铅色水蛇Enhydris plumbea（Boie，1827）的生物学初探（蛇亚目：游蛇科：仰鼻蛇亚科）（图版封2，上）

根据野外观察和解剖标本,本文报道蛇亚目、游蛇科、水游蛇亚科中国南方常见优势种铅色水蛇的生物学研究初步结果。1,长度：112号雄蛇全长范围286～466mm,151号雌蛇全长范围306～504mm。海南陵水103号雄蛇最大全长358＋54=412mm,137号雌蛇最大全长443＋61=504mm。2．鳞片的变异：根据299号标本观察,数量恒定无变异的鳞片有：吻鳞（1）,鼻间鳞（1）,前额鳞（2）,额鳞（1）,顶鳞（2）,鼻鳞（每侧1）,颊鳞（每侧1）,眶上鳞（每侧1）,前颞鳞（每侧1）,颏鳞（1）,颔片（2对）,背鳞（19-19-17行）,肛前鳞（完整）;根据鳞片有变异的67号标本观察,可出现变异鳞片的变异范围及其频率：眶前鳞1（1→2,4．5％）,眶后鳞2（2→1,3．0％）,后颞鳞2（2→1．1．5％）,上唇鳞3-2-3（3-1-4,0．75％）,下唇鳞10（9,0．75％;11,2,25％）;腹鳞与尾下鳞则绝对有变异：腹鳞雄性112号变异幅度124～136（平均128．2）,雌性151号变异幅度123～132（平均126．1）,尾下鳞雄性107号变异幅度36～41（平均39．7）对,雌性149号变异幅度31～36（平均33．7）对。3．两代之间变异的消失和出现：两例母蛇的右侧眶前鳞均变异为2,她们的全部仔蛇21号均正常为1;一例母蛇的下唇鳞为正常的10枚,而她的仔蛇6号中有两号分别有一侧或两侧变异为9。4．垂直分布范围：沿海低地到海拔985m。5．栖息环境：各种水域,以静水水域为主,在海南陵水县吊罗山大里乡以灌水后的稻田为主,极少数发现在静水水域或流动缓慢的灌溉渠内。6．摄食和食性：每年4月开始摄食,6月为摄食高峰,9月停止;食物以小形蚌类和蝌蚪为主,其次为小鱼。7．繁殖习性：二级性征主要反映在雄性尾的比例较长,尾下鳞的数目相应较多;二级性比（出生时的性比）接近1：1,三级性比在居群较大的情况下也约为1：1,而在居群较小的情况下统计约为0．5：1;雌性性成熟期（以开始产仔为依据）全长都在350mm以上;解剖28号孕雌得知输卵管卵数3～12（平均6．3）枚;卵在母体内发育进程：解剖41号成熟雄性得知4月卵尚未发育,5月及6月处于发育中或晚期、产仔或已产出,7月基本都已产毕;统计两窝21仔得知初产出仔蛇全长127～139mm,母蛇体长大者其仔蛇亦较长;统计同窝9仔得知初生仔蛇重量2．4～2．5g,平均2．47g。本文是作者早期未发表的工作,现整理供对蛇类有兴趣的青年同行参考。本研究所用全部标本（包括3号雌蛇及其刚产出的仔蛇）均保存在中国科学院成都生物研究所两栖爬行动物标本馆。     

中国新纪录——环蛇 (眼镜蛇科 :环蛇属 ) ,兼记西藏竹叶青蛇(英文)

1998年在西藏墨脱县海拔 10 0 0m左右地方采到成年雌性环蛇 1号 ,系我国新纪录。该蛇全长 /尾长 (mm) 10 95 /112 (尾尖断 )。通身背面黑褐色 ,后 3/4有由背鳞白色点斑缀成的窄横纹约 4 0个 ;腹面浅黑色 ,每隔 3或 4枚腹鳞有不规则的黄白色横斑。尾背有少数不完整的白色纹 ,但尾腹面有 7条很明显的横斑。头部斑纹与M .Smith (194 3:4 10 )描述一致 ,可能由于蛇龄较老而不清晰。背鳞通身 15行 ,脊鳞略扩大 ;腹鳞2 33,尾下鳞 35 (略低于文献记载的 4 4～ 5 1,可能与尾尖断有关 ) ,除前端第三、四两枚成单外 ,其余均成对。没有颊鳞 ;眶前鳞 1,眶后鳞 2 ;颞鳞 1 2 ;上唇鳞 7(2 2 3式 ) ;下唇鳞 7,第一对在颏鳞后彼此相接 ,前 4对接前颔片 ;前颔片大于后颔片 ,后者后半介一小鳞。检查一侧 ,除前沟牙及其预备牙外 ,没有发现其他上颌齿。该次考察还在西藏聂拉木县樟木海拔 2 4 0 0m左右地方采到 4号雌性西藏竹叶青蛇。该蛇是黄正一教授根据西藏聂拉木县却克苏木雌雄各 1号标本命名的种 ,虽然在邻国尼泊尔多处发现 ,但我国尚无更多标本报道。作者采到的 4雌全长 /尾长 (mm)按编号顺序依次为 :6 18/88,6 92 /10 2 ,6 2 3/95和 6 4 3/10 2。 3号的腹鳞都是15 0 ,1号为 15 2 ,均较原始描述略少 ,可能与计数方法有     

中国新纪录--环蛇(眼镜蛇科:环蛇属),兼记西藏竹叶青蛇(图版Ⅵ,下)

1998年在西藏墨脱县海拔1000m左右地方采到成年雌性环蛇1号,系我国新纪录。该蛇全长／尾长(mm)1095／112(尾尖断)。通身背面黑褐色,后3／4有由背鳞白色点斑缀成的窄横纹约40个;腹面浅黑色,每隔3或4枚腹鳞有不规则的黄白色横斑。尾背有少数不完整的白色纹,但尾腹面有7条很明显的横斑。头部斑纹与M．Smith(1943：410)描述一致,可能由于蛇龄较老而不清晰。背鳞通身15行,脊鳞略扩大;腹鳞233,尾下鳞35(略低于文献记载的44～51,可能与尾尖断有关),除前端第三、四两枚成单外,其余均成对。没有颊鳞;眶前鳞1,眶后鳞2;颞鳞1 2;上唇鳞7(2-2—3式);下唇鳞7,第一对在颏鳞后彼此相接,前4对接前颔片;前颔片大于后颔片,后者后半介一小鳞。检查一侧,除前沟牙及其预备牙外,没有发现其他上颌齿。该次考察还在西藏聂拉木县樟木海拔2400m左右地方采到4号雌性西藏竹叶青蛇。该蛇是黄正一教授根据西藏聂拉木县却克苏木雌雄各1号标本命名的种,虽然在邻国尼泊尔多处发现,但我国尚无更多标本报道。作者采到的4雌全长／尾长(mm)按编号顺序依次为：618／88,692／102,623／95和643／102。3号的腹鳞都是150,1号为152,均较原始描述略少,可能与计数方法有关,本文作者对腹鳞计数按赵尔宓与鹰岩(1993)84页图C所示的方法。尾下鳞2号为42对,2号为44对。     

红点锦蛇

红点锦蛇 Elaphe rufodorsata ( Cantor)为无毒蛇。体背面淡红褐色 ,背中央一条 2行鳞片宽的橙黄色的纵线。体侧各有暗黑褐色斑纹连成的纵线二条。头背有“∧”形黑斑。腹面密集不规则的褐黑色小方斑。有些色变异个体其黑色部分转变为褐黄色。上唇鳞 7( 8) ,2 ( 3) - 2 - 3式 ,眼前鳞 1 ( 2 ) ,眼后鳞 2 ,颞鳞 2 ( 3,1 ) 3( 2 ,4)。背鳞平滑 ,2 1 ( 2 3) - 1 9( 2 1 ) - 1 7( 1 5)行。腹鳞雄性 1 63～ 1 86,雌性 1 68～ 1 88;尾下鳞雄性 51～ 64,雌性 47～ 56。体长雄性可达 843 1 44mm,雌性可达 71 3 1 0 8mm。该蛇为半水生性 ,常在田…     

贵州荔波发现锦白环蛇

2021年9月,在贵州省黔南布依族苗族自治州荔波县黎明关水族乡采集到一雌一雄2号白环蛇属(Lycodon)物种个体,两个体具有以下形态学特征：背鳞17-17-15行,光滑;上唇鳞8枚,下唇鳞10枚;颊鳞1枚,入眶;眶前鳞1枚,眶后鳞2枚;颞鳞8枚,2 + 3 + 3排列;腹鳞209 ~ 213枚(+ 1或2枚前腹鳞),雄性尾下鳞90对,雌性标本尾末端缺损,肛鳞完整。活体背面棕黑色,雄性体背部具29条浅色环,尾背部具12条浅色环,雌性体背部具30条浅色环,尾背部具10条浅色环。2号标本与锦白环蛇(L. pictus)原始描述中提供的形态学鉴定依据相符。线粒体Cyt b基因序列分析显示,本次采集的标本与已知锦白环蛇样本的遗传距离在0.3% ~ 0.8%之间。综合形态特征和系统发育分析比较,鉴定此次采集的白环蛇属标本为锦白环蛇,为贵州爬行动物分布新记录种。     

湖南省眼镜王蛇新纪录及其特征

1990年7月4日湖南省郴州地区莽山林业管理局职工在莽山林区捕获一蛇,经鉴定为眼镜王蛇Ophiophagus hannah(Cantor)。主要特征如下。成年雌性,体重4.3公斤,全长3050mm,尾长560mm。蛇头呈椭圆形,吻鳞宽圆,眼大,瞳孔圆形。鼻间鳞切入鼻孔,前额鳞2枚,额鳞1枚,颞鳞3+3,顶鳞2枚较大,顶鳞后面有1对大枕鳞。无颊鳞,左右分别有眶前鳞1枚,眶上鳞1枚,眶后鳞3枚。上唇鳞每侧8枚,其中第3枚上唇鳞较大,前与鼻鳞相切,后入眼眶。下唇鳞每侧8枚,第4、第5及第6下唇鳞之间靠近唇缘处嵌有1枚较小的鳞片。背鳞19—15—15行。肛鳞1片,尾下鳞84,其中1—14行,第16、…     

莽山后棱蛇Opisthotropis cheni Zhao, 1999的再描述(Serpentes:Colubridae)

作者于1999年根据湖南宦章莽山标本发表新种莽山后棱蛇Opisthotropis cheni的鉴别特征,现对该蛇加以详细描述。莽山后棱蛇足小形水栖蛇,全长500～600mm,尾长占全长的五分之一左右,身体圆柱形,头较小,与颈区分不明显。鼻间鳞前端窄,鼻孔背侧位;眼小,背侧位;前额鳞单枚,甚宽,其两外侧扩展至头侧;颊鳞长,后端人眶;无眶前鳞,眶后鳞2;颞鳞1＋2（1）;上唇鳞8（3-2-3）为主;下唇鳞10,前4或5枚接前颔片;颔片2对,前对约为后对长的2倍。背鳞通身17行,除最外行其余微棱,腹鳞159～167．肛鳞二分,尾下鳞55～59对。背面暗橄榄褐色,体侧具多数淡黄色横斑,左右横斑彼此交错或在背中线相连;腹面色白或偶有灰点斑。雄性头腹前端鳞片（如颏鳞、颔片和前4～5对下唇鳞）上有多数疣粒,雌性则无。此蛇见于山溪或小河流水中,白昼隐藏于岩洞、石下、沙砾或杂草间,晚上或黄昏外出活动觅食,共采到5号标本,其叶14号均采于晚上20～22点之间,1号采于18点左右;被捕捉的蛇离水后两三天就死掉。此蛇也曾见于农耕地灌溉渠旁的杂草中。 山     

黑脊蛇

黑脊蛇 ,Achalinnsspinalis Peters为游蛇科游蛇亚科脊蛇属、无毒蛇。体小而细长 ,全长 30～ 50 cm,最大可超过 60 cm;圆柱形 ;头略呈椭圆形 ;头、颈区分不明显 ;眼小 ,圆形或直立椭圆形。背面棕黑色 ,有一深纵条黑脊线 ,占脊鳞及其两侧各半片鳞宽 ;腹面色略浅 ;腹枚前颞鳞仅尖端入眶 ;鼻间鳞缝比前额鳞短 ;背鳞除最外行较大而平滑外 ,其余均起棱。上唇鳞 6,3- 2 - 1式 ;眼前鳞及眼后鳞均无 ;颊鳞 1 ;颞鳞 2 2 ;背鳞通身 2 3行 ,个别的在躯干某段有 2 1或 2 5行者。腹鳞雄性 1 46～ 1 64,雌性 1 59～ 1 76;尾下鳞雄性 50～ 66,雌性 39～ 5…     

海南省红尾筒蛇新纪录及其描述

本文第一作者与美国康乃尔大学Kraig Adler教授曾报道中国产红尾筒蛇是中国蛇类科的新纪录(参看《四川动物》杂志1989年2期26页)。该文所依据的是福建厦门与香港采到的标本。1989年10月4～14日,本文第一作者应邀到苏联科学院动物研究所(列宁格勒)访问期间,在该所查到一号红尾筒蛇Cylindrophis ruffus标本,其记录是1888年Herz采自中国海南岛,编号为7509。这是在中国记载的第四号红尾筒蛇标本,亦是中国海南省的新记录种(科与属亦为新纪录)。现依此标本描述如下。7509号,成年雌性。全长430mm,尾长10mm,尾长占全长的0.02。头小,吻较扁,眼小,瞳…     

山烙铁头蛇属在中国海南岛的发现(蛇亚目:蛙科:蝮亚科)

作者有幸在上海自然历史博物馆收藏中发现采于海南岛的山烙铁头蛇属(Ovophis Burgerin Hogeand Romano Hoge,1981)标本1号.该属广泛分布于中国、东亚和东南亚大部地区,但在海南岛尚无报道.本文对该标本详加描记.根据其鳞被特征,特别是尾下鳞成单,将其鉴定为过去仅知分布于越南山区的越南山烙铁头蛇Ovophis     

蓝尾石龙子的头部两性异形和食性

通过测量头、体大小和胃检研究浙江泰顺产蓝尾石龙子 (Eumeceselegans)个体发育过程中两性异形和食性的变化。蓝尾石龙子成体个体大小和头部大小的两性差异显著 ,雄性大于雌性。不同发育阶段雌性头长与SVL的线性回归斜率无显著差异 ,头宽与SVL线性回归斜率的差异显著 ,成体和SVL <5 0mm幼体头宽随SVL的增长速率显著小于SVL为 5 0 - 6 9mm的幼体。雄性头部相对于SVL呈加速式异速生长。两性比较发现 :雌雄幼体头长和头宽随SVL的增长速率无显著差异 ,SVL <5 0mm幼体特定SVL的头长和头宽无显著的两性差异 ,但SVL为 5 0 - 6 9mm的雄性幼体头长和头宽大于SVL相同的雌性幼体 ;雄性成体头长和头宽随SVL的增长速率显著大于雌性。SVL <5 0mm的雌性幼体头部相对小于SVL为 5 0 - 6 9mm的同性幼体 ,性成熟雌体头部相对小于SVL为 5 0 - 6 9mm的同性幼体。雌性幼体、雄性幼体、雌性成体和雄性成体食物生态位宽度分别为 12 3、 12 5、 4 8和 14 4。雌雄幼体食物生态位重叠度最高 ,雌雄成体食物生态位重叠度次之 ,成体与幼体食物生态位重叠度较小。成体摄入食饵的大小 (用胃内完整食物长度的平均值表示 )和变化范围大于幼体。两性成、幼体摄入的食饵大小差异显著。两性个体摄入的食饵大小均与其SVL呈正相关 ,表明较大     

Feeding habits of the Magellan skate: effects of sex, maturity stage, and body size on diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex, maturity stage, and body size on the diet of the Magellan skate, Bathyraja magellanica, in the Southwest Atlantic off Argentina, by examining stomach contents using a multiple hypothesis modeling approach. Relationships between the number of prey and sex, maturity stage, and total length (TL) were assessed by built generalized linear models (GLM). Furthermore, we tested whether there was a threshold size at which B. magellanica started or quit consuming a given prey. The overall diet of B. magellanica was mainly consisted of teleosts, followed by amphipods, isopods, and decapods. Ontogenetic diet shifts were independent of sex and maturity stage. However, discrete shifts in diet with TL were found, with individuals larger than 554 and 623 mm TL ceasing to consume amphipods and isopods, respectively. The consumption of teleosts progressively increased with increasing predator size. Likewise, ontogenetic shifts in foraging behavior were also observed with smaller individuals showing specialization on amphipods with larger specimens consuming teleosts. These results confirm that ontogenetic shifts in diet of B. magellanica are more a function of predator size rather than any other life-history traits. We propose that these food shifts are probably related to morphological limitations and abilities associated with feeding habits of skate, so when specimens of B. magellanica reach an optimum body size, they may have access to higher quality trophic resources. Our results suggest that evaluating the importance of life-history stages on the feeding habits of a species is essential for understanding how that species exploits food resources, which, in turn, is an important factor in developing a suitable plan of marine ecosystem conservation.     

Sequence capture phylogenomics of historical ethanol‐preserved museum specimens: Unlocking the rest of the vault

Natural history collections play a crucial role in biodiversity research, and museum specimens are increasingly being incorporated into modern genetics‐based studies. Sequence capture methods have proven incredibly useful for phylogenomics, providing the additional ability to sequence historical museum specimens with highly degraded DNA, which until recently have been deemed less valuable for genetic work. The successful sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from historical museum specimens has been demonstrated on multiple tissue types including dried bird skins, formalin‐fixed squamates and pinned insects. However, no study has thoroughly demonstrated this approach for historical ethanol‐preserved museum specimens. Alongside sequencing of “fresh” specimens preserved in >95% ethanol and stored at ?80°C, we used extraction techniques specifically designed for degraded DNA coupled with sequence capture protocols to sequence UCEs from historical museum specimens preserved in 70%–80% ethanol and stored at room temperature, the standard for such ethanol‐preserved museum collections. Across 35 fresh and 15 historical museum samples of the arachnid order Opiliones, an average of 345 UCE loci were included in phylogenomic matrices, with museum samples ranging from six to 495 loci. We successfully demonstrate the inclusion of historical ethanol‐preserved museum specimens in modern sequence capture phylogenomic studies, show a high frequency of variant bases at the species and population levels, and from off‐target reads successfully recover multiple loci traditionally sequenced in multilocus studies including mitochondrial loci and nuclear rRNA loci. The methods detailed in this study will allow researchers to potentially acquire genetic data from millions of ethanol‐preserved museum specimens held in collections worldwide.     

Feeding habits of the Oligocene bristlemouth fish Scopeloides glarisianus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae)

The dietary habits of the Oligocene fish Scopeloides glarisianus (Agassiz) are presented on the basis of functional morphology, in comparison with their recent relatives (Gonostoma spp.) as well as fossil materials from localities in Poland (Lubenia, B?a?ova), Ukraine (Ljubizhnja), the Czech Republic (Lou?ka), and the northern Caucasus in Russia and Abkhazia. Analogous to the recent relatives from the genus Gonostoma, S. glarisianus fed on crustaceans such as ostracods and copepods, the larger specimens preying on small fishes. Fishes remains preserved within the alimentary canal region are usually represented by smaller individuals of the same species; accordingly, the cannibalistic behaviour of the adult S. glarisianus is thereby documented. The remains of the alimentary canal and the peritoneum are identified.     

四川省高原鳅属鱼类一新种（鲤形目：鳅科）

本文记述产于凉山西溪河的高原鳅属Ｔｒｉｐｌｏｐｈｙｓａ鱼类一新种,西溪高原鳅ＴｒｉｐｌｏＰｈｙｓａｘｉｑｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,描述了其形态和生态特征,并与近似种进行了比较。     

链壶蚧属一新种：（同翅目：蚧总科：壶蚧科）

链壶蚧属Asterococcus隶属壶蚧科Cerococcidae,由Borchsenius 1960年建立。此属雌成虫以其外壳顶端有若虫蜕、外壳后部有一向上的管状突起物;8形腺在腹缘成明显的宽带及肛环刚毛8根,与本科中其它2属区别。链壶蚧属,目前世界已知7种,除1种分布在南非外,其余均分布在古北区和东洋区,我国目前已记载5种。本文记述了产于我国四川、湖南的链壶蚧属1新种。模式标本保存于山东农业大学昆虫学教研室昆虫标本室。 文中所涉及的长度单位均为微米(μm)。     

Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences:V.Viperidae(Reptilia,Serpentes)

In China, there are about 37 species of vipers belonging to 12 genera in the family Viperidae. In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, the type specimens of snakes represent seven species in four genera. As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibians and Reptilies deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB, this paper focuses on the venomous snake family Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.     

The food and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Pisces: Lutjanidae) in shallow waters of Mafia Island, Tanzania

Natural diet and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål 1775) were investigated in Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP) and intensively fished areas (IFA) between May 1999 and April 2001. An index of relative importance (IRI) was used to assess the food preference for L. fulviflamma. Feeding habits were studied with respect to sex and size of the predator, seasons and feeding periodicity. Of 4642 L. fulviflamma specimens sampled, 46% had empty stomachs. Brachyurans were the main prey of L. fulviflamma accounting for 48% IRI. Benthic invertebrates dominated by other crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods and polychaetes and demersal teleosts made up the remainder of the diet. Female and male L. fulviflamma were not effectively segregated by trophic dimension in the study areas. Specimens in the 90–120 mm total length (TL) fed exclusively on crustaceans, with shrimps accounting for 40% IRI. Lutjanus fulviflamma in the 270–300 mm TL preferred fish prey accounting for 50% IRI. The diet of fish species showed clear spatial differences, which were dependent on size distributions. Lutjanus fulviflamma fed mostly but not exclusively at night peaking at dusk and dawn. The results clearly demonstrate that L. fulviflamma is an opportunistic forager, which exhibits both diel and ontogenetic feeding habits.