组织透明化三维显示全包埋耳皮肤神经血管网（英文）

目的 结合组织学染色技术和组织透明化策略研究耳部皮肤中神经纤维和血管的空间对应关系。方法 将耳廓前面和后面的皮肤从其中间软骨仔细剥离，然后直接分别用蛋白基因产物9.5 (PGP 9.5)和鬼笔环肽对耳部皮肤的神经纤维和血管进行免疫荧光染色并进行组织透明化处理。随后，以全包埋方式将耳皮肤组织裱贴在载玻片上用于荧光显微镜和共聚焦显微镜观察。结果 本研究显示PGP 9.5阳性神经纤维伴随鬼笔环肽标记的血管一道从耳廓的基部走行到其外围区域形成耳廓的神经血管网。在传统的免疫荧光染色技术基础上，后续的组织透明化技术可以更好地展示耳部皮肤中神经纤维和血管的形态学细节。结论 从方法学的角度来看，组织透明化技术增进了耳部皮肤中免疫荧光标记的可视性，它可能成为有效的技术手段用于解析正常和病理状态下耳部神经血管网的空间结构。     

电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin影响的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

目的： 观察电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin影响,探讨血管内皮细胞电离辐射损伤的机理.方法： 用Co60 γ射线对体外培养的血管内皮细胞进行0、2、4、6、8、10、12 Gy照射,于照射后6小时后用激光共聚焦显微镜对其细胞骨架蛋白F-actin进行观察.结果： 细胞骨架蛋白F-actin随着辐射剂量的增加而解聚增加,这种变化呈剂量依赖性.结论： 电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin的破坏可能是血管内皮细胞辐射损伤机体机理之一.     

不同显色方法在显示脑动脉壁神经纤维中的应用

显示组织中抗原可以用免疫标记技术进行检测,常用的免疫标记物有：荧光素、酶和放射性核素等。其中直接用荧光标记抗体,在荧光显微镜下观察结果;用酶标记抗体加显色底物显色,在光学显微镜下可进行观察;应用放射性核素标记抗体具有灵敏度高的优点。通过这些方法可达到对组织或细胞内多种物质成分进行定性、定位和定量分析,     

组织工程静脉血管种子细胞的培养

目的获取可应用于静脉血管组织工程的种子细胞内皮细胞。方法选取北京地区雄性杂种犬,取其双侧颈外静脉,采用翻转后酶消法,获取原代内皮细胞,对其进行原代培养和传代培养,冻存、复苏和鉴定,并利用光学显微镜进行观察。结果获取犬的颈外静脉后,实验采取了翻转后酶消法,所获得的内皮细胞纯度和数量得到了提高;经过鉴定确实为内皮细胞来源;活性好,增殖快,在较短的时间内能够达到后期实验所需数量。结论经体外培养的犬的颈外静脉内皮细胞可以作为组织工程血管的种子细胞。     

观察卵巢移植后血管重建的墨汁灌注法

组织器官的墨汁灌注是一种传统的观察血管分布的检测方法,由于其不与一般的化学试剂发生反应,灌注后可同时附加其它组织学制片技术,因此可用于血管走向和重建的研究。为了观察促血管化因素对无血管吻合卵巢组织移植物血管化的影响,我们使用了墨汁灌注法,目的在于观察移植物与受体移植部位的血供重建时间。     

一种简单的人脐带间充质干细胞分离培养方法

目的 建立一种简单的人脐带间充质干细胞分离培养方法.方法 取新鲜脐带,剪成5 cm长的小段,直接剪碎为糊状,加入含10％胎牛血清的DMEM/F12在培养瓶中培养,光学显微镜下观察细胞的生长特征,运用流式细胞仪检测分析细胞的抗原标志表达,并检测其体外多向分化潜能.结果 运用不剥离血管组织、不用酶消化的组织贴块培养法可以从...     

人、猪、鼠血管内皮及平滑肌细胞培养与纯化方法的改进

对培养和纯化猪主动脉内皮细胞,人脐静脉内皮细胞,猪和鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的方法进行改进。对其鉴定方法进行了讨论,用胶原酶或胰酶消化法,或机械法分别从猪主动脉,人脐静脉,鼠主动脉获得内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞进行培养,用光学相差显微镜,免疫组化的方法进行鉴定,结果显示,相差显微镜观察,人脐静脉内皮细胞接种后2-3小时贴壁,继而铺开生长,在视野内形成散在细胞团,细胞呈铺路石样排列的单层,随着传代次数增多,可见核分裂,双核及多核,猪血管内皮细胞呈鹅卵石样,多角形,生长分裂旺盛时可见两个或多个核,猪和鼠的平滑肌细胞在相差显微镜下外观为长梭形,细胞生长致密时排列成束,相互平行,并且重叠生长,表现为典型的“波峰”与“浪谷”状。猪血管内皮细胞DiI-Ac-LDL染色,在荧光显微镜下显示特征性的黄绿色荧光,人Ⅷ因子抗原免疫组化检测人脐静脉内皮细胞,显微镜下可见核周胞浆呈现阳性反应,免疫组织化学法进行平滑肌细胞α-肌动蛋白染色,显微镜下见细胞浆内着色,本介绍的培养及纯化猪血管内皮细胞,猪平滑肌细胞,鼠平滑肌细胞的方法简便易行。     

用花背蟾蜍的蝌蚪观察血液循环

用蝌蚪观察血液循环的好处是:材料易得,观察时是将蝌蚪装在一个特制的水槽中,不离开水,生态自然,而且血管网路清晰,效果较好。观察时除需要体视镜(或称立体显微镜)、显微镜外,还要制做一个专用水槽。现将具体做法概述如下: (一)观察外鳃的血液循环发育自开口期至尾血循环期为最好时期。用体视镜观察:同常规实体观察方法。用显微镜观察:最好选用一个三或五倍的物镜,配以五倍的目镜。倍数太大不能看见蝌蚪整体,只能看见尾鳍的局部,直观效果不好。观察时除用原显微镜的反射光源外,最好加一个明亮的投射光(可用幻灯代替)。细心地调整     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）法观察宁夏枸杞的胚珠发育

宁夏枸杞胚珠孚尔根染色后经透明用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜直接观察各发育时期胚珠内部结构。结果显示,用孚尔根染色后,枸杞大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的各个阶段都可在激光共聚焦显微镜下清楚呈现。此种方法克服了胚囊因深埋在胚珠体细胞组织中而难以观察的问题。与经典的切片方法相比,该法可对胚珠整体进行观察,操作简单、可在较短时间内大规模地检测胚囊发育状况。     

小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的原代培养及鉴定

为了体外分离培养小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AS)。取新生24 h内ICR乳鼠,超净台内断头取脑,体视显微镜下剥除脑膜、血管及海马,获得完整的大脑皮层组织,经手术刀切碎组织,旋涡震荡,过两次尼龙筛网以制备单细胞悬液,接种于35 mm塑料培养皿,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态学状况,培养至3~4周,进行星形胶质细胞标记性蛋白胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)免疫荧光鉴定细胞纯度。本研究表明,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞于接种后2~3 d大部分贴壁,生长至7 d左右即铺满皿底,3~4周细胞生长成熟,胞体较大,形状不规则,呈"铺路石"(cobblestone-like structure)状,免疫荧光鉴定可见GFAP阳性细胞占细胞总数比例达95%以上。通过以上方法可获得高纯度星形胶质细胞,为下一步实验提供大量生长状态良好的细胞。     

动脉粥样硬化模型-大耳白家兔脑血管在体成像

动脉粥样硬化是中老年人的常见病,对人类的健康危害很大。应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,在不同刺激药物作用下对动脉粥样硬化大耳白家兔的脑血管形态进行了活体的实时动态观察。从脑血管的荧光图像和血管横截面的荧光强度分布可获取正常与异常状态血管内血流状态的相关形态学和流变学参数,从而提供对血管的阻塞状况以及形成机理进行研究的重要信息。     

激光共聚焦显微镜在肿瘤免疫治疗检测中的应用

目的:通过激光共聚焦显微镜对肿瘤生物治疗后患者的外周血淋巴细胞进行亚群计数,为生物治疗后外周血淋巴细胞无法分群的肿瘤患者提供新的监测免疫功能状态的方法。方法:收集35例肿瘤生物治疗后患者的外周血标本,通过激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪两种方法分别对患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群进行分类计数。结果:流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜同时分类计数的患者外周血细胞标本30例,两种方法在检测CD3、CD3~+/CD4~+、CD3~+/CD8~+、CD3-/CD16~+56~+、CD3-/CD19~+细胞时均无统计学差异(P值0.05);5例流式细胞仪无法将患者外周血淋巴细胞分群的样本,通过激光共聚焦显微镜可以进行分类计数。结论:激光共聚焦显微镜亦可以用于外周血淋巴细胞的分类计数。     

用激光共聚焦显微镜鉴别可疑笔迹与印章

本文采用激光共聚焦显微镜鉴别可疑笔迹和印章及其它的文件。法医在鉴别可疑文件时通常都是凭经验和用普通光学显微镜,找出其中的一些物理特征。但还是有许多文件的笔迹顺序无法确定,尤其是墨水写的笔迹,为解决法医的这一问题,我们用激光共聚焦显微镜鉴别了72例不同铅笔和圆珠笔写的肉眼难于鉴别的交叉笔顺和其他的一些文字文件。在激光共激光共聚焦显微镜下大多数笔迹和印章都能发出荧光,因此很容易鉴别其笔顺和印章的特征,必要时还可以进行笔顺的三维图象构建,以帮助鉴别。结论：激光共聚焦显微镜可以更准确地鉴别可疑笔迹和印章。印章和笔迹的交叉也很容易分辨出来。     

An intradermal assay for quantification and kinetics studies of tumor angiogenesis in mice.

A method is reported for the study of early phases of neovascularization in syngeneic murine tumors and human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Using this method, the effect of irradiation of tumor cells or tumor bed on tumor angiogenesis was studied. Tumor cells were injected intradermally in the abdominal skin flap, which was reopened at 2-day intervals to quantify newly formed blood vessels at the site of tumor cell injection. Both tumor cell injection and blood vessel counting were performed under a dissecting microscope. Using three syngeneic murine tumors and two clones of a human colonic adenocarcinoma, it was observed that new blood vessels started appearing within a few days after tumor cell injection and that this event preceded measurable tumor growth. The number of blood vessels increased exponentially for several days but then their further growth slowed. The extent of angiogenesis depended on the tumor type and the number of tumor cells injected. The exposure of the skin flap to ionizing radiation prior to tumor cell injection reduced neovascularization. We further observed that heavily irradiated tumor cells retained their ability to induce angiogenic response and that lymphoid cells (peritoneal exudate and spleen cells) could also elicit an angiogenic response, although it is weaker than the response elicited by tumor cells. Thus this method is suitable for quantification and kinetics of early phases of tumor angiogenesis in individual mice bearing transplants of syngeneic tumors or human tumor xenografts, and it can be useful for investigating various regulators of tumor angiogenesis.     

Patterns of blood-vessel invasion by mammary tumor cells

Rat mammary tumor TMT-081 was employed as a model for blood vessel invasion because its mode of metastasis resembles that of human tumors. The invasive mechanism was studied with two methods of serial transplantation: transfer of enzymatically dispersed solid tumors, and transfer of buffy coat containing circulating tumor cells. The latter method produced greater invasion of blood vessels, including larger veins and occasionally arteries, perhaps by obviating damage to tumor cells during enzyme treatment. The course of migration was traced by three-dimensional examination in the high voltage electron microscope, as well as the light microscope. Two broad patterns were found for the course of invasion of small and large vessels respectively.     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在花粉研究中的应用

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（Laser scanning confocal microscope,LSCM）是普通光学显微镜、激光、计算机及其相应的软件技术结合的产物,能实现连续光学切片和生物三维结构重组及动态分析.作为一种先进的技术手段,LSCM技术已经为花粉生物学的研究提供了有价值的新资料,大大地推动了植物生殖生物学的发展.本文综述了LSCM技术在花粉粒形态（形状、大小及三维重建）、花粉的内部结构（如细胞骨架）、花粉的遗传学、花粉的发育、花粉的萌发、花粉自发荧光特性、孢粉研究等方面中的应用,并指出了LSCM的不足之处,最后提出了LSCM技术在花粉研究中的应用展望.未来LSCM技术应该与多光子技术、活细胞工作站技术相结合使用,才能更准确地进行花粉动态研究的实时监测.     

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察雪松花粉和花粉管

为更直观地观察和显示花粉和花粉管中细胞结构及其细胞核的状态与行为。雪松花粉和花粉管经卡诺液固定,分别以埃氏苏木精、曙红、Hoechst 33243单染和曙红-Hoechst 33342双染后,用冬青油整体透明,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察。4种染色法观察效果不同;以曙红-Hoechst 33342双染的样品观察效果最佳,在紫外光激发下清晰地显示出细胞核,在488 nm激光激发下不仅能清晰看到花粉和花粉管壁结构,且能分辨管细胞、柄细胞及体细胞的结构特点和空间位置关系。建立了一种快速简便的适于在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察花粉和花粉管中成员细胞结构及其细胞核的状态、行为的制片技术;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜具有独特的共轭成像装置、连续光学扫描、图像三维重组和多通道检测等功能,极好地展示了雪松花粉和花粉管的结构特点,相比于传统的光学显微镜和荧光显微镜,其观察到的图像更清晰、更直观、更具立体感。     

5’核苷酸酶碱性磷酸酶双重染色法在毛细淋巴管研究中的应用

本文应用5’-N-ALP双重染色法观察了裸鼠皮肤及人胃癌组织内淋巴管的形态和细微分布.在光镜下毛细淋巴管、淋巴管呈5’-N强阳性反应,管壁显示明显的棕色或深棕色,而毛细血管、血管的ALP呈强阳性,管壁呈明显的蓝色.据此可用组化方法将毛细淋巴管和毛细血管区别开来.本法能显示呈褐色的毛细淋巴管,特别是呈实性条索状的毛细淋巴管,因而双重染色比HE染色更能客观、准确地显示毛细淋巴管的分布.     

Therapeutic success of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) mediated by a chemically non-selective boron agent in an experimental model of oral cancer: a new paradigm in BNCT radiobiology

The hypothesis of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) research has been that the short-range, high-linear energy transfer radiation produced by the capture of thermal neutrons by (10)B will potentially control tumor and spare normal tissue only if the boron compound selectively targets tumor tissue within the treatment volume. In a previous in vivo study of low-dose BNCT mediated by GB-10 (Na(2)(10)B(10)H(10)) alone or combined with boronophenylalanine (BPA) in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model that was primarily designed to evaluate safety and feasibility, we showed therapeutic effects but no associated normal tissue radiotoxicity. In the present study, we evaluated the response of tumor, precancerous and normal tissue to high-dose BNCT mediated by GB-10 alone or combined with BPA. Despite the fact that GB-10 does not target hamster cheek pouch tumors selectively, GB-10-BNCT induced a 70% overall tumor response with no damage to normal tissue. (GB-10+BPA)-BNCT induced a 93% overall tumor response with no normal tissue radiotoxicity. Light microscope analysis showed that GB-10-BNCT selectively damages tumor blood vessels, sparing precancerous and normal tissue vessels. In this case, selective tumor lethality would thus result from selective blood vessel damage rather than from selective uptake of the boron compound.     

Cell-cycle-dependent drug-resistant quiescent cancer cells induce tumor angiogenesis after chemotherapy as visualized by real-time FUCCI imaging

We previously demonstrated that quiescent cancer cells in a tumor are resistant to conventional chemotherapy as visualized with a fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI). We also showed that proliferating cancer cells exist in a tumor only near nascent vessels or on the tumor surface as visualized with FUCCI and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing tumor vessels. In the present study, we show the relationship between cell-cycle phase and chemotherapy-induced tumor angiogenesis using in vivo FUCCI real-time imaging of the cell cycle and nestin-driven GFP to detect nascent blood vessels. We observed that chemotherapy-treated tumors, consisting of mostly of quiescent cancer cells after treatment, had much more and deeper tumor vessels than untreated tumors. These newly-vascularized cancer cells regrew rapidly after chemotherapy. In contrast, formerly quiescent cancer cells decoyed to S/G₂ phase by a telomerase-dependent adenovirus did not induce tumor angiogenesis. The present results further demonstrate the importance of the cancer-cell position in the cell cycle in order that chemotherapy be effective and not have the opposite effect of stimulating tumor angiogenesis and progression.