A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING BRAIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Abstract— Mice were infused intravenously for varying periods of time with L-[U-¹⁴C]- tyrosine. The specific activity of free tyrosine in the blood and the brain, and of protein-bound tyrosine in the brain, was measured and the mean rate of protein synthesis calculated. The half-life of mixed brain proteins was found to be close to 4 days with infusions lasting 0.5–2 h.
The origin of the intracellular tyrosine pool was investigated and it was shown that 60 per cent of this was derived directly from the plasma tyrosine and 40 per cent from protein breakdown within the tissue.     

A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN AND ITS USE FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS

—A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for myelin basic protein is described which is sensitive to 10⁻⁹ g of basic protein. The amount of basic protein detected in isolated myelin by the RIA and by SDS-gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometric quantitation agree to within experimental error. In contrast to isolated myelin, the major portion of the basic protein in fresh tissue is not accessible to its antibody. It is shielded from its antibody in a complex which is disrupted by heat, organic solvents, and various detergents. Maximum antibody binding was obtained with tissue heated to 100°C for 10 min. It is possible to calculate that the RIA quantitatively detects basic protein in boiled tissue. Boiled adult rat brain contains approximately 2·5 μg of basic protein/mg wet wt of cerebral cortex. The antibody to basic protein has no capacity to bind non-neural tissues.     

蛋白磷酸酯酶-1和-2A抑制剂对NG108-15细胞tau蛋白磷酸化的影响

Alzheimer痴呆(AD)的主要脑病理变化之一为由超磷酸化的tau蛋白组成的神经原纤维缠结(Neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)。AD的Tau蛋白异常磷酸化与蛋白磷酸酯酶(PP)-2A和-1缺陷有关。本文首先用免疫印迹法显示NG含两大组分的tau蛋白。MTT方法观察到PP-2A和PP-1抑制剂冈 田酸(Okadaic acid.OA)处理NG108-14细胞能导致细胞代谢明显下降,同时免疫印迹法显示OA能导致的NG细胞Tau蛋白磷酸化。该研究为建立AD样蛋白磷酸酯酶缺陷引起的tau蛋白磷酸化的细胞模型奠定了基础。     

A METHOD FOR MEASURING BRAIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RATES IN YOUNG AND ADULT RATS

The injection of large quantities of radioactive amino acid precursor is proposed as a technique for determining rates of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo. In this way the specific radioactivity of the amino acid precursor in the brain is maintained at a relatively constant level for at least 2 h. Injections of 10–15 μ mol of valine per g body weight result in nearly constant rates of incorporation of radioactivity and do not appear to inhibit cerebral protein synthesis in adult or young (2–6 day old) rat brain. Similar rates were obtained in young rat brain with lysine and histidine. Rates of protein synthesis in cerebral hemisphere were for 2-day-olds 2·1 per cent replacement of protein bound amino acid per h and for adult 0·62 per cent per h. Advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are discussed.     

A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING INTESTINAL CELL TRANSIT TIME

Villous exfoliation of intestinal epithelial cells, which had been previously labeled in the crypt with ¹²⁵I-iododeoxy-uridine, can be detected by thyroidal accumulation of the liberated ¹²⁵I^-. The latter can be monitored externally. The interval between labeled precursor injection and the steep portion of the thyroid activity accumulation curve corresponds to the intestinal cell transit time, as measured by destructive techniques, in three animal species. The technique allows estimations of intestinal cell transit time to be made on an individual basis, and can be expeditiously applied to large animals. Very small tracer doses are required for detection.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFIC RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR ACETYLCHOLINE

Abstract— The synthesis of an acetylcholine-like immunogen and its use in production of antibodies specific to ACh is described. Cross-reactivity of anti-ACh antibody to choline was only 0.1% that to ACh. Insignificant cross reaction to acetate and phosphorylcholine occurred, enabling use of these antibodies in a radioimmunoassay for determination of endogenous ACh levels. Significant cross-reactivity of the antibody to succinylcholine. decamethonium, dimethylphenylpiperazinium, carbachol and butyr-ylcholine was observed. The correlation coefficient for determination of endogenous ACh by bioassay and radioimmunoassay was 0.994. ACh levels by radioimmunoassay in brain areas of rats killed by microwave irradiation were: striatum, 77.8; cortex, 28.8; hippocampus, 25.4; midbrain. 47; and hypothalamus, 25 nmol/g.     

A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF DELTA CRYSTALLIN IN CHICK LENS DIFFERENTIATION

Delta crystallin was isolated from 10–13 day chick embryo lens fiber cells. The lens fiber cell extract was isoelectrically precipitated at pH 5.1 to remove alpha and beta crystallins. Further purification by filtration through Sephadex G-150 and then acrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded a single, homogeneous preparation of delta crystallin, as characterized by gel electrophoresis. This purified delta crystallin was injected into rabbits to produce a potent antiserum to chick lens delta crystallin. The purified delta crystallin was iodinated with ¹²⁵Iodine, using the chloramine-T procedure. A radioimmunoassay for delta crystallin was then developed, using the principles of competitive protein binding analysis. The radioimmunoassay developed here had a minimum sensitivity of 50 nanograms, and effectively ranged to 1000 nanograms.
Developing lens rudiments from early chick embryos, beginning from 24 hr incubation up to 72 hr were examined at 6 hr intervals. All determinations from 24 hr through the 48 hr sample showed less than 10 nanograms per 100 lens rudiments. This was below the effective minimum detection limits of the assay. The first accumulation of delta crystallin was detected in the 54 hr sample, and increased thereafter.     

辛德毕斯病毒非结构蛋白nsP2在细胞内的分布

应用免疫电镜技术,直观地显示出辛德毕斯病毒的nsP2蛋白存在于细胞核中以及它在核内的分布.将含有nsP2蛋白的一段SbV的cDNA转染细胞,结果表明,单独表达的nsP2仍可进入细胞核中.     

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN FRACTIONS FROM ISOLATED BRAIN CELL NUCLEI

Abstract— 1. The incorporation in vivo and in vitro of isotopically labelled leucine into fractions of nuclear proteins from young and adult rat brain was investigated.
2. During post-natal cerebral maturation, the ability of nuclei from brain cells to synthesize proteins decreased. The specific activities of all the fractions of nuclear protein were highest in 3-day-old rats and declined thereafter. Nuclei from adult brain cells exhibited only 10 per cent of the activity found in nuclei from brain cells of 3-day-old rats.
3. The 'residual protein' fraction was most rapidly labelled, peak activity being reached within 30 min after injection. In vitro , the 'residual protein' fraction attained maximum activity within 40 min.
4. The specific activity of the chromatin acidic proteins (HCl-insoluble) was considerably higher than that of the histones both in vivo and in vitro. Histones were the most inert of all the nuclear protein fractions studied.
The possible functional significance of the various protein fractions during the process of cerebral maturation and in the adult brain is discussed.     

FOUR PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS IN PIGEON BRAIN EXTRACTS DETECTED BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Abstract— Proteins of the brain extracts of 85 individual pigeons (Columba livia) were mapped by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The method is a modification of O'Farrell 'S technique and separates proteins first by charge and then by molecular weight. There were three proteins, A, B and D which had each a variant form. The positions of these six proteins on the gel corresponded to the following pH values and molecular weight values: protein A₁, 6.4/43,000; A₂, 6.6/43,000; B₁, 5.7/41,000; B₂, 5.8/40,000; D₁, 6.2/22,000; D₂, 6.2/21,000. The variants are genetically determined, since protein A, B and D each occurred in three phenotypes (A₁, A₁A₂ and A₂; B₁, B₁B₂ and B₂; D₁, D₁D₂ and D₂) corresponding to the three possible genotypes. From the observed frequencies of the phenotypes the following allele frequencies were calculated: allele A₁, 72%; A₂, 28%; B₁, 15%; B₂, 85%; D₁, 74%; D₂, 26%. A fourth protein named C occurred in four different forms (C₁, 7.2/37,000; C₂, 7.2/36,000; C₃, 7.1/37,000; C₄, 7.1/36,000) and six phenotypes (C₁, C₁C₂, C₂, C₁C₃, C₂C₃ and C₄C₃). This polymorphism is also interpreted as being genetically determined. The four alleles coding for the four protein C forms had the following frequencies: allele C₁, 62%; C₂, 27%; C₃, 10.5%; C₄, 0.5%.     

棉花子房中存在细胞分裂素的专一结合蛋白

棉花子房细胞提取物1000r/min沉淀组分(P_1)和10 000r/min沉淀组分(P_(10))均能与6-BA专一结合,但不能与ABA专一结合。非标记的激动素、玉米素和6-BA等细胞分裂素类物质均可将与P_1结合的[~3H]6-BA取代下来,其它激素IAA和ABA、细胞分裂素的结构类似物cAMP和腺嘌呤均无取代作用。胰蛋白酶处理可明显降低P_1和6-BA的专一结合,说明在棉花子房中存在细胞分裂素的专一结合蛋白。二硫苏糖醇(DTT)、半胱氨酸和还原型谷胱甘肽强烈抑制P_1的专一结合,提示某种可还原基团,很可能是二硫键,定位于结合蛋白,且与其结合活性有关。在子房细胞里存在能钝化细胞分裂素结合蛋白活性的物质,其钝化能力是热不稳定的。     

EZH2蛋白在食管上皮永生化细胞系和恶性转化细胞系中的表达

目的研究EZH2蛋白在食管上皮永生化细胞系(SHEE)和恶性转化细胞系(SHEEC)中的表达。方法采用免疫细胞化学染色、免疫印迹分析和流式细胞术检测两种细胞系EZH2蛋白的表达。结果两种细胞EZH2蛋白染色均呈阳性,阳性反应定位于细胞核,部分细胞胞浆也有阳性着色。免疫印迹分析表明SHEEC细胞和SHEE细胞的总蛋白、核蛋白在分子质量约90ku的位置均出现特异性印迹条带。SHEE细胞中EZH2蛋白的表达强于SHEEC细胞(P<0.05)。流式细胞术显示EZH2蛋白在两种细胞中均有表达,两者的平均荧光强度无明显差别;阳性细胞率均较高,其中SHEE细胞阳性率高于SHEEC细胞。结论EZH2蛋白在SHEE细胞和SHEEC细胞中高表达可能参与了它们的恶性改变;而EZH2蛋白在两种细胞系中的差异表达可能与细胞的分化程度及来源于胚胎食管上皮细胞相关。     

BMP-2、-3、-6和-12在骨肉瘤细胞株中的表达

目的研究骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)-2、-3、-6和-12在骨肉瘤细胞株中的表达,为下一步研究BMPs在骨肉瘤发生发展中的作用奠定基础。方法利用免疫细胞化学法和Western blot法检测BMP-2、-3、-6和-12在人骨肉瘤细胞株MG63、U2OS和大鼠骨肉瘤细胞株UMR106中的内源性表达。结果在MG63、U2OS和UMR106细胞中,BMP-2、-3和-6均呈不同程度的阳性表达;而BMP-12在这3株骨肉瘤细胞中则均为阴性,并且两种检测方法所得结果完全一致。结论BMP-2、-3和-6在人骨肉瘤细胞株MG63、U2OS和大鼠骨肉瘤细胞株UMR106中均有内源性表达;而这3株骨肉瘤细胞中均未检出BMP-12的表达。     

A SENSITIVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR 7S NERVE GROWTH FACTOR ANTIGENS IN SERUM AND TISSUES

A radioimmunoassay was developed which can measure accurately concentrations of mouse 7S nerve growth factor antigens (NGFA) as low as 3·0 ng/ml in serum or tissue homogenates. Extremely large amounts of presumed nerve growth factor were found in the submaxillary gland; but considerable quantities were also present in mouse serum, kidney, adrenal gland and vas deferens. Heart, spleen, liver and muscle contained less of the presumed nerve growth factor, and only small amounts were recovered from brain. Rat adrenal gland and serum from rats, guinea pigs and man contained much less immunologically reactive material. The level of presumed nerve growth factor in the mouse heart was highest at birth and decreased slowly during maturation. In the mouse submaxillary gland the content of presumed nerve growth factor increased rapidly after 2 weeks of postnatal age, with higher levels found in male animals. Destruction with 6-hydroxydopamine of the sympathetic nerves in the hearts of newborn or adult mice did not significantly alter the amount of presumed nerve growth factor recovered in the heart.     

热休克蛋白90抑制NIH3T3成纤维细胞凋亡

目的实验应用Hsp90过表达系统观察Hsp90抑制TNFα诱导的细胞凋亡,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法采用电穿孔技术建立稳定过表达Hsp90的细胞克隆,应用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪观察TNFα和放线菌酮诱导的细胞凋亡,应用比色分析和Western blotting方法检测caspase的变化。结果1)在稳定过表达Hsp90的NIH3T3细胞中,Hsp90能够抑制TNFα诱导的细胞凋亡。2)在凋亡信号转导通路中,Hsp90作用于caspase-8下游、caspase-3上游。结论1)Hsp90能够在细胞凋亡信号转导通路中发挥负性调节因子的作用。2)Hsp90抑制剂作为抗肿瘤药物的机制之一,可能是通过促进caspase-3活化而促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

胡桃楸提取液诱导Hela细胞凋亡的研究

目的：初步探讨胡桃揪提取液对Hela细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法：通过形态学观察,琼脂糖凝胶电泳及流式细胞术（FCM）检测凋亡细胞。结果：形态学观察发现核固缩、出现凋亡小体。琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见DNA ladder条带。流式细胞仪检测有凋亡峰。结论：胡桃揪提取液可诱导Hela细胞凋亡。     

食管鳞癌p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达研究

为探讨p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达与食管鳞癌生物学行为的关系,应用免疫组化LSAB法研究181例食管鳞癌中p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。结果发现,正常食管粘膜均无p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。47％食管鳞癌出现p53表达,p53阳性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮出现p53表达,p53阴性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮亦为阴性。p53阳性表达率与患年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、组织学分级,临床TNM分期无关,且与预后无关。51.4%食管鳞癌呈现c-erbB-2蛋白表达,癌旁非典型增生上皮无c-erbB-2表达。c-erbB-2阳性率与肿瘤组织学分级、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及肝转移有关,c-erbB-2阳性表达预后较差。结果提示,p53表达在食管鳞癌发生中起重要作用;c-erbB-2表达在食管鳞癌浸润转移中起重要作用。同时进行p53、c-erbB-2蛋白免疫组化检测,有助于对食管鳞癌进行早期诊断,监测病情和判断预后。     

EPO工程细胞株支原体检测

支原体污染是细胞培养过程中最常见的问题之一,对细胞支原体的检测是细胞特性鉴定的重要方面。我们采用抗支原体单抗免疫荧光法和培养法(包括液体培养法和固体培养法)检测工程细胞支原体。单抗免疫荧光法检测结果表明:支原体阳性的细胞膜表面有明亮荧光,工程细胞EPO C_2细胞膜表面无荧光。支原体液体培养法结果显示:作为阳性对照的支原体由于在生长过程中产酸使培养液变黄,而加入EPOC_2株细胞悬液的样品管与阴性对照管相同,无颜色变化。固体培养法结果显示:在显微镜下观察,支原体阳性对照在固体培养基上呈荷包蛋样集落,而阴性对照及EPO C_2株细胞样品均无菌落生长。以上结果表明:受检的EPO C_2株细胞未被支原体污染。