婴儿肠道双歧杆菌多样性的研究进展

双歧杆菌是婴儿肠道中最丰富的微生物,对婴儿肠道微生物的成熟和稳定有显著影响,与婴儿健康紧密相关。大量研究表明,婴儿肠道中最广泛存在的双歧杆菌有长双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌。母婴之间垂直传递可直接影响婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌各种属的早期定植和相对丰度变化,特别是分娩方式和喂养方式会显著影响婴儿肠道双歧杆菌。此外,胎龄和辅食等因素对婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌的组成与多样性也有一定影响。本文对婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的种属组成、相对丰度变化以及影响其多样性的因素进行了综述,为婴儿双歧杆菌群落的认识提供一定的理论依据。     

婴儿肠道双歧杆菌种群多样性分析

使用分子生物学方法,对4例出生时间为17～120h婴儿的肠道双歧杆菌种群多样性进行分析。肠道中剖腹产婴儿在出生17h后,双歧杆菌就已定植;另外,婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌群有短双歧杆（Bifidobacterium breve）和长双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium longum）,分别占双歧杆菌种群的65％和35％。     

母乳溶菌酶含量与婴儿生理性腹泻

观察５４例生理性腹泻的健康婴儿，分别在生后第４，１５天及１￣６月每月随访，共收集粪便标本２８７份及其母乳３２５份，同时观察其粪便性状及次数，测定母乳溶菌酶含量，用直接涂片加勒兰氏染色法，检测粪便中细菌的种类，探索溶菌酶对力群的影响及其与生理性腹泻的关系，发现母乳溶菌酶在生后１５￣３０天时最低，随着其水平的下降，生后１５－９０天，婴儿粪便中的类杆菌逐渐被双歧杆菌取代，腹泻发生率由几乎１００％降至１２     

双歧杆菌对母乳低聚糖利用的研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是一类存在于人乳中复杂的混合低聚糖,是母乳中的重要成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。母乳低聚糖可作为影响肠道微生物群组成的益生元,可选择性地促进母乳喂养婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的生长。婴儿肠道内相关的双歧杆菌具有糖苷酶和转运蛋白等分子工具,使其能够代谢HMOs,且代谢过程具有菌株特异性。本文对2′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 唾液酸乳糖、6′ 唾液酸乳糖、乳糖 N 四糖、乳糖 N 新四糖等常见HMOs的结构和特点进行总结,并讨论不同双歧杆菌对不同HMOs的利用特点和机制,为开发针对不同双歧杆菌的特异性益生元提供相应的理论指导。     

消化道疾病对肠道双歧杆菌的影响

对７３例普外科病人的大便进行了需和双歧杆菌计量检查，各实验组大便需氧菌的数量与正常对照组的数值不显著，而梗阻性黄疸，结肠癌、肝癌、胃癌、肝硬化门脉高压病人大便的双歧杆菌数量较对照组显明减少。     

婴儿双歧杆菌对小鼠肉瘤S180的抑制作用

本文主要观察婴儿双歧杆菌(Bif. 189—3)对小鼠皮下移植肉瘤180(S180)的抑制作用。结果发现,该菌无论在S180移植前或移植后经皮下注射,均能明显抑制皮下移植S180的增长,并使带瘤鼠存活期显著延长。病理检查见实验组肿瘤坏死明显,肿瘤周围有大量炎症细胞浸润。提示该菌能非特异性增强肿瘤局部的免疫反应。     

早期饮食如何影响婴儿肠道微生态

母乳是一种多功能的生物液体,为婴儿提供一系列营养及多样化的非营养活性成分,如抗体、细菌和免疫调节蛋白。过去十年的研究已证实母乳中具有生物活性的成分在建立婴儿健康的肠道菌群结构过程中起重要作用。完全母乳喂养的婴儿其肠道菌群以若干种双歧杆菌为主,起决定性作用,被称为母乳源型微生物(MOM)。MOM不但可以降低婴儿的感染风险,而且还能减少成年期某些慢性疾病患病风险。MOM的形成依赖于母乳中复杂的可以帮助婴儿消化的糖结构。本文主要阐述母乳中的多糖、糖基化蛋白以及母体表型对于肠道菌群形成的影响,从而来了解早期饮食中的各种因素是如何形影响婴儿肠道微生物的。     

双歧因子对双歧杆菌增殖的影响

应用含有不同浓度的双歧因子(微维乐)的培养基对双歧杆菌进行了定性、定量观察。其结果表明,微维乐对双歧杆菌有明显的促进作用;在双歧杆菌制剂的生产过程中,添加一定量的微维乐,不仅可以提高双歧杆菌收率,而且还可以缩短菌种发酵时间。最佳添加量为1.5%,最佳发酵时间为1.5 h。     

胆管结扎对大鼠肠道双歧杆菌组成的影响

目的分析胆管结扎对SD大鼠肠道双歧杆菌菌群结构组成的影响。方法采集手术前3 d和手术后2周5只模型组和5只对照组大鼠的粪便样品,提取粪便样品中微生物的混合DNA进行双歧杆菌类群特异性PCR-DGGE,结合主成分分析技术比较2组大鼠在手术前后肠道内双歧杆菌结构组成的变化。结果DGGE图谱及其主成分分析表明手术后对照组和模型组大鼠肠道双歧杆菌菌群的结构组成明显不同,主要表现在假长双歧杆菌的数量在模型组显著增加,而动物双歧杆菌却明显减少。结论胆管结扎导致SD大鼠肠道双歧杆菌结构发生异常变化。     

新生儿肠道双歧杆菌数量影响因素与其婴儿期腹泻关系

目的探讨新生儿肠道双歧杆菌数量的相关影响因素,并明确它们与婴儿期腹泻的关系。方法以120例新生儿为研究对象,生后5-7 d均做大便双歧杆菌定量培养,并做相关因素的准确登记,同时严密观察随访至1岁,准确记录其发生腹泻情况。结果母亲分娩方式、临产期及产后是否使用抗生素、母亲妊娠期饮食习惯以及新生儿黄疸期长短与新生儿肠道双歧杆菌数量有相关性。新生儿黄疸期长、母亲临产期及产后使用抗生素均是婴儿腹泻的危险因素;阴道分娩、母亲喜发酵制品及喜素食均是婴儿腹泻的保护因素。结论为避免导致新生儿肠道双歧杆菌数量不足的影响因素,提倡阴道分娩、临产期及产后不用抗生素、妊娠期多食发酵制品和素食,并尽量设法缩短新生儿黄疸时间,以减少婴儿腹泻的发生。     

A pilot study of synbiotic supplementation on breast milk mineral concentrations and growth of exclusively breast fed infants

Despite the crucial role of breast milk mineral contents for health and growth of the infants, they decrease with the duration of lactation. So, this pilot study aimed to determine the effects of synbiotic supplementation on breast milk mineral composition and infants’ growth. In this pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 57 lactating mothers were randomly divided into two groups to receive a daily supplement of synbiotic (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 27) for 30 days. Breast milk zinc, copper, Iron, magnesium and, calcium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Weight for age Z-score (WAZ) and height for age Z-score (HAZ) were assessed for infants. Dietary intake was collected from lactating women using the 24-h recall method. Data analyses were carried out using nutritionist IV, Epi Info and SPSS soft wares. Synbiotic supplementation led to an insignificant increase of the mean breast milk levels of zinc (from 2.44 ± 0.65 to 2.55 ± 0.55 mg L⁻¹), copper (from 0.35 ± 0.24 to 0.40 ± 0.26 mg L⁻¹), iron (from 0.28 ± 0.42 to 0.31 ± 0.38 mg L⁻¹), magnesium (from 17.14 ± 1.35 to 17.17 ± 1.09 mg L⁻¹), and calcium (from 189 ± 25.3 to 189.9 ± 21.7 mg L⁻¹); whilst in the placebo group, these variables decreased significantly (P = 0.001). The observed changes between two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Although WAZ and HAZ of infants increased slightly in the supplemented group (from 1.19 ± 0.79 to 1.20 ± 0.69 and 0.36 ± 0.86 to 0.37 ± 0.85 respectively), these two parameters decreased in the placebo group which was significant only for WAZ (P = 0.01). Moreover, no significant association was found between mineral intake and breast milk mineral contents. It seems, synbiotic supplementation may have positive effects on breast milk mineral contents.     

A physiological role of breast milk leptin in body weight control in developing infants

Objective: Leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and energy metabolism, is present in breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine whether milk leptin concentration is correlated with maternal circulating leptin and BMI and with body weight gain of infants. Research Methods and Procedures: A group of 28 non‐obese women (BMI between 16.3 and 27.3 kg/m²) who breast‐fed their infants for at least 6 months and their infants were studied. Venous blood and milk samples were obtained from mothers at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months of lactation, and leptin concentration was determined. Infant body weight and height were followed until 2 years of age. Results: During the whole lactation period, milk leptin concentration correlated positively with maternal plasma leptin concentration and with maternal BMI. In addition, milk leptin concentration at 1 month of lactation was negatively correlated with infant BMI at 18 and 24 months of age. A better negative correlation was also found between log milk leptin concentration at 1 and at 3 months of lactation and infant BMI from 12 to 24 months of age. Discussion: We concluded that, in a group of non‐obese mothers, infant body weight during the first 2 years may be influenced by milk leptin concentration during the first stages of lactation. Thus, moderate milk‐borne maternal leptin appears to provide moderate protection to infants from an excess of weight gain. These results seem to point out that milk leptin is an important factor that could explain, at least partially, the major risk of obesity of formula‐fed infants with respect to breast‐fed infants.     

唾液酸化母乳聚糖对新生儿肠道微生态的调节作用研究进展CSCD

母乳中含有丰富的唾液酸成分,大多数唾液酸是以与人乳低聚糖(HMOs)结合的形式存在。已有报道称唾液酸可以促进婴儿大脑和神经系统的发育,但唾液酸的代谢机制和生物功能并不十分清晰。唾液酸作为母乳中的一种有效营养成分,受到越来越多的关注。唾液酸化的母乳聚糖可促进有益微生物群的生长和新陈代谢,益于婴幼儿肠道健康和免疫功能。唾液酸化的母乳聚糖还具有抗病毒活性,在新生儿肠道的黏膜中具有抑菌作用,能抑制微生物对宿主细胞的黏附,对细菌、病毒和真菌有直接的细胞毒性作用。此外,唾液酸化的母乳聚糖在调节肠道菌群平衡和保护新生儿炎症性疾病方面也起着重要作用。本文综述了唾液酸化母乳聚糖对新生儿肠道微生态的调节作用及研究现状,并讨论了微生物对唾液酸代谢、唾液酸酶和唾液酸转移酶的作用以及唾液酸的生物合成及其在食品添加剂和医学领域的应用前景。     

高核心岩藻糖基化母乳促进子代肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的优势生长

目的 探究母乳蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平对新生儿肠道菌群结构的影响。 方法 采用凝集素(aspergillus oryzae lectin,AOL)检测不同母乳样本的蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平,按照蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平的高低将母乳样品分为高核心岩藻糖基化组和低核心岩藻糖基化组,采集两组母乳样品对应喂养的婴儿的粪便,利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR DGGE)的方法检测两组婴儿粪便中菌群的组成。利用Fut8+/-和Fut8+/+模型小鼠作为母代让其分别哺育野生型子代仔鼠,以进一步阐明核心岩藻糖基化对新生儿肠道菌群的影响。 结果 母亲/母鼠母乳蛋白岩藻糖基化水平高组与低组相比,婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌菌群丰富度增加,仔鼠肠道内乳杆菌定植增加。 结论 高核心岩藻糖基化的母乳可以促进子代肠道中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等益生菌的生长。     

Exploring the stem cell and non-stem cell constituents of human breast milk

The immense potency of nutritional components of human breast milk and importance of breastfeeding is known worldwide. Recent researches had identified stem cells as integral component of human breast milk. Nevertheless, there is little proof of evidence on the stem cell constituents of breast milk. It is imperative to explore the cellular constituents of human breast milk, including of stem cells, to open new avenue in child’s development and regeneration. Thus, we aimed at identifying the cellular constituents of human breast milk by phenotypic characterisation of diverse cell surface markers of hematopoietic stem cells (CD 34, CD 133, CD 117), mesenchymal stem cells (CD 90, CD 105, CD 73), myoepithelial cells (CD 29, CD 44), Immune cells (CD 209, CD 86, CD 83, CD 14, CD 13, HLADR, CD 45), as well as cell adhesion molecules (CD 31, CD 54, CD 166, CD 106, CD 49d), and other markers (ABCG2, CD140b) using flowcytometry. We found a lower expression of CD 34 (13.07 ± 2.0 %), CD 90 (7.79 ± 0.8 %) and CD 73 (2.19 ± 0.41 %), indicating scanty hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell population in human breast milk. On contrary, myoepithelial progenitors, cell adhesion molecules, immune cells and growth factors were identified as the major constituents of breast milk. Overall, this study illuminates the benefits of breast feeding as breast milk encompasses heterogeneous cellular components that benefits child’s growth, immunity and development. However, further research on these constituents of human breast milk will widen their applicability in treatment of neonatal disorders.     

地衣芽孢杆菌治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸的疗效观察

目的了解地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(整肠生)治疗母乳性黄疸的疗效。方法选取2012年1月至2015年4月我院门诊治疗的新生儿母乳性黄疸69例,随机分为两组,对照组给予口服茵栀黄颗粒,观察组给予茵栀黄颗粒及整肠生治疗,观察治疗效果及两组血清胆红素值及黄疸消退时间、大便次数。结果 (1)治疗后观察组总有效率97.14%,对照组治疗总有效率82.35%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗第5天观察组血清总胆红素值明显低于对照组,黄疸消退时间短于对照组,平均大便次数多于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。(3)两组患儿均无过敏及脱水等不良反应。结论整肠生治疗母乳性黄疸可缩短黄疸持续时间,显著降低血清总胆红素水平,提高治疗有效率。     

母乳联合妈咪爱对极低出生体重儿炎性细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨母乳联合妈咪爱对极低出生体重儿（ELBWI）炎性细胞因子的影响。方法 采用前瞻性研究法,选择2012年2月至2016年5月在我院诊治的ELBWI 76例,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各38例,对照组给予母乳喂养,观察组给予母乳联合妈咪爱喂养,两组均给予暖箱保暖、治疗原发病等对症治疗。治疗14 d后,观察两组患儿的预后与炎性细胞因子表达情况。结果 观察组与对照组的喂养不耐受率分别为7.9%和26.3%,观察组明显少于对照组（χ2=3.289,P0.05）。观察组治疗后的血清IL-6与TNF-α含量分别为（16.33±11.61）ng/L和（25.23±8.92）ng/L,均明显低于对照组的（26.35±11.56）ng/L与（33.72±10.36）ng/L（P<0.05）,且都明显低于治疗前（P<0.05）。结论 母乳联合妈咪爱喂养可改善ELBWI早期喂养的耐受性,提高患儿免疫功能,降低炎性细胞因子IL-6与TNF-α的表达,从而对生长发育有一定促进作用。     

Peptidomic analysis reveals multiple protection of human breast milk on infants during different stages

It has been shown that human breast milk (HBM) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of newborns. Currently, peptide drugs provide promising regimes in neonatal disease treatment, especially peptides from HBM that exhibit multiple functions within cells. To explore the potential biological function peptides among the colostrum, transition and mature milk from mother of extremely low birth weight children (the samples were collected from Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2016 to February 2017). A total of 3,182 nonredundant peptides were identified and compared among colostrum, transitional and mature milk using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technology, and the numbers and fragments of peptides were various. The isoelectric point and molecular weight analysis of the differentially expressed peptides basically accord with the range of mass spectrometry identification (<3 kDa). Gene Ontology analysis and Pathway analysis, restriction sites analysis, as well as bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed peptides enriched a variety of biological processes. We identified several putative peptides that might have bioactive effects in diseases and development of newborns, which will inform further functional investigations. Our preliminary research provided a better understanding of the function of peptides during the newborn periods. Furthermore, it laid a foundation for discovering new peptide drugs in neonatal disease treatment.     

凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片治疗母乳性黄疸的临床观察

目的探讨凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片（商品名：爽舒宝）治疗母乳性黄疸的临床疗效。方法将母乳性黄疸患儿69例随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组34例在常规治疗的同时给予口服凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片;对照组35例应用蓝光、菌栀黄颗粒等常规治疗。治疗中观察患儿黄疸消退时间并定期检测血清胆红素含量,血常规情况。结果治疗后观察组总有效率、日均胆红素下降值均明显高于对照组,治疗第5天血清胆红素值低于对照组,黄疸消退时间亦明显短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组和对照组的白细胞计数和红细胞计数均降为正常值,血红蛋白也有所降低,但仍高于正常值,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片治疗母乳性黄疸,可提高总有效率,迅速降低胆红素水平,缩短黄疸消退时间,且无不良反应发生。