibited a range of variation; some were normal, while others were abnormal. No pollen was produced from regenerated plants. Two plants had crinkled petal-like stamens.     

Nuclear genomic composition of asymmetric fusion products between irradiated transgenic Solanum brevidens and S. tuberosum: limited elimination of donor chromosomes and polyploidization of the recipient genome

Summary The production of asymmetric somatic hybrid calli after fusion between gamma-irradiated protoplasts from transgenic Solanum brevidens and protoplasts from S. tuberosum are reported. Transgenic (kanamycin-resistant, GUS-positive) S. brevidens plants and hairy root clones were obtained after transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 1060 (pRi1855) (pBI121) and LBA 4404 (pRAL4404) (pBI121), and A. rhizogenes LBA 9402 (pRi1855) (pBI121), respectively. Leaf protoplasts isolated from the transgenic plants or root protoplasts from the hairy root clones were fused with S. tuberosum leaf protoplasts, and several calli were selected on kanamycin-containing medium. The relative nuclear DNA content of the hybrid calli was measured by flow cytometry (FCM), and the percentages of DNA of the S. brevidens and S. tuberosum genomes in the calli were determined by dot blot analysis using species-specific DNA probes. Chromosome-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to investigate the elimination of specific S. brevidens chromosomes in the hybrids. The combined data on FCM, dot blot and RFLP analysis revealed that 18–62% of the S. brevidens DNA was eliminated in the hybrid calli and that the RFLP marker for chromosome 7 was absent in seven out of ten calli. The absence of RFLP markers for chromosomes 5 and 11 hardly ever occurred. In most of the hybrids the ploidy level of the S. tuberosum genome had increased considerably.     

Plant regeneration from shoot apical meristems of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)

A protocol was developed for plant regeneration of Melia azedarach L. by in vitro culture of apical meristem (0.5 mm in length). The influence of six clones was investigated. The culture procedure comprised two sequential steps: 1) Induction of shoots by in vitro culture of axillary buds from adult trees (10–15 years old) by culture on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5 mg·dm⁻³ BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ IBA (indolebutyric acid), and 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ GA₃ (gibberellic acid). The Multiplication of the regenerated shoots was achieved in MS + 0.5 mg·dm⁻³ BAP + 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ GA₃. 2) In vitro culture of the apical meristems from the regenerated shoots in MS medium (0.7 %) supplemented with various combinations of BAP and IBA. Maximum shoot proliferation was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·dm⁻³ BAP and 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ IBA. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS + 3.5 mg·dm⁻³ IBA (4 days) followed by subculture on MS lacking growth regulators (30 days). Complete plants were transferred to soil.     

Synergistic effect of DFMO and 2,4-D on regeneration of Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia jacq in vitro

Callus cultures of Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia, (Apocynaceae), an endangered species endemic to the Mascarene Islands, were established from leaf explants on MS medium containing either 5 mg·l⁻¹ 2,4-D and 0.5 mg·l⁻¹ BA or 5 mg·l⁻¹ 2,4-D, 0.5 mg·l⁻¹ BA and 200 mg·l⁻¹ DFMO. Histological studies showed regenerating nodules resembling globular embryos in calli after 4 weeks on the DFMO medium. Green shoot formation was achieved by sequential subculture of the induced calli on media with gradually decreasing 2,4-D concentrations (5→1→0 mg·l⁻¹). Regeneration was greatly stimulated in the presence of DFMO. The first emergence of shoots occured 3 weeks earlier than in untreated callus cultures.     

A rapid procedure for plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures and leaf mesophyll cells of wild Solanum species and Lycopersicon pennellii

A rapid procedure for protoplast isolation, culture and plant regeneration has been developed for two Solanum species (S. lycoperisicoides and S. verrucosum) and Lycopersicon pennellii. Freshly isolated protoplasts were initially cultured in liquid Solanum Culture Medium (SCM), containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Subsequent dilution with fresh culture medium without auxins appeared to be essential to obtain rapid regeneration medium later on. The resulting micro calli were first grown in a culture medium containing 0.5 mg/l 6-BAP and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2 M mannitol and 7.3 mM sucrose to induce greening, at a lower osmolarity (300 mOsm · kg⁻¹). Then, the green micro calli were transferred to shoot induction medium, containing 2 mg/l zeatin, 0.1 mg/l IAA and 2% sucrose (150 mOsm · kg⁻¹). In this way plants could be regenerated from leaf mesophyll protoplasts and suspension cell-derived protoplasts of L. pennellii and S. lycopersicoides within 2 months. Shoot regeneration from leaf mesophyll protoplasts of the two lines of S. verrucosum could be obtained 3 months after protoplast isolation.     

Somatic hybridization in Citrus: navel orange (C. sinensis Osb.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.)

Summary Protoplasts of navel orange, isolated from embryogenic nucellar cell suspension culture, were fused with protoplasts of grapefruit isolated from leaf tissue. The fusion products were cultured in the hormone-free medium containing 0.6 M sucrose. Under the culture conditions, somatic embryogenesis of navel orange protoplasts was suppressed, while cell division of grapefruit mesophyll protoplasts was not induced. Six embryoids were obtained and three lines regenerated to complete plants through embryogenesis. Two of the regenerated lines exhibited intermediate morphological characteristics of the parents in the leaf shape. Chromosome counts showed that these regenerated plants had expected 36 chromosomes (2n=2x=18 for each parent). The rDNA analysis using biotin-labeled rRNA probes confirmed the presence of genomes from both parents in these plants. This somatic hybridization system would be useful for the practical Citrus breeding.