铅色水蛇Enhydris plumbea（Boie，1827）的生物学初探（蛇亚目：游蛇科：仰鼻蛇亚科）（图版封2，上）

根据野外观察和解剖标本,本文报道蛇亚目、游蛇科、水游蛇亚科中国南方常见优势种铅色水蛇的生物学研究初步结果。1,长度：112号雄蛇全长范围286～466mm,151号雌蛇全长范围306～504mm。海南陵水103号雄蛇最大全长358＋54=412mm,137号雌蛇最大全长443＋61=504mm。2．鳞片的变异：根据299号标本观察,数量恒定无变异的鳞片有：吻鳞（1）,鼻间鳞（1）,前额鳞（2）,额鳞（1）,顶鳞（2）,鼻鳞（每侧1）,颊鳞（每侧1）,眶上鳞（每侧1）,前颞鳞（每侧1）,颏鳞（1）,颔片（2对）,背鳞（19-19-17行）,肛前鳞（完整）;根据鳞片有变异的67号标本观察,可出现变异鳞片的变异范围及其频率：眶前鳞1（1→2,4．5％）,眶后鳞2（2→1,3．0％）,后颞鳞2（2→1．1．5％）,上唇鳞3-2-3（3-1-4,0．75％）,下唇鳞10（9,0．75％;11,2,25％）;腹鳞与尾下鳞则绝对有变异：腹鳞雄性112号变异幅度124～136（平均128．2）,雌性151号变异幅度123～132（平均126．1）,尾下鳞雄性107号变异幅度36～41（平均39．7）对,雌性149号变异幅度31～36（平均33．7）对。3．两代之间变异的消失和出现：两例母蛇的右侧眶前鳞均变异为2,她们的全部仔蛇21号均正常为1;一例母蛇的下唇鳞为正常的10枚,而她的仔蛇6号中有两号分别有一侧或两侧变异为9。4．垂直分布范围：沿海低地到海拔985m。5．栖息环境：各种水域,以静水水域为主,在海南陵水县吊罗山大里乡以灌水后的稻田为主,极少数发现在静水水域或流动缓慢的灌溉渠内。6．摄食和食性：每年4月开始摄食,6月为摄食高峰,9月停止;食物以小形蚌类和蝌蚪为主,其次为小鱼。7．繁殖习性：二级性征主要反映在雄性尾的比例较长,尾下鳞的数目相应较多;二级性比（出生时的性比）接近1：1,三级性比在居群较大的情况下也约为1：1,而在居群较小的情况下统计约为0．5：1;雌性性成熟期（以开始产仔为依据）全长都在350mm以上;解剖28号孕雌得知输卵管卵数3～12（平均6．3）枚;卵在母体内发育进程：解剖41号成熟雄性得知4月卵尚未发育,5月及6月处于发育中或晚期、产仔或已产出,7月基本都已产毕;统计两窝21仔得知初产出仔蛇全长127～139mm,母蛇体长大者其仔蛇亦较长;统计同窝9仔得知初生仔蛇重量2．4～2．5g,平均2．47g。本文是作者早期未发表的工作,现整理供对蛇类有兴趣的青年同行参考。本研究所用全部标本（包括3号雌蛇及其刚产出的仔蛇）均保存在中国科学院成都生物研究所两栖爬行动物标本馆。     

中国小头蛇属(蛇亚目,游蛇科)的分类修订

基于40号标本的形态研究,对中国小头蛇属Oligodon进行分类修订。四线小头蛇Oligodon taeniatus(Güther,1861)在中国没有分布,当初发表该纪录所依据的3号标本为紫棕小头蛇指名亚种Oligodon cinereus cinereus(Güther,1864);中国记录的管状小头蛇Oligodon cyclurus(Cantor,1839)应订正为束纹小头蛇Oligodon fascioatus(Güther,1864)。根据色斑、鳞被和半阴茎等综合特征,提出中国记录的喜山小头蛇Oligodon albocinctus包括2个物种,其中云南省陇川县标本为喜山小头蛇Oligodon albcinctus(Cantor,1839),而西藏墨脱县标本是尚未明确的小头蛇属未定种Oligodonsp.,其分类地位有待进一步研究。最后,提供中国分布的小头蛇属物种检索表。     

八种蛇(蛇亚目:游蛇科:颈槽蛇属)的半阴茎形态比较

蛇类半阴茎形态在研究蛇类的形态进化、分类和系统等方面具有重要的作用。对分布于我国境内的颈槽蛇属八种蛇(虎斑颈槽蛇、海南颈槽蛇、颈槽蛇、九龙颈槽蛇、缅甸颈槽蛇、黑纹颈槽蛇、喜山颈槽蛇和红脖颈槽蛇)的半阴茎进行详细描述和比较,并以此探讨部分物种的有效性和推断它们之间的进化及系统关系。     

山烙铁头蛇属在中国海南岛的发现(蛇亚目:蛙科:蝮亚科)

作者有幸在上海自然历史博物馆收藏中发现采于海南岛的山烙铁头蛇属(Ovophis Burgerin Hogeand Romano Hoge,1981)标本1号.该属广泛分布于中国、东亚和东南亚大部地区,但在海南岛尚无报道.本文对该标本详加描记.根据其鳞被特征,特别是尾下鳞成单,将其鉴定为过去仅知分布于越南山区的越南山烙铁头蛇Ovophis     

The retina of Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) and Telescopus fallax (Fleischmann, 1831) with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance (Colubroidea, Serpentes)

The retinas of the rear-faned snakes Psammodynastes pulverulentus and Telescopus fallax have been examined. P.pulverulentus has a simplex retina in which the proportion between the numbers of outer and inner nuclear layers is 1:8 which means that P.pulverulentus has a typical diurnal retina. This is further stressed by the find of a shallow, temporal fovea until now only known from a single snake genus, Ahaetulla. T. fallax has a two-tier retina with double cones, with almost the same numbers of outer and inner nuclear layers (1:1.3) which means that T.fallax has a typical nocturnal retina. - The two species are usually regarded as belonging to the boigine (s. str.) snakes, but the presence of double cones in both species and not least the presence of a retinal fovea in Psammodynastes, makes this assignment dubious, and their probable relationships to other Colubroids are discussed.     

莽山后棱蛇Opisthotropis cheni Zhao, 1999的再描述(Serpentes:Colubridae)

作者于1999年根据湖南宦章莽山标本发表新种莽山后棱蛇Opisthotropis cheni的鉴别特征,现对该蛇加以详细描述。莽山后棱蛇足小形水栖蛇,全长500～600mm,尾长占全长的五分之一左右,身体圆柱形,头较小,与颈区分不明显。鼻间鳞前端窄,鼻孔背侧位;眼小,背侧位;前额鳞单枚,甚宽,其两外侧扩展至头侧;颊鳞长,后端人眶;无眶前鳞,眶后鳞2;颞鳞1＋2（1）;上唇鳞8（3-2-3）为主;下唇鳞10,前4或5枚接前颔片;颔片2对,前对约为后对长的2倍。背鳞通身17行,除最外行其余微棱,腹鳞159～167．肛鳞二分,尾下鳞55～59对。背面暗橄榄褐色,体侧具多数淡黄色横斑,左右横斑彼此交错或在背中线相连;腹面色白或偶有灰点斑。雄性头腹前端鳞片（如颏鳞、颔片和前4～5对下唇鳞）上有多数疣粒,雌性则无。此蛇见于山溪或小河流水中,白昼隐藏于岩洞、石下、沙砾或杂草间,晚上或黄昏外出活动觅食,共采到5号标本,其叶14号均采于晚上20～22点之间,1号采于18点左右;被捕捉的蛇离水后两三天就死掉。此蛇也曾见于农耕地灌溉渠旁的杂草中。 山     

深圳宋卡湖根管虫(多毛纲:龙介虫科)个体发育的初步观察

对分布于中国深圳的宋卡湖根管虫Ficopomatus talehsapensis Pillai,2008进行了实验观察.结果表明:1)雌雄异体,精子或卵从鳃冠基部喷射至水中,体外受精,繁殖力强,受精后约0.8h开始卵裂,生活史经历早期胚胎发育、担轮幼虫、后担轮幼虫、游毛幼虫、后游毛幼虫、刚节幼体及成虫;2)鳃丝具呼吸、感觉、滤食功能,以单细胞藻类和有机碎屑为食;3)担轮幼虫至成体均具眼点,但视觉功能退化;4)对水环境的适应能力极强.讨论了根管虫对生境水质的影响.     

北部湾儒艮现状的调查兼记印度洋白海豚

为了解北部湾中国水域儒艮的现状 ,于 2 0 0 0年 9月 15日至 11月 17日在广东、海南、广西三省区的沿岸海域进行了 36次舟船考察。调查结果表明 ,在北部湾的部分海域仍有儒艮存在 ,但数量比 2 0世纪 80年代已显著减少。建议把海南省西海岸近海的儒艮及其栖息地的保护作为最优先的海兽保护项目。另外在 11月 3日和 4日在广西壮族自治区北海市大风江口 (2 1°36′N ,10 8°5 4′E)的舟船考察中 ,还分别观察到约 7头和 4头印度洋白海豚的小群 ,它们属于在中国海域已知的唯一印度洋白海豚种群 ,建议广西合浦国家级儒艮自然保护区把印度洋白海豚也作为其重点保护对象之一。     

温泉蛇属Thermophis一新种——四川温泉蛇

From 2004 to 2006, several field trips in western Sichuan, China were carried out. A number of Thermophis snakes were collected in Litang County. After detailed morphological studies, we found that these Thermophis specimens were much different from those from Xizang (Tibet). We believed that Litang snakes should be a new species and describe it as below.     

New species of Haplometroides (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from Phalotris nasutus (Gomes, 1915) (Serpentes, Colubridae)

A new species of Haplometroides (Digenea, Plagiorchiidae) is described from a specimen of Phalotris nasutus (Gomes, 1915) (Serpentes, Colubridae). The host snake was obtained in the municipality of Corumbd, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Trematodes were recovered from esophagus, stomach, and small intestine of the host. The main characteristic of the new species is the vitellaria, which is intercecal, cecal, and extracecal in the preacetabular region. A key for identification of the species in Haplometroides is proposed.     

The status of Eurostus dussumierii and Hypsirhina chinensis (Reptilia,Squamata, Serpentes): with comments on the origin of salt tolerance in homalopsid snakes

The Kerala mud snake, Enhydris dussumierii Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, has long been known only from syntypes collected in the nineteenth century, but more recent specimens have provided the opportunity for molecular work. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 2200 base pairs of cytb, 16S, and c-mos, we recovered the Kerala mud snake as the sister species to the Chinese mud snake, Enhydris chinensis (Chinese–Vietnamese endemic). The DNA results establish the position of dussumierii and chinensis as separate from the Enhydris clade, and together they form the sister group to most of the other fanged homalopsids ((Bitia+Cantoria) + (Erpeton+Gerarda+Fordonia) + (Myron+Pseudoferania) + (Enhydris punctata) + (Homalopsis+Enhydris bocourti) + (Cerberus)). Here we resurrect Ferania Gray for Enhydris sieboldii Gray, establish a new genus for the E. chinensis clade (bennettii+chinensis), and apply the generic replacement name Dieurostus Berg to E. dussumierii Duméril, Bibron & Duméril. A biogeographic scenario is proposed based on the ecology, distribution and salt tolerance of the species composing a hypothesized (not supported with molecular evidence) Asian coastal lineage that is distributed from Pakistan's Indus River delta to temperate coastal China.     

Hepatozoon species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) of the corn snake,Elaphe guttata (Serpentes: Colubridae) and the pigmy rattlesnake,Sistrurus miliarius barbouri (Serpentes: Viperidae) in south Florida

Hepatozoon guttata n. sp. is described from the corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata) from south Florida. Gamonts average 14.6 x 4.6 (13-17 x 3.5-6) and are not recurved, with nucleus situated in the second quarter of the gamont. Erythrocyte cytoplasm rarely appears partially dehemoglobinized. The infected cells are usually distorted and are longer than the uninfected erythrocytes but do not differ in width; nuclei are smaller in length and width than those of uninfected cells. Sporogony in Aedes aegypti occurs within the head and the thorax but rarely in the abdomen. Oocysts are spherical to usually ovoid, 87.2 x 75.9 (45-155 x 40-152.5) and contain on average 7.1 (2-32) sporocysts. Sporocysts are spherical to ovoid, 34.8 x 31.0 (20-55 x 17.5-47.5), with 45.7 (14-89) sporozoites contained within. The pigmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) in south Florida is parasitized by H. sistruri n. sp. Gamonts average 14.1 x 5.6 (12.6-15.8 x 4.7-6.3) in breadth and are not recurved, with the nucleus always situated in the second quarter of the gamont commonly at the midbody. Erythrocyte cytoplasm is not dehemoglobinized. The infected cells are always distorted and similar in length to the uninfected cells but with greater width and enlarged nuclei. Sporogony in A. aegypti occurs within head, thorax, and abdomen. Oocysts are spherical to usually ovoid, 163.6 x 154.7 (92-245 x 82-240) and contain 27.4 (12-42) sporocysts. Sporocysts are round to usually ovoid, 39.7 x 33.5 (25-50 x 20-50), with 45.7 (19-70) sporozoites.     

Biogeographical implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Bockadam snake (Cerberus rynchops, Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Southeast Asia

Aim The biogeography of Southeast Asia has been greatly affected by Pleistocene sea‐level changes and the consequent alteration of coastline and land mass configurations. We investigated the effect of these Pleistocene events on genetic divergence in Cerberus rynchops, the Bockdam, an Asian water snake (Homalopsinae) associated with tidal mudflats and coastal mangrove forests in Southeast Asia. Location Localities for the Cerberus included the Andaman sea coast of Thailand, Sumatra, and Borneo (Sunda Shelf localities), the Philippines and Sulawesi, and from northern Australia (Sahul Shelf). Methods We analysed mtDNA sequences (12 s, 16 s, and cyt b) from seven C. rynchops populations (twenty‐six specimens), from two specimens of Cerberus microlepis (a freshwater species known only from Lake Buhi in the Philippines), and from one Enhydris enhyris (Schneider), another homalopsine used as an outgroup. Results We found a strong correlation between genetic divergence and geographical distance (r = 0.922, P < 0.001) and the biogeographic history of the region. Cerberus rynchops populations from the Sunda Shelf localities, the Philippines, Sulawesi and C. microlepis from the Philippines were genetically similar (mean divergence = 2.1%, range = 0.7–2.8%) compared to the C. rynchops population from northern Australia (mean divergence from all other Cerberus populations = 6.6%, range = 6.0–7.3%). This divergence was comparable to that observed between the E. enhydris outgroup and all Cerberus populations (mean distance = 7.3%, range = 6.8–8.6%). Main conclusions These findings suggest a relatively high degree of movement and gene flow among Sunda Shelf localities, the Philippines, and Sulawesi (biogeographic region west of Weber’s Line) and isolation of the northern Australian (Sunda Shelf) Cerberus. Taxa will be differentially affected by these Pleistocene sea level changes dependent on their physiology and ecology. We discuss how the dispersal of the coastal, saltwater tolerant C. rynchops would have been affected by changing configurations of Pleistocene coastlines and the implications of these results for the systematics of Cerberus.