Identification of two putative ATP-cassette genes in Encephalitozoon intestinalis

Currently existing chemotherapeutic compounds are limited and few are effective for treating microsporidiosis. It is possible that resistance of Encephalitozoon to some drugs occurs by efflux mechanisms similar to those previously described for mammalian tumour cells, bacteria or protozoal parasites such as Plasmodium, Leishmania and Entamoeba histolytica. The data in the present study suggest that Encephalitozoon intestinalis contains at least one multidrug resistance gene. We report here two complete sequences EiABC1 and EiABC2, encoding different ATP-binding cassette genes from E. intestinalis, including a P-gp.     

十字花科黑腐病菌一个新的III型效应物的鉴定

【目的】在全基因组范围内鉴定十字花科黑腐病菌Xcc 8004中新的Ⅲ型效应物(type Ⅲ secreted effector,T3SE)基因。【方法】通过构建与AvrBs1_59-445整合的Tn5转座子系统,进行文库筛选。在avrBs1缺失突变体背景下生成突变文库,在辣椒ECW-10R上进一步筛选。【结果】大规模HR测定筛选出7个具有明显过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的克隆。通过质粒拯救和测序发现除了插入已知T3SE基因的3个突变体外,还鉴定了一个位于XC_0438和XC_0439之间且在Xcc 8004中未注释的新基因。结合生物信息学,我们将其命名为一个新的基因XC_0438a。易位实验证实XC_0438a信号区可引导报告蛋白AvrBs1的分泌和易位,并诱导辣椒ECW-10R产生HR反应。β-葡萄糖醛酸酶(β-glucuronidase,GUS)活性测定,XC_0438a在基本培养基中诱导表达,并由关键调控蛋白HrpG和HrpX激活。然而,在我们的实验条件下,XC_0438a对Xcc的致病力没有显著的贡献。【结论】我们鉴定了一种新的依赖于Ⅲ型分泌系统的效应基因XC_0438a。     

Immunohistochemical identification of Purkinje fibers and transitional cells in a terminal portion of the impulse-conducting system of porcine heart

Summary The ultrastructure of porcine ventricular tissue was studied by electron microscopy and immunocytochemical techniques. Electron-dense specific granules were found in both Purkinje fibers and transitional cells in the ventricular walls, and were positively stained by the immunogold staining method using an antiserum against atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP). This suggests that both the Purkinje fibers and transitional cells display the same specific granules as atrial cardiocytes containing ANP. These results demonstrate that Purkinje fibers and two types of transitional cells, in addition to the ordinary ventricular cardiocytes, can be identified in porcine ventricular wall tissue.     

马源马链球菌兽疫亚种3株新疆分离株基因型的鉴定及MLST分析

【背景】马链球菌兽疫亚种(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus,SeZ)是引起马腺疫的主要病原,还可引起猪链球菌病,加强该菌的地方株分子流行病学监测对有效防控相关疫病十分必要。【目的】对新疆地区2个马场SeZ分离株进行鉴定和药敏特性分析,并分析3株新疆分离株的分子流行与菌株的遗传进化特征。【方法】对分离纯化的3株病原菌(ZHZ113、ZHZ211和ZHZ523)进行染色观察、生化及药敏特性检测,对16S rRNA和SeM基因进行遗传进化分析,以链球菌7个管家基因arcC、nrdE、proS、spi、tdk、tpi和yqiL为目的基因对3株分离菌进行多位点序列分型(Multilocus Sequence Typing,MLST)研究。【结果】3株SeZ的药敏结果显示这3株分离菌对不同抗生素的耐药程度不同,但均对头孢西丁、庆大霉素、链霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、土霉素等11种药物敏感。16SrRNA基因序列分析显示这3株分离菌均属于Ⅱ群(兽疫链球菌)。3株菌的MLST分型结果分别为ST39、ST419、ST421型,其中ST419和ST42...     

Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild cervids ( Cervus elaphus hippelaphus and Capreolus capreolus ) from Northwestern Italy

Seventy-seven red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), 40 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the Northwestern (NW) Alps (Turin Province, NW Italy) and 29 roe deer from the NW Apennines (Alessandria province, NW Italy) were examined for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by culture, IS900 nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IS1311 PCR restriction endonuclease analysis for strain characterisation. MAP identification (nested PCR and/or culture) allowed us to detect 32.9% MAP-infected red deer and 22.5% infected roe deer in the NW Alps and 41.4% MAP infected roe deer in the NW Apennines. On the basis of the polymorphism present in the IS1311 sequence, all MAP isolates were characterised as cattle strains. Our results show that MAP circulates widely among populations of wild cervids in NW Italy.     

西瓜食酸菌Ⅲ型效应蛋白AopBF1的鉴定与功能分析

【背景】细菌性果斑病（bacterial fruit blotch,BFB）是一种发生在葫芦科作物上的检疫性病害,其病原菌为西瓜食酸菌（Acidovorax citrulli）,西瓜食酸菌通过Ⅲ型分泌系统（type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS）将重要的致病因子Ⅲ型效应蛋白（type Ⅲ effector,T3E）转运到植物体内,从而致病。目前,对于T3E致病机制的认识非常有限。课题组前期已鉴定到西瓜食酸菌FC440菌株中的一些候选T3E。【目的】明确西瓜食酸菌FC440菌株候选T3E中AopBF1的序列特征、转运特性及其在病原菌致病过程中的作用,可以为深入解析病原菌致病机制奠定理论基础。【方法】利用生物信息学手段,预测分析AopBF1的T3E序列特征;通过RT-qPCR、无毒蛋白报告系统检测AopBF1所受调控及其转运特性;观察aopBF1突变体（插入突变）及过表达时西瓜食酸菌的致病力表型,分析AopBF1对西瓜食酸菌致病性的贡献。【结果】AopBF1具有T3E的序列特征、不含保守结构域,具有蛋白激酶序列特征;AopBF1在T3SS核心调控基因hrpX、hrpG突变株中的表达量显著降低;当aopBF1基因与AvrBs1功能区（59-445 aa）片段同时于avrBs1突变株中表达时,能够诱发含Bs1蛋白的ECW-10R辣椒叶片发生过敏性坏死反应;aopBF1突变株对寄主黄瓜的致病力显著减弱,而同时黄瓜组织中过氧化氢、超氧阴离子自由基及胼胝质的积累量表现为显著增加;AopBF1过表达菌株对寄主的致病力显著增强,其在诱导本氏烟的hypersensitive response （HR）反应发生上表现延迟;AopBF1瞬时表达时,显示定位于本氏烟细胞的细胞质、细胞核和细胞膜,可诱发本氏烟发生HR反应,促进PAMP-triggered immunity （PTI）及激素通路相关基因的表达。【结论】AopBF1是西瓜食酸菌的一个具有蛋白激酶特征的T3E,抑制寄主活性氧和胼胝质积累等PTI免疫反应以促进西瓜食酸菌的致病,激发含R抗性蛋白的本氏烟的PTI和激素相关抗病免疫反应。     

牡丹PoSAD基因克隆与表达分析

以凤丹牡丹(Paeonia ostii)叶片为试验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,克隆得到凤丹牡丹硬脂酰-ACP去饱和酶基因SAD的cDNA全长,命名为PoSAD(GenBank登录号为KY038819)。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 559bp,其中开放阅读框1 197bp,编码398个氨基酸,3′端非编码区长172bp,5′端非编码区长123bp。多序列比对结果表明,凤丹牡丹PoSAD氨基酸序列含有2个保守结构域。系统发育分析结果显示,凤丹牡丹与蓖麻处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。TMHMM和TargetP亚细胞定位分析得知,PoSAD蛋白无跨膜区域,可能定位于叶绿体中发挥功能。组织特异性结果分析表明,PoSAD基因在凤丹牡丹的根、茎、叶、花瓣、雌蕊、雄蕊、种子中均有表达,且在花瓣中表达量最高,雌蕊中次之,在根中的表达量最低;不同时期种子中,60d表达量最高,80d次之,10d中表达量最低。     

一种黄秋葵病原真菌的分离鉴定

报道一种在湖南地区发现的黄秋葵花蕾病原真菌。利用PDA培养基分离纯化病原菌株并依据柯赫氏法确定为病害的病原物,通过形态学鉴定和ITS序列分析鉴定病原种类。结果表明,从黄秋葵染病花蕾组织中分离纯化了一种病原真菌,通过形态观察以及ITS序列的比对分析,将该菌株鉴定为棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus);其田间接种黄秋葵花蕾的致病率为80%。这是首次报道棘孢曲霉是黄秋葵花蕾病害的病原菌。     

花生根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium sp.MM6 Ⅲ型分泌系统的结构和功能

【目的】探究花生根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium sp.MM6的Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS)的结构及其在根瘤菌与不同宿主建立共生关系中的作用。【方法】同源比对分析菌株MM6的T3SS基因簇的结构特征,并采用三亲本接合转移的方法构建T3SS调节基因ttsI突变菌株;通过蛭石结瘤和石蜡切片实验,比较突变体与野生型的共生固氮表型差异。【结果】经预测,MM6的T3SS基因簇编码区长约34.1 kb,可分为3个区域,包含10个保守结构基因和8个效应蛋白基因,与B.diazoefficiens USDA110相应基因的序列相似性为83%–93%;成功构建了MM6的ttsI突变株;ttsI突变株与野生型分别与花生(S523和Y45)、野大豆和大豆中黄57结瘤,ttsI突变体在花生中的总瘤数显著增加(P<0.05),根瘤中含菌细胞更多;ttsI突变体在野大豆中平均每株植物增加4个根瘤,根瘤中含菌细胞更多,地上部干重相比野生型MM6显著增加(P<0.05);在大豆中黄57中,野生型MM6能形成红色的有效根瘤,ttsI突变体不结瘤,且植株叶片发黄,地上部干重相比野生型MM6显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】MM6的T3SS在花生和野大豆共生体系中起着有害的作用,而在大豆中黄57的共生体系中起着有利的作用。     

NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases in white pine (Pines strobes) and loblolly pine (P. taeda)

Summary NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (pchlide reductase, EC 1.6.99.1) catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide in higher plants. Cloned cDNAs encoding two distinct pchlide reductases were isolated from a gt11 library constructed from poly(A)⁺ RNA prepared from the cotyledons of dark-grown white pine (Pines strobes) seedlings and a nuclear gene (lpcr) analogous to one of these cDNAs has been characterized from loblolly pine (P. taeda). The pine gene encodes an approximately 43 kDa precursor polypeptide consisting of a 334-amino acid mature protein and a 66-amino acid transit peptide. The deduced primary structures for the pine proteins are highly homologous to those reported from monocots and dicots. The coding portion of the pine lpcr gene is interrupted by four introns. The placement of these introns within the pine lpcr gene is identical to that observed in pea (Pisum sativum), suggesting conservation in gene organization between dicot and gymnosperm species. Western blot analysis using polyclonal antiserum against oat pchlide reductase detected in extracts of dark-grown pine cotyledons a single immunoreactive protein, which declined in abundance during a 48 h period of illumination with white light. Cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings were also found to accumulate high levels of pchlide reductase mRNA; however, little or no change in the steady-state levels of mRNA encoding pchlide reductase was observed in these tissues following illumination. Stem tissue of dark-grown seedlings did not contain significant levels of pchlide reductase mRNA, whereas stems of light-grown plants of the same age accumulated substantial amounts of the message. These results suggest that light and the developmental age of the tissue affect regulation of lpcr expression in pine.     

龙眼ERF家族成员鉴定及其在体胚发生早期的表达

为了解龙眼ERF家族的基本性质以及在体胚发生早期的表达规律,该研究对龙眼基因组鉴定出108个ERF家族成员进行基本理化性质分析与进化树构建,并结合龙眼转录组及miRNA、lncRNA数据库对DlERF家族成员与lncRNA、miRNA之间的关系预测与表达模式分析。结果显示：(1)理化性质及进化树分析表明,AP2/ERF结构域在龙眼中相对最为保守,DlERF对龙眼的抗胁迫能力以及对病菌的防御能力可能起着重要作用。(2)RNA Seq中的表达量分析可知,95个ERF基因在转录组中检测到表达,在愈伤组织(EC)、不完全胚性紧实结构(ICpEC)与球形胚(GE)阶段中分别存在31、11与53个ERF基因高表达。(3)qRT PCR结果显示,在龙眼体胚发生早期显著表达5个ERF基因中,Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2、Dlo_022310.1ERF1 1与Dlo_009939.1ERF98在GE阶段表达量显著高于EC与ICpEC阶段,Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3与Dlo_022634.1ERF22 1则分别在EC与ICpEC阶段高表达。(4)DlERF家族成员与相关lncRNA、miRNA表达量分析显示,LTCONS_00013739对靶基因Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2为正调控关系;Dlo_miR413与Dlo_miR1510a共同靶向Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3,从EC到GE阶段均表现出显著负调控关系,而Dlo_miR413与Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2的表达量表现出正相关,推测相比于Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2,Dlo_miR413更倾向于调控Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3;调控Dlo_009939.1ERF98相关的Dlo_miR408与Dlo_miR774b,从表达趋势来看,Dlo_miR774b在龙眼体胚发生早期过程能够负调控Dlo_009939.1ERF98;Dlo_miR399c与Dlo_022310.1ERF1 1在EC到GE阶段可能存在负调控关系。(5)不同梯度浓度的乙烯处理使得DlERF基因表达显著下调。这些发现提供了有关龙眼体胚发生早期DlERF的重要见解,从而为将来对龙眼体胚发生早期过程中DlERF的功能分析奠定了基础。     

猪支气管败血波氏杆菌hcp基因缺失株构建及其生物学特性研究

【目的】构建猪支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica,Bb)Ⅵ型分泌系统(T6SS)溶血素共调节蛋白hcp基因缺失株,并对其基本生物学特性进行初步的研究。【方法】使用自杀性质粒介导同源重组的方法敲除猪支气管败血波氏杆菌QH0814菌株hcp基因,并比较hcp基因缺失前后,菌体对细胞的黏附入侵、小鼠毒力及组织载菌量上的差异。【结果】成功构建支气管败血波氏杆菌hcp基因缺失株QH0814Δhcp,连续传50代且遗传稳定;缺失株与亲本株生长无明显差异;缺失株的黏附能力与亲本株差异不显著,但入侵能力显著降低(P0.05);与亲本株相比,半数致死量提高,同时,缺失株对昆明鼠的感染能力也显著降低(P0.05)。【结论】hcp基因的缺失对支气管败血波氏杆菌增殖无影响,但缺失后其入侵能力和定殖能力显著降低,由此推测hcp基因与支气管败血波氏杆菌的入侵和定殖相关。     

发状念珠藻干旱胁迫响应基因NfGR的克隆与鉴定

该研究采用PCR技术,从发状念珠藻细胞中克隆了谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)基因,命名为NfGR,其开放阅读框长1 374bp,编码458个氨基酸,蛋白相对分子量为49.42kD,理论等电点为5.49。氨基酸序列分析表明,NfGR蛋白具有NADPH结合位点超家族(NADB-Rossmann superfamily)和吡啶氧化还原酶二聚体超家族(Pyr_redox_dim superfamily)2个结构域,与点形念珠藻(Nostoc punctiforme)的相似性达93%。系统进化树分析表明,NfGR与点形念珠藻处在同一进化枝上,亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR表达分析表明,在不同浓度PEG-6000处理下,NfGR基因均保持上调表达,其中,PEG-6000浓度为8%时,NfGR基因的相对表达量达到峰值(32.69)。研究推测,谷胱甘肽还原酶可能参与了发状念珠藻对干旱胁迫过程的响应。     

无芒隐子草CsPEAMT基因克隆及表达特性分析

以无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)干旱胁迫下的cDNA文库中磷酸乙醇胺N-甲基转移酶(phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase,PEAMT)基因的EST序列为基础,采用RACE方法克隆该基因编码区序列,该序列全长为2 104bp,开放读码框1 506bp,编码501个氨基酸。无芒隐子草PEAMT蛋白编码的氨基酸序列与多种植物的PEAMT氨基酸序列有较高相似性,其中与高粱SbPEAMT、玉米ZmPEAMT的蛋白序列相似性最高(93%),说明PEAMT基因在植物进化中非常保守。采用实时定量RT-PCR分析无芒隐子草幼苗在干旱过程中CsPEAMT基因的表达结果显示,干旱胁迫诱导CsPEAMT基因在根和叶中大量表达,且在干旱第8天时CsPEAMT基因在叶和根中表达量分别是未干旱对照的43.35倍和13.25倍,复水后CsPEAMT基因的表达量开始下调。研究表明CsPEAMT基因可能是无芒隐子草抗旱性相关的基因。     

Effects of experimental infection with Eimeria bovis on the balance of sodium, potassium and water in calves

Balance trials were performed to investigate the effects of experimental Eimeria bovis coccidiosis on the metabolism of water, sodium and potassium in calves. Non-infected pair-fed controls and controls fed according to plan were included in the study to allow differentiation between the effects due to infection and due to changes in feed intake. Primary infection with 5 × 10⁴ (group A) or 1 × 10⁵ (group B) oocysts caused mild diarrhoea in three out of four group A calves and mild to severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea in all five group B calves. Losses of sodium and potassium via faeces tended to increase in the infected calves during patency and apparent digestibility (AD) of these minerals was comparably low. In the urine of the infected calves the Na/K-ratio decreased due to a reduced urinary excretion of sodium. The retention (RT) of sodium was particularly high in the calves that had received the higher oocyst dose. Potassium RT did not underlie significant changes during the course of coccidiosis. In the infected calves the plasma level of sodium was reduced transiently while the level of potassium remained fairly stable. Infections with the higher oocyst dose caused a distinct reduction of fluid excretion via urine which compensated for the increased faecal water losses during severe diarrhoea. Reinfection of the group A calves with 1 × 10⁵ oocysts did not cause any significant metabolic impairment. The results of this study indicate that although acute sublethal bovine coccidiosis alters electrolyte and water metabolism the overall balance of electrolytes and water is largely maintained by physiologic adaptation.     

青海一株蚕豆根瘤菌的鉴定及抗旱性评价

【目的】研究青海干旱地区蚕豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性,获得与蚕豆品种共生匹配且具有耐旱性的根瘤菌株,促进蚕豆耐旱根瘤菌在青海干旱地区生产中的应用。【方法】以分离自青海干旱地区一株菌株QHCD22为材料,利用细菌形态学、生理生化指标鉴定、Biolog细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA基因序列分析、全基因组分析等进行菌种鉴定和系统发育分析,进一步通过PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫、盆栽回接干旱胁迫处理及旱作田间接种验证试验对该菌株的耐旱性进行综合评价。【结果】QHCD22菌株属快生型根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),Rhizobium indicum种。随着PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫程度的加剧,在−0.6 mPa这一更低渗透势时菌株存活数量增高,浊度由61.48%上升到69.42%,表现出较强的耐旱性。盆栽试验表明,接种根瘤菌处理(NA)的株高、植株鲜干比、根瘤数、根瘤鲜重、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、脯氨酸含量(PRO)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、根系活力(TCC)均高于不接种根瘤菌处理(NN),并且在正常供水条件下,NA处理的各指标也均高于NN处理。旱作田间验证试验表明接种该菌株显著提高固氮酶活性,青海13号蚕豆根瘤固氮酶活性由不接种的42.07 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到221.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),青蚕14号蚕豆由40.60 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到109.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),马牙蚕豆由33.41 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到643.15 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)。接种根瘤菌对于增加产量具有促进作用,其中青蚕14号的增产效果显著,增产幅度达32.3%。【结论】QHCD22菌株可能为快生型根瘤菌属的一个种Rhizobium indicum,具有一定的耐旱性,研究表明接种根瘤菌可以提高蚕豆的耐旱性,尤其对干旱敏感型蚕豆品种增产效果显著,具有潜在的应用前景。     

互花米草NHX2基因的克隆与功能鉴定

NHX2属于CPA1基因家族,编码Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白,控制液泡膜中活性K~+的摄取,同时调节气孔的关闭。该研究以耐盐植物互花米草为材料,采用PCR技术克隆NHX2基因,并将其转入拟南芥进行相关功能鉴定。结果显示:(1)成功克隆获得互花米草NHX2基因CDS序列(1 602 bp),命名为SaNHX2,该基因编码533个氨基酸,SaNHX2蛋白的分子量约为58.65 kD,定位于细胞核和细胞膜,表明SaNHX2基因可能发挥转录调控的功能。(2) qRT-PCR结果显示,在ABA、NaCl和干旱胁迫处理下,互花米草叶和根中SaNHX2基因的表达量均上调。(3)为进一步鉴定其功能,成功构建植物表达载体,将SaNHX2基因转入拟南芥;经RT-PCR检测结果显示,SaNHX2基因在转基因植株中过表达;高盐胁迫处理后,转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的主根长度、叶绿素总量和相关胁迫应答基因表达量均高于转空载拟南芥,表明转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的耐盐能力显著增强。研究表明,SaNHX2基因可能在盐胁迫调节机制中发挥调控作用,可作为改良农作物耐盐的重要候选基因。     

三裂叶薯NBS-LRR类抗病基因的筛选鉴定与结构分析

为发掘甘薯近缘野生种三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)的NBS-LRR类抗病基因,从基因数据库中对三裂叶薯基因组序列进行了筛选、鉴定和分析。结果表明,从三裂叶薯的98 025个基因中,筛选到282个编码NBS-LRR类蛋白的基因,其中N型80个,NL型83个,CN型28个,CNL型57个,TN型10个,TNL型23个,RN型1个。三裂叶薯的16条染色体上均含有NBS-LRR家族基因,数量最多的染色体含有65个,最少的只有1个。三裂叶薯基因组共有55个基因簇,包含了63.5%的NBS-LRR家族基因。在NBS-LRR抗病基因家族中,CNL和TNL亚家族分别对应到7和11个保守结构域。这为三裂叶薯抗性资源的利用提供了科学参考。