重金属对黄瓜籽苗发育影响的研究

选用黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)籽苗为材料,硫酸铜,醋酸铅、硫酸锌、氯化镉和氯化镍为化学处理试剂,研究它们对黄瓜籽苗的生长及其根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响。发现随着化学处理试剂浓度的增大,黄瓜籽苗根长度、苗高度、侧根数和最长侧根的长度均有所下降,其中下降最明显的是根长度。同样,根尖细胞有丝分裂的细胞数量明显减少,细胞分裂速率减慢。5种重金属盐中,硫酸铜的毒性最甚,氯化镉、醋酸铅次之。     

硫酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究硫酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应。采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验方法和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的硫酸铜为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明:不同浓度的硫酸铜均能使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数明显增加,即5个实验组的分裂指数均明显高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.001);不同浓度的硫酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂各期百分数的影响有异;能诱发较高频率的微核率,即在一定浓度范围内,其微核率随硫酸铜处理浓度的升高而增加,但随着硫酸铜浓度的进一步升高而呈下降趋势;硫酸铜还能诱导染色体产生多种类型的畸变,染色体畸变率随硫酸铜处理浓度的升高而增加,随着硫酸铜浓度的进一步升高而呈下降趋势,但均明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论是硫酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的遗传毒性效应。     

硫酸铜对大蒜根尖细胞产生致畸效应

为了研究硫酸铜对大蒜(Allium sativum L.)根尖细胞的毒理学效应,本实验采用不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液,处理大蒜根尖20 h。通过有丝分裂染色体制片技术,观察大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂情况。实验表明:大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数受不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液影响,低浓度时分裂指数升高,高浓度时分裂指数降低。在一定浓度范围内,微核率随硫酸铜浓度的增加而升高,但高于一定浓度后,反而下降。此外,硫酸铜也诱导了染色体产生畸变。染色体畸变率随硫酸铜浓度的升高而增加,其畸变率均高于对照组。     

萘乙酸对洋葱根系铜胁迫的缓解作用

以洋葱Allium cepa为材料,采用水培方式,以3μmol·L^–1硫酸铜溶液为基础,外加不同浓度萘乙酸,对洋葱根尖进行处理,探究萘乙酸对铜胁迫的缓解作用。结果表明,3μmol·L^–1硫酸铜溶液处理对洋葱根系生长抑制明显;3μmol·L^–1硫酸铜和1μmol·L^–1萘乙酸处理表现出双抑制作用,并提升细胞SOD活性和MDA含量,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数明显下降,变异率增加。10^–2或10^–4μmol·L^–1萘乙酸溶液处理对洋葱根系生长促进明显。在3μmol·L^–1硫酸铜和10^–2μmol·L^–1萘乙酸共处理下,萘乙酸对洋葱根系铜胁迫有明显缓解作用,洋葱根系生长恢复到对照水平,与3μmol·L^–1硫酸铜溶液处理对比,显著提升根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,降低了畸变率、细胞SOD活性及MDA含量。说明适当浓度萘乙酸对根系铜胁迫有明显缓解作用。     

Cd2+对蚕豆根生长发育的影响

目的探明Cd^2＋对蚕豆根生长发育的影响及其规律,为培育耐Cd^2＋新品种提供一定的科学依据。方法以不同浓度的Cd^2＋处理蚕豆根,然后在不同时间检测其色泽、弯曲程度和长度变化,同时利用改良的苯酚品红染色,在显微镜下观察根尖细胞的有丝分裂。结果当Cd^2＋浓度〈10μmol／L时,它能促进根的生长和细胞有丝分裂,但对根的色泽和弯曲程度的影响不明显。在Cd^2＋的浓度〉10μmol／L后,则逐渐使根色泽加深,弯曲程度增大,细胞有丝分裂指数下降,生长减慢。结论Cd^2＋对蚕豆根生长发育有影响,其影响的程度与Cd^2＋的浓度和处理时间有关。     

“观察根尖分生组织细胞有丝分裂”实验研究

温度和取材时的根长度及它们之间的交互作用对根尖有丝分裂指数有显著影响。大蒜根尖有丝分裂指数显著高于洋葱根尖有丝分裂指数。较低温度下,洋葱和大蒜的根尖有丝分裂指数先随取材时根长度的增加而增高;达到最高值后,有丝分裂指数随取材时根长度的增加而降低;最高有丝分裂指数对应的根长较长。随着温度升高,最高有丝分裂指数对应的根长变短。     

8-甲氧基二氢血根碱化感潜能的评估

以莴苣幼苗为材料,检测了分离自细果角茴香的生物碱对莴苣幼苗根生长及根毛发育的影响。结果表明:50~200μmol·L-1浓度范围内,8-甲氧基二氢血根碱对莴苣幼苗根长显著抑制;10、20和30μmol·L-18-甲氧基二氢血根碱对莴苣幼苗根毛的长度和数量有显著的抑制作用,且抑制作用均表现了浓度依赖性。通过对莴苣根尖细胞有丝分裂研究发现,50μmol·L-1的8-甲氧基二氢血根碱能显著抑制根尖细胞的有丝分裂,而且莴苣幼苗净增值率与根尖细胞的有丝分裂之间呈正相关,证明8-甲氧基二氢血根碱主要通过抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂对莴苣根的生长产生影响。     

洗涤剂对蚕豆根和叶片的作用

研究了家用洗衣粉对蚕豆根生长、细胞分裂和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的洗衣粉均能抑制蚕豆根的生长,降低根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,诱发细胞产生高频率的微核且是明显的时间与剂量效应关系和叶绿素含量明显下降。     

草甘膦和百草枯对毛桃幼苗根系形态及地上部生长的影响

以砧木毛桃幼苗为研究对象,通过土施草甘膦和百草枯研究2种桃园常用除草剂对毛桃营养生长、根系结构、根尖细胞分裂、叶片光合特性等的影响,为除草剂在桃生产中的安全使用提供科学依据。结果表明: 草甘膦处理显著抑制毛桃地上部和根生长,与对照相比,株高降低31.5%,总根系长度、总根表面积、总根体积和总根尖数分别降低了39.5%、39.5%、49.8%和44.6%,而百草枯处理以上指标与对照差异均不显著;草甘膦和百草枯处理后毛桃根尖细胞有丝分裂指数分别降低38.0%和35.9%,且草甘膦处理分裂中期细胞数占分裂细胞总数的比例显著低于对照和百草枯处理;毛桃根尖细胞对2种除草剂响应迅速,从处理第2天开始根尖细胞电解质渗漏率始终显著高于对照。叶片细胞电解质渗漏率则从处理5 d后开始显著升高,且草甘膦处理出现幼叶基部变黄并向叶尖蔓延,同时部分叶尖逐渐焦枯的现象;2种除草剂处理导致毛桃叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率有不同程度的降低,其中草甘膦处理下降更明显。综上,使用草甘膦和百草枯均会降低毛桃幼苗根尖细胞分裂指数,提高根尖细胞电解质渗透率,总体降低叶片净光合速率。草甘膦对毛桃营养生长、叶片光合作用影响更大,而且会造成幼叶变黄、叶尖焦枯等现象。     

外源NO缓解紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫

以津优35号黄瓜为材料,采用根尖悬空气培养的方法,研究了紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫,以及外源NO缓解化感胁迫的效应.结果表明: 1000 mg·L^-1紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根尖有明显的伤害作用,根尖组织结构被破坏,根尖表层细胞脱落,细胞排列混乱且疏松;这些伤害能够被外源NO有效缓解.与对照相比,紫茎泽兰提取物处理黄瓜幼苗根尖根边缘细胞(RBC)的数量和细胞活率被显著抑制,分别降低54.5%和97.2%,细胞凋亡率升高12.3倍,RBC的黏胶层厚度增加31.4%,根边缘细胞根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)活性显著增加.与紫茎泽兰提取物处理相比,提取物胁迫下添加外源NO处理的RBC数量和细胞活率分别增加72.4%和146.0%,细胞凋亡率和RBC黏胶层厚度分别降低30.7%和15.0%,PME活性在处理72 h时降低了14.3%.紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜RBC产生细胞毒性,诱导细胞发生凋亡和死亡,破坏RBC对根尖的保护,提取物进一步对根尖产生胁迫伤害,破坏根尖的组织结构.外源NO可以在一定程度上缓解提取物对黄瓜根尖及RBC的化感胁迫伤害.     

盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂和遗传损伤的相关性研究

研究盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂的关系, 实验结果表明:大麦幼苗生长在一定浓度的NaCl 溶液中时, 幼苗生长抑制、叶绿素含量降低, 有丝分裂指数下降, 根尖分生区细胞中具有微核和染色体畸变的细胞明显增多。统计分析结果显示:幼苗的分裂指数、遗传损伤与盐浓度间有很好的线性关系, 有丝分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负相关(p < 0.01), 微核率、染色体畸变率两项指标与处理浓度间呈正相关(p < 0.01)。研究结果表明:大麦幼根有丝分裂指数、微核率及染色体畸变率可以作为监测环境NaCl 的定量指标。     

镉对蒜根生长的毒害及抗坏血酸、铁盐的解毒效应

蒜鳞茎在不同浓度的Ｃｄ溶液中处理２４－４８ｈ,观察到随着Ｃｄ浓度的递增或培养时间的延长,根的增长速率递减或停止,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,分裂细胞异常率增 裂细胞异常主要表现为低毒时,染色体的Ｃ－有丝分裂,染色体桥以及高毒时,染色体粘连,断裂,核解体等。     

丛枝菌根真菌对砂培玉米幼苗根系特征、光合生理与镉累积的影响

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是一类重要的土壤微生物,能显著影响植物对镉(cadmium,Cd)的耐性与累积,但其对不同形态Cd胁迫的响应尚不清楚。【目的】探讨不同形态Cd胁迫下接种AMF对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长和Cd累积的影响。【方法】采用30 cm高的培养容器填装石英砂(0.2 mm),开展室内砂培玉米试验,研究溶解态和胶体态Cd (1 mg/kg)胁迫下,接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对玉米幼苗生长、根系特征、光合生理及Cd累积的影响。【结果】双因素分析表明,AMF和Cd形态均对玉米生长(株高和生物量)、根系特征、光合生理(叶绿素含量和光合速率)与Cd累积量存在显著的影响,但二者之间没有显著交互作用。与未接种处理相比,接种AMF显著降低玉米株高、生物量、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,抑制玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数;同时增加了玉米根系Cd含量,但减少玉米地上部Cd含量以及地上部与根系Cd累积量;与胶体态Cd处理相比,溶解态Cd显著降低玉米的根长、根表面积、平均根系直径、根尖数和地上部Cd累积量,但增加了植株叶片光合速率、根系Cd含量和累积量。相关分析发现,玉米根长、根表面积和根尖数与地上部Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与根系Cd含量呈极显著负相关。【结论】溶解态Cd比胶体态Cd对砂培玉米幼苗的毒害效应严重,而且接种AMF加重溶解态和胶体态Cd对玉米幼苗的损伤,但降低了植株对Cd的累积。     

多胺生物合成抑制剂D-精氨酸对拟南芥幼苗根系生长的影晌

为探讨多胺生物合成抑制剂D-精氨酸（D-arginine,D-Arg）对拟南芥根系生长的影响,首先用腐胺（0．1mmol‘L-1）和D—Arg（1．0mmol·L-1）处理种子萌发后生长2d的拟南芥幼苗。腐胺（0．1mmol·L-1）显著促进主根伸长,D-Arg（1．0mmol-L-1）显著抑制主根伸长,并对主根根尖的细胞形态有明显影响。为了进一步了解D—Arg影响拟南芥主根生长的机理,采用浓度梯度D．Arg处理幼苗根系。实验结果表明,随着D-Arg浓度增加（0．2～1．0mmol·L-1）,拟南芥幼苗主根生长受抑制的程度越严重。微分干涉观察主根根尖发现,外源施加D—Arg,引起拟南芥主根根尖分生区的细胞数目减少,使拟南芥幼苗表现出主根的伸长生长变缓。当分生区数目较少时,出现主根几乎不再仲长的现象。由此推测,多胺生物合成抑制剂D-Arg对拟南芥幼苗根生长的抑制作用机制,是D-Arg影响了其根尖分生区的细胞分裂活动,使分生区细胞数目减少,从而引起分生区长度减小,最终导致拟南芥主根仲长生长受到抑制。     

Physiological and ultra-structural changes in Brassica napus seedlings induced by cadmium stress

The effects of cadmium on physiological and ultrastructural characteristics were evaluated in 6-d-old seedlings of two Brassica napus L. cultivars Zheda 619 and ZS 758. Results show that Cd at lower concentration (100 μM) stimulated the seedling growth but at higher concentration (500 μM) inhibited the growth of both cultivars, decreased content of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increased the content of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Cd content in different parts of seedlings was higher in ZS 758 than in Zheda 619. Electron micrographs illustrated that 500 μM Cd severely damaged the leaf and root tip cells of both cultivars. Under Cd stress, the size and number of starch grains, plastoglobuli, and lipid bodies in the chloroplasts increased. In the root tip cells, enlarged vacuoles, diffused cell walls, and undeveloped mitochondria were detected.     

Photosynthetic pigments content, <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis>-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and acid phosphatase activities and mineral nutrients concentration in cadmium-exposed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.

In this study, the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on plant growth, histology of roots, photosynthetic pigments content, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D; E.C. 4.2.1.24) and acid phosphatase activities (AP; E.C. 3.1.3.2), soluble phosphorus (Pi) measurement and mineral nutrients content in cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were grown in vitro in an agar-solidified substrate containing four CdCl₂ treatments (0, 100, 400, and 1000 μM) for ten days. Cd was readily absorbed by seedlings and its content was greater in the roots than in the shoot. Cd reduced shoot and root length, and fresh and dry biomass of seedlings. Inhibition of root cell elongation in Cd-treated seedlings was observed by the increase of the mean radial size of cells belonging to three zones of the root tip. The highest level of Cd reduced in a similar manner chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents. Increasing concentrations of Cd resulted in a linear decrease in carotenoids levels of cotyledons. Interestingly, the ALA-D activity in cotyledons was inhibited only at the highest level of Cd. Root and shoot AP activities were, respectively, activated and inhibited at all CdCl₂ concentrations. Root Pi concentration was increased in all Cd treatments and it was not altered in the shoot tissues. Moreover, in general, the nutrient contents were increased in the root and decreased in the shoot. Therefore, we suggest that Cd affects negatively growth, photosynthetic pigments, ALA-D and AP activities and partition of mineral nutrients in cucumber seedlings.     

The effects of heavy metals on common carp white blood cells in vitro

The in vitro effects of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, and various cadmium compounds (chloride, sulphate and nitrate) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) lymphocyte viability and phagocyte activity, were evaluated. The percentage of dead lymphocytes was determined after Trypan blue staining, and phagocyte activity was measured by using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test. Lead was the most toxic to lymphocytes--the maximum mortality exceeded 30%, and was significantly higher at 1 microM of lead, compared to the control. The maximum mortality caused by cadmium was below 10%, but was significantly elevated with 5 microM or more of cadmium. Zinc induced lymphocyte mortality from 10 microM, whilst no effect was observed with copper. The incubation of full blood with the three cadmium compounds (at 5mg/l of cadmium) showed that cadmium nitrate and cadmium sulphate were more toxic (over 35% and 25% mortality, respectively) than cadmium chloride (about 15% mortality). This was confirmed by the results of tests on isolated cells--1mg/l of cadmium as nitrate and sulphate increased lymphocyte mortality compared to the control and cadmium chloride. Phagocytic activity was less sensitive to heavy metals than was lymphocyte viability. It was significantly reduced following exposure to 50 microM and 100 microM cadmium, and 100 microM zinc, but no effects were observed with either lead or copper.