Range of the antigenic specificity of peptidoglycan in Staphylococcus aureus compared to other representatives of the Staphylococcus genus

In investigations based on the use of a highly sensitive test system permitting the detection of normal human antibodies to S. aureus peptidoglycan, the antigenic relationships between the peptidoglycans of S. aureus and other representatives of the genus Staphylococcus have been studied. Among other staphylococcal species, S. simulans, S. xylosus, S. hyicus, S. cohnii, S. hyicus s. s. chromogenes have been found to possess peptidoglycans most closely related to S. aureus peptidoglycans, while S. warneri and S. epidermidis peptidoglycans have proved to be least closely related to it.     

Reactivity to bacterial peptidoglycans in a phagocytosis system. 1. The range of immunological specificity of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan

The antigenic features of S. aureus peptidoglycan (PG) were studied in the reaction of stimulation of oxygen-dependent neutrophil metabolism, mediated by the IgG opsonins of normal human serum. The study was carried out at different taxonomic levels: the species (S. aureus), the genus (Staphylococcus), the family (Micrococcaceae), as well as in relation to remote taxons (organisms belonging to the families Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseriaceae, to the genus Corynebacterium). All S. aureus strains were identical with respect to the specificity of their PG, essentially differing from other bacteria in this regard. After the removal of antibodies to different PG the effectiveness of PG opsonization decreased by 10.4-44.7%. Such decrease was most pronounced in experiments with the PG of streptococci (S. pyogenes, S. faecalis, S. salivarius) and Micrococcus luteus.     

双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖对巨噬细胞产生IL-18的影响

目的探讨分叉双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖对巨噬细胞功能的调节作用.方法以完整肽聚糖注射于小鼠腹腔,用ELISA法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生的IL-18的含量.结果完整肽聚糖注射组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生的IL-18的含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论分叉双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖能激活巨噬细胞,并使之分泌多量的IL-18.     

The biological properties of Bifidobacterium]

The possibility of the formation of exoenzymes, such as DNAase, RNAase and hemolysin, by bifidobacteria was studied in comparison with their acid-forming and adhesive activity. Bifidobacterium reference strains, originally isolated from healthy adults and children, were studied. The study involved altogether 73 strains of bifidobacteria, including 24 B. bifidum strains, 13 B. adolescentis strains, 7 B. infantis strains, 10 B. breve strains and 19 B. longum strains. The bifidobacteria under study were shown to differ not only in the presence and activity of properties useful for macroorganisms, but also in the presence of enzymes having depolymerizing activity (DNAase, hemolysin). Thus, out of 73 strains under study 9 proved to be DNAase-positive and 6, hemolysin positive. At the same time a specific feature of bifidobacteria was their high acid-forming activity with the complete absence of RNAase activity and insignificant DNAase- and hemolysin-forming activity.     

The antigenic relationships of Morganella]

Interspecies relationships in the genus Morganella have been studied in the agglutination and adsorption tests. New data on the antigenic relationships of O groups O43 and O49 and more precise data on the antigenic relationships of O groups O1 to O42 have been obtained. For the first time the relationships of antigens 40 and 42 with 4, 35 and 31, 38 and 39, 9 and 45, 1a, d and 49; 45 and 47, 24 and 45; 5, 23, 26 with 47; 1, 19, 46 with 41, 48 have been described and the complete identity of O antigens 33 and 35; 34 and 36; 40 and 42; 3, 13 and 17 has been established. These data must be taken into consideration in the preparation of polyvalent agglutinating sera, necessary for finding out the serological picture of Morganella isolated from patients and the environment.     

双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖对脐血来源树突状细胞分化成熟的影响

目的研究两歧双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖（WPG）对脐血来源树突状细胞（DC）形态及分泌细胞因子的影响,了解双歧杆菌WPG对DC分化、成熟及免疫调节功能的作用;并为益生菌及其生物活性成分的进一步开发提供依据。方法分离正常孕妇脐血单个核细胞诱导生成未成熟树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）,实验组在培养的第7天分别加入两歧双歧杆菌WPG（5μg／ml）、两歧双歧杆菌全菌（100μg/ml）,阳性对照组加入脂多糖（LPS）,阴性对照组仅加入培养基。倒置显微镜在培养各期形态学观察,流式细胞术检测表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达,NLR检测DCs刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞能力,ELISA法测定DCs培养上清中IL-12p70、IL-10的分泌。结果脐血单核细胞在双歧杆菌WPG与GM-CSF、IL-4协同诱导作用下,能成为形态上具有典型树突状突起的DCs;诱导后的CB-MDDCs刺激同种异体T细胞的增殖能力及分泌IL-12：p70、IL-10的水平显著高于阴性对照组（P〈0．01）且细胞表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达增加。结论（1）双歧杆菌WPG能影响CB-MDDCs的成熟状态。（2）双歧杆菌WPG对CB-MDDCs成熟程度及分泌细胞因子水平的影响强于双歧杆菌全菌,说明WPG是双歧杆菌主要免疫活性成分。     

双歧杆菌及其完整肽聚糖对脐血来源树突状细胞分泌IL-12的影响

目的探讨两歧双歧杆菌和不同剂量双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖（WPG）对脐血来源树突状细胞（DC）分泌IL-12的影响。方法以双歧杆菌全菌（量）和不同剂量双歧杆菌WPG（1-8μg/ml）与脐血来源树突状细胞共培养,用ELISA的方法测定培养上清中IL-12的量。结果双歧杆菌和其WPG（1-6μg/ml）与树突状细胞共培养后,树突状细胞分泌的IL-12的量显著高于阴性对照组（P〈0.01）,当WPG量为1-5μg/ml时树突状细胞分泌的IL-12的量呈剂量依赖性,其中WPG量为5μg/ml时作用最为显著,WPG量为6μg/ml时分泌IL-12量减少,WPG量为8μg/ml时,分泌的IL-12量与阴性对照组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论两歧双歧杆菌及其WPG能够刺激脐血来源的树突状细胞IL-12分泌;双歧杆菌WPG的免疫刺激作用呈一定的量效关系     

长双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的比较长双歧杆菌及其完整肽聚糖的免疫调节作用。方法通过研究长双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖对植瘤小鼠淋巴细胞的转化、抑瘤率、生命延长期以及对细胞Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响来探讨它们对小鼠细胞免疫的调节作用。结果与对照组相比,完整肽聚糖使淋巴细胞转化增加、抑瘤率提高、延长生命期增加、Bcl-2阳性表达率减小而Bax基因表达增加。结论长双歧杆菌与其完整肽聚糖均有抑制S180肿瘤的作用,但完整肽聚糖的效果优于长双歧杆菌。     

The Tla locus: a new allele and antigenic specificity.

Four of 23 H-2 alloantisera screened for anti-TL activity contained such activity. One of these alloantisera, D-35, defined a new TL specificity, TL.5, and a new Tla allele, Tlad. TL.5 has all the characteristics of a TL antigen and has a different strain distribution than previously known ones. This new complexity at the Tla locus and the previous finding of other serologically defined genes in the Tla region indicate that this genetic region cannot be ignored in analyzing antisera produced in strains made congenic for the major histocompatibility complex.     

Multiligand specificity of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-binding site in peptidoglycan recognition protein

The peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-S is an innate immunity molecule that specifically interacts with microbial peptidoglycans and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We report here two structures of the unique tetrameric camel PGRP-S (CPGRP-S) complexed with (i) muramyl dipeptide (MDP) at 2.5 Å resolution and (ii) GlcNAc and β-maltose at 1.7Å resolution. The binding studies carried out using surface plasmon resonance indicated that CPGRP-S binds to MDP with a dissociation constant of 10⁻⁷ m, whereas the binding affinities for GlcNAc and β-maltose separately are in the range of 10⁻⁴ m to 10⁻⁵ m, whereas the dissociation constant for the mixture of GlcNAc and maltose was estimated to be 10⁻⁶ m. The data from bacterial suspension culture experiments showed a significant inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus cells when CPGRP-S was added to culture medium. The ELISA experiment showed that the amount of MDP-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased considerably after the introduction of CPGRP-S. The crystal structure determinations of (i) a binary complex with MDP and (ii) a ternary complex with GlcNAc and β-maltose revealed that MDP, GlcNAc, and β-maltose bound to CPGRP-S in the ligand binding cleft, which is situated at the interface of molecules C and D of the homotetramer formed by four protein molecules A, B, C, and D. In the binary complex, the muramyl moiety of MDP is observed at the C-D interface, whereas the peptide chain protrudes into the center of tetramer. In the ternary complex, GlcNAc and β-maltose occupy distinct non-overlapping positions belonging to different subsites.     

决定抗原表位特异性的氨基酸组成

所有蛋白质抗原表位既有其相对保守的氨基酸序列作为与相应ＭＨＣ分子相结合的“锚点”,也有与特定溶细胞性Ｔ细胞（ＣＴＬ）上的ＴＣＲ要子或抗体他子特异性结合的特异性氨基酸序列。对前者,分子免疫学已积累了相当多的资料,但对后者尚少有报道。我 立克病病毒的９个不同毒株对２个单抗的反应性及其３８ｋＤ磷蛋白基因的分析,确定了决定两个相叠的不同抗原表们特异性的氨基酸组成。     

Determination of human IgI allotypes by using a set of stable erythrocyte antigenic diagnostica of varying specificity]

Technology of preparing a set of stable antigenic diagnostic agents of commercial type for determination of genetic determinants of human IgG and antibodies to them in the human blood sera and in the animal hyperimmune sera was worked out. Antisera against some human IgG allotypes were prepared. The frequency of detection of individual IgG allotypes and antibodies to them in human sera was studied.     

Immunomodulating action of peptidoglycan of microbial origin]

The action of a high molecular weight peptidoglycan produced by Agrobacter radiobacter sp. on the functional activity parameters in leukocytes and macrophages i. e. chemotaxis and adhesion was studied. It was shown that the peptidoglycan had a stimulating action on the chemotaxis of cells of the peritoneal exudate. A marked stimulating action of the drug on the primary immune response to the tissue antigen of sheep erythrocytes was observed. The peptidoglycan stimulated the antibody titers and delayed hypersensitivity when administered in various periods after an antigenic stimulus. Multifactorial experiments on the protective action of the peptidoglycan in experimental infections were carried out. Second-order polynomial statistic models characterizing the animal survival rate were constructed and the dose-time parameters of the drug use were optimized.