山黧豆β 腈基丙氨酸合成酶基因LsCAS的原核表达及蛋白聚合状态分析

该研究从山黧豆种子萌发6 d后的幼苗根中扩增到β 腈基丙氨酸合成酶基因(LsCAS)的CDS序列,并构建pGEX2T LsCAS表达载体;经诱导表达后,通过GST亲和层析进行LsCAS蛋白纯化,并利用GST标签抗体和大豆半胱氨酸合成酶(Cysteine synthase,CS)抗体对纯化蛋白进行Western blot验证;纯化后的LsCAS蛋白经凝血酶切除GST标签抗体后,利用凝胶过滤预装柱Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL分析判断分子量。结果显示：(1)山黧豆LsCAS基因的CDS序列为1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸;其编码的蛋白质具有典型的CBS like 蛋白功能结构域胱硫醚β 合酶(CBS)和半胱氨酸合成酶(CS)。(2)成功构建LsCAS基因的原核表达载体pGEX2T LsCAS并进行蛋白纯化;SDS PAGE检测表明,所获融合蛋白条带单一,大小在64 kD左右;Western blot分析发现,诱导后的菌体蛋白和纯化后的重组蛋白中均能检测到特征条带,说明所获融合蛋白为山黧豆LsCAS蛋白。(3)纯化的山黧豆LsCAS蛋白在412 nm的特征吸收峰显示,LsCAS隶属于磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)依赖的半胱氨酸合成酶家族;分子排阻试验证实山黧豆LsCAS为PLP依赖性蛋白酶,可能以四聚体方式发挥作用。研究结果为进一步探讨山黧豆LsCAS的调控及其功能奠定了基础。     

粗枝云杉病程相关蛋白基因PaPR10的克隆及表达分析

为了探究粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)病程相关蛋白PR10的核糖核酸酶活性,该研究以粗枝云杉一年生针叶为材料,以响应云杉落针病菌(Lophodermium piceae)侵染而显著上调的一个PR10基因(PaPR10)序列为研究对象,设计特异性引物,采用RT PCR技术克隆获得PaPR10基因的cDNA序列全长,使用生物信息学软件预测该基因编码蛋白的序列特征,将该基因进行原核表达和纯化,利用底物法检测纯化蛋白的核糖核酸酶活性,为解析PR10基因的抗菌活性机理奠定基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆到PaPR10基因(GenBank登录号为OM743228)的ORF长456 bp,编码151个氨基酸序列,相对分子量为16.52 kD,理论等电点为5.73。(2)PaPR10蛋白无信号肽、不含跨膜区、定位在细胞质中,具有典型的病程相关蛋白Bet_v_1家族保守结构域和一个富含甘氨酸环(P Loop)的保守结构域,但PaPR10蛋白的P Loop结构域存在一个碱基突变;PaPR10蛋白与北美云杉等多种裸子植物和部分苔藓植物的PR10蛋白相似性较高。(3)IPTG诱导下,PaPR10蛋白以可溶性蛋白和包涵体的形式并存,且以终浓度为0.8 mmol/L的IPTG在30 ℃下诱导10 h时表达量最佳,但纯化后的PaPR10可溶性蛋白没有核糖核酸酶活性。研究发现,PaPR10蛋白不具备核糖核酸酶活性。     

续随子ElFAD2基因的序列及表达特性分析

为了研究油酸脱氢酶(FAD2)基因ElFAD2对续随子(Euphorbia lathyris L.)中不饱和脂肪酸合成的调控作用,该研究在续随子转录组数据的基础上经筛选获得ElFAD2基因序列,并对其序列及表达特性进行分析。序列分析结果显示,ElFAD2基因全长1 907 bp,ORF长1 152 bp,共编码383个氨基酸,包含有典型的脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域。续随子ElFAD2蛋白理论等电点为8.08,属于稳定蛋白,包含4个跨膜区和3个保守的组氨酸簇。基于FAD2的系统发育分析表明,续随子与同科植物乌桕(Triadica sebifera L.)的亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析发现,ElFAD2基因在不同器官中均有表达,且在花后15 d的种子中表达量最高,在叶与花后30 d及45 d种子中的表达量相当,而在根、茎、花中的表达量最低。该研究结果为深入探讨续随子ElFAD2基因的生物学功能提供了基础数据,也为解析续随子种子中脂肪酸合成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

‘全红’杨PdHY5转录因子基因的克隆及功能分析

HY5(ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5)转录因子在花青素的生物合成方面具有重要的作用。该研究以‘全红’杨叶片为材料,克隆了PdHY5基因,对其进行生物信息学分析;并通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草,对其进行功能分析。结果显示：(1)PdHY5基因开放阅读框(ORF)长度为510 bp,共编码169个氨基酸。多序列比对和系统进化分析表明,‘全红’杨PdHY5蛋白具有bZIP家族蛋白的保守结构域,与毛果杨PtHY5蛋白亲缘关系最近。(2)成功构建过表达载体pNP1302 35S PdHY5,经潮霉素筛选获得了4个转基因烟草株系(S1~S4)。(3)qRT PCR结果表明,PdHY5基因在4个过表达株系中的表达量显著高于野生型(WT),且S4株系的表达量最高, S1最低;同时过表达株系的花青素生物合成途径关键基因CHS、F3H及FLS的表达水平较WT均显著上调。(4)叶片花色素苷的相对含量在转基因烟草株系S2、S3、S4中较WT显著上调,分别增加了128.23%、97.36%和134.20%。研究表明,过表达PdHY5基因调控了烟草本身花青素生物合成途径中结构基因的表达,从而促进了花青素的积累。     

水分胁迫下山黧豆多胺代谢与 β-N-草酰-L-α ,β-二氨基丙酸积累相关性的研究

为了研究水分胁迫下山黧豆 (LathyrussativusL .)叶片中多胺代谢与 β_N_草酰_L_α,β_二氨基丙酸 (ODAP)积累的相关关系 ,利用聚乙二醇 (PEG)对山黧豆幼苗进行水分胁迫处理 ,同时加入腐胺 (Put) ,α_二氟甲基精氨酸(DFMA)和Put DFMA。实验结果表明 ,随PEG处理时间的延长 ,山黧豆幼苗叶片中Put、亚精胺 (Spd)和精胺 (Spm)含量逐渐增加 ,特别是Spm含量增加显著 ,同时ODAP逐渐积累 ;在PEG处理的同时 ,加入Put使得Put、Spd含量显著增加 ,但对Spm影响不大 ,同样对ODAP含量影响也较小 ;加入DFMA可显著抑制Put、Spd、Spm的积累 ,同时也抑制了ODAP的积累 ;加入Put DFMA ,Put可以部分地减缓DFMA对两种内源多胺 (Put和Spd)合成的抑制作用 ,但对Spm所受DFMA的抑制作用影响不大 ,这时ODAP的积累也受到抑制。由此可见 ,水分胁迫对山黧豆幼苗叶片中多胺特别是Spm含量的增加与ODAP的积累密切相关。     

当归延伸因子AsEF 1β基因的克隆及胁迫应答分析

延伸因子1β(EF 1β)是蛋白质生物合成过程中肽链延长必需的调节因子之一。该研究采用同源克隆和RACE扩增技术克隆当归EF 1β基因序列,分析该基因序列特征、蛋白结构特点及UV B辐射胁迫下的组织响应表达,以揭示当归栽培生境变迁过程中对UV B胁迫适应的分子机制。结果显示：(1)成功克隆获得当归EF 1β基因全长序列(950 bp),编码225个氨基酸,命名为AsEF 1β(GenBank登录号：MG736314);AsEF 1β蛋白的分子量为24.5 kD,理论等电点为4.48,属亲水性氨基酸,在其C末端具有一个EF 1B超蛋白家族的典型结构域和保守区,鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换结构域;其氨基酸序列与同为伞形科的胡萝卜氨基酸序列相似性最高,达93%。(2)qRT PCR分析结果显示,AsEF 1β基因在当归根部的表达量显著高于茎和叶(P<0.05);UV B辐射胁迫下,茎及叶中的表达量均上调,分别是自然光照处理的2.43和3.76倍。研究表明,AsEF 1β基因可能参与当归对UV B辐射胁迫的适应过程,为深入研究其在药用植物生长发育、逆境抗性形成及药效物质的生物合成代谢过程的生态调控奠定了基础。     

续随子ElSAD2基因的克隆与功能分析

Δ₉ 硬脂酰 ACP脱氢酶(SAD)是参与植物不饱和脂肪酸生物合成的关键酶。该研究从续随子(Euphorbia lathyris)种子转录组数据库中筛选得到续随子ElSAD2基因序列,对其序列表达特性进行分析,并鉴定ElSAD2基因的功能。结果显示：(1)续随子ElSAD2的 cDNA全长1 665 bp,ORF为1 194 bp,编码397个氨基酸残基;系统进化分析显示ElSAD2蛋白与蓖麻(Ricinus communis)RcSAD1蛋白等亲缘关系较近。(2)ElSAD2在续随子各器官中均有表达,其中在花后30 d种子中表达量最高。(3)在BY4389缺陷型酵母中过表达ElSAD2,使缺陷酵母不饱和脂肪酸含量升高。(4)本氏烟草瞬时表达ElSAD2,使得烟草叶片总油脂和油酸含量分别提高2.46%和2.1%。研究发现,ElSAD2能催化单不饱和油酸的生物合成,可进一步应用于油料植物油脂产量和品质改良。     

滇水金凤花距发育相关基因ABP的克隆及表达分析

为探究滇水金凤(Impatiens uliginosa)ABP基因的结构和表达特征,该研究以滇水金凤为材料,采用RT-PCR 技术对滇水金凤ABP基因进行克隆,运用DNAMAN和MEGA对其所编码的蛋白序列进行同源性分析和系统进化分析,并利用qRT-PCR分析ABP基因的时空表达模式。结果表明:(1)滇水金凤ABP基因的cDNA 全长为627 bp,编码208 aa,命名为IuABP基因,其蛋白具有Cupin超家族蛋白的典型结构。(2)同源性分析表明滇水金凤ABP基因的氨基酸序列与喜马拉雅凤仙花(I. glandulifera)、月季(Rose chinensis)、木薯(Manihot esculenta)等物种的同源性均达71%; 系统进化分析表明IuABP与喜马拉雅凤仙花(Impatiens glandulifera)聚为一支,亲缘关系最近。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明IuABP基因在滇水金凤花距发育的3个时期及2个部位均有表达。随着花距的发育,IuABP基因在滇水金凤花距檐部的表达量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在盛花期时达最高,而在花距距部的表达量逐渐下降。以上结果为进一步研究滇水金凤ABP基因在花距发育中的功能及其表达调控机制提供了一定的理论参考。     

香蕉类甜蛋白基因MaTLP1的克隆与表达分析

在香蕉EST文库中,通过RACE技术克隆到1个香蕉类甜蛋白基因的全长序列。该序列最大开放阅读框942 bp,编码313个氨基酸。Blast分析发现,它与其他类甜蛋白相似度为56.10%,含有类甜蛋白（TLPs）特有的保守结构域,命名为MaTLP1。系统进化树表明,MaTLP1基因编码蛋白与海枣的亲缘关系较近,与香蕉的进化模式相似。组织特异性分析表明,MaTLP1在根、球茎、假茎中的表达量高,叶中较弱,花和果实中微量表达。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,在抗病香蕉品种中,接种尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,Foc)枯萎病菌后MaTLP1基因上调表达,在感病香蕉品种接菌2 d后MaTLP1基因受到抑制,虽然在接菌4 d 后上调表达,但是相对于抗病品种上调较小。研究表明,MaTLP1基因可能在香蕉抗枯萎病的过程中起作用。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.