红茶对新生幼鼠肠道菌群形成的影响

探讨红茶对新生幼鼠肠道菌群形成的影响,为从微生态角度研究红茶在人体肠道菌群形成过程中的作用机制奠定基础。

利用宏基因组测序技术检测4周龄新生幼鼠（4weeks组,n = 30）、12周龄正常对照组小鼠（control组,n = 15）和12周龄喂饲红茶水实验组小鼠（teadrink组,n = 15）的肠道菌群分布,分析3组样本的菌群差异情况,探求红茶对新生幼鼠肠道菌群形成的影响。

与control组相比,teadrink组小鼠肠道拟杆菌门（t = −7.711,P＜0.001）、拟杆菌科（t = −3.411,P = 0.009）、长尾嗤菌体科（t = −2.515,P = 0.036）、拟杆菌属（t = −2.693,P = 0.027）、邓肯菌属（t = −2.434,P = 0.041）、居海事城球杆菌属（t = −3.327,P = 0.029）、迪博邓肯菌（t = −2.679,P = 0.028）、普通居海事城球杆菌（t = −3.401,P = 0.027）和Duncaniella_sp._C9（t = −3.104,P = 0.035）相对丰度显著增加,厚壁菌门（t = 8.952,P＜0.001）、乳杆菌科（t = 13.102,P＜0.001）、消化链球菌科（t = 3.665,P = 0.021）、爱格菌科（t = 4.481,P = 0.002）、理研菌科（t = 3.626,P = 0.022）、乳杆菌属（t = 5.542,P = 0.004）、黏液乳杆菌属（t = 6.334,P = 0.002）、龙包茨菌属（t = 3.785,P = 0.005）、阿德勒菌属（t = 4.504,P = 0.002）、约氏乳杆菌（t = 4.282,P = 0.011）和罗伊氏粘液乳杆菌（t = 6.156,P = 0.003）相对丰度显著减少。与4weeks组相比,teadrink组小鼠肠道菌群分布差异大于control组。

红茶对新生幼鼠肠道菌群的形成能够产生影响,不同丰度的菌群可能通过调节碳水化合物代谢等途径来达到改善肠道菌群结构、增强肠道稳态的目的,具体代谢机制有待深入研究。

     

肠道菌群与路易体痴呆的相关性研究

探讨路易体痴呆（DLB）患者的肠道菌群组成及相关性。

选取2021年1月—2023年8月在温州市中西医结合医院招募的17例DLB患者和招募的21名健康对照者（HC）,分别设为DLB组和HC组。DLB患者通过简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）、日常生活活动能力（ADL）量表、统一帕金森病评定量表第三部分（UPDRSⅢ）评估病情。采用16S rRNA基因测序比较两组肠道菌群组成的异同。菌群特征和DLB病情严重程度的相关性分析采用Spearman相关性分析。

两组间性别、年龄、受教育时间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,DLB组MMSE评分、ADL评分、UPDRSⅢ评分与HC组相比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。与HC组相比,DLB组肠道菌群菌种多样性降低（P＜0.05）,粪杆菌属相对丰度下降,埃希−志贺菌属、链球菌属、Ligilactobacillus相对丰度升高（P＜0.05）。粪杆菌属的相对丰度与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0.405,P＜0.001）,与病程和UPDRSⅢ呈负相关（r= −0.238,P=0.019）;埃希−志贺菌属与病程和UPDRSⅢ呈正相关（r=0.263,P=0.008）,与MMSE评分和ADL评分呈负相关（r= −0.290,P=0.003）。

DLB患者肠道菌群结构发生改变,肠道菌群失调可能在DLB的发生发展中发挥重要作用。

     

双歧杆菌制剂对肿瘤化疗患者肠道菌群影响的Meta分析

探讨双歧杆菌制剂对肿瘤化疗患者肠道菌群的影响。

通过检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science以及CBM、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,收集各数据库从建库至2022年7月发表的所有关于肿瘤化疗患者应用双歧杆菌制剂的随机对照试验,由2名研究者独立筛选文献,按照系统评价的要求对文献质量进行评估,使用Revman 5.4和Stata 17.0统计学软件进行Meta分析。

共纳入25篇文献（2 152例患者）,Meta分析结果显示,双歧杆菌制剂组患者肠道中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的数量高于对照组[SMD = 2.89,95% CI（2.28,3.49）,P＜0.001;SMD = 2.20,95% CI（1.57,2.84）,P＜0.001],双歧杆菌制剂组患者肠道中大肠埃希菌、肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量低于对照组[SMD = −1.08,95% CI（−1.64,−0.52）,P＜0.001;SMD = −0.88,95% CI（−1.58,−0.17）,P = 0.010;SMD = −0.98,95% CI（−1.68,−0.28）,P = 0.006]。

在化疗的基础上添加双歧杆菌制剂对肠道主要菌群水平能起到显著的改善作用,降低不良反应发生率,值得在临床上推广及应用。

     

益生菌对非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠肠道菌群及 STING信号通路的影响

探讨益生菌对高脂饮食（HFD）诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）小鼠肠道菌群及干扰素基因刺激因子（STING）信号通路的影响。

将SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组（n = 20）、实验组（n = 20）及治疗组（n = 20）,对照组小鼠给予普通饲料,实验组和治疗组小鼠给予高脂饲料。喂养12周后,治疗组小鼠给予益生菌治疗,于治疗后第1、2和4周对3组小鼠进行各指标检测。采集小鼠粪便标本检测其肠道菌群数量;应用双能X线吸收法检测小鼠全身脂肪含量;使用酶联免疫吸附剂测定法检测肝功能指标和炎症因子水平;采用RT-qPCR及Western Blot检测STING及相关炎性细胞因子的表达;采用免疫组织化学技术检测巨噬细胞标志物F4/80的表达。

与实验组相比,治疗组小鼠肠道菌群得到改善,双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数量升高,肠杆菌、肠球菌及白假丝酵母数量降低（均P＜0.01）;治疗组小鼠脂肪含量降低（P＜0.01）,肝功能指标谷草转氨酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、三酰甘油及STING表达量显著降低（均P＜0.05）,F4/80⁺在肝脏组织中的比例明显降低（P＜0.01）。此外,与实验组相比,治疗组小鼠炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素1β、白介素6、干扰素β表达水平及磷酸化NF-κB p65水平显著降低,JNK-p46水平显著升高（均P＜0.05）。

益生菌可能通过抑制STING-TBK1-NF-κB通路改善肠道菌群,从而改善HFD诱导的NAFLD。

     

基于16S rDNA测序分析枳术丸水煎液对慢传输型便秘脾虚证模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

基于16S rDNA测序分析慢传输型便秘（STC）脾虚证小鼠肠道菌群结构特征,初步探讨枳术丸对STC肠道菌群的可能干预机制。

40只小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、枳术丸组与莫沙必利组。造模组（模型组、枳术丸组与莫沙必利组）采用番泻叶灌胃,随后控制饮食饮水采用饥饱失常的方法造成脾虚便秘小鼠模型。造模成功后,枳术丸组给予中药水煎剂灌胃,莫沙必利组给予莫沙必利悬浊液灌胃,正常组与模型组给予蒸馏水灌胃。连续给药7 d后测定小鼠肠道推进率和血清D−木糖水平,采集小鼠结肠内粪便进行16S rDNA检测,分析样本菌群的多样性与丰度,分析门、属、种水平的物种组成。

模型组肠道菌群丰富度指数（Chao1指数）与多样性指数（Shannon指数）较正常组均显著降低（P＜0.05）,说明STC发病过程中伴随肠道菌群物种丰富度水平和菌群物种数目的降低以及菌群多样性水平的降低。在门水平上,正常组与模型组均以厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为主;在属水平上,模型组肠鼠杆菌属（Muribaculum）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和粪杆菌属（Faecalibaculum）丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）,Lachnoclostridium和艾森伯格菌属（Eisenbergiella）丰度降低（P＜0.05）;在种水平上,模型组产酸拟杆菌（Bacteroides acidifaciens）、Faecalibaculum rodentium和约氏乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus johnsonii）丰度较正常组显著升高（P＜0.05）,Eisenbergiella sp.丰度显著降低（P＜0.05）。以上提示STC脾虚证小鼠肠道菌群多样性发生改变。经枳术丸治疗后,枳术丸组肠鼠杆菌属、拟杆菌属、乳杆菌属、粪杆菌属、Faecalibaculum rodentium和约氏乳酸杆菌丰度显著降低（P＜0.05）,Lachnoclostridium、艾森伯格菌属和Eisenbergiella sp.丰度升高（P＜0.05）。

枳术丸对STC脾虚证小鼠肠道菌群多样性改变有明显的调节作用,并且其作用机制与调节特定菌群有关。

     

健脾益肾通络方对MPTP诱导的帕金森病小鼠肠道菌群与短链脂肪酸的调节作用

探讨健脾益肾通络方（JYTR）对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）诱导的帕金森病小鼠肠道菌群组成和短链脂肪酸的影响。

将成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分成3组：空白组、MPTP组、MPTP+JYTR组,每组15只。采用爬杆、悬挂、横梁实验评估运动情况。采用免疫荧光法检测纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的表达。采用蛋白印迹法检测纹状体和结肠中α-突触核蛋白（α-syn）的表达。采用16S核糖体RNA（16S rRNA）基因测序评估肠道菌群的变化。采用气相色谱质谱法（GC-MS）分析小鼠粪便短链脂肪酸的水平。最后对差异菌群和短链脂肪酸进行相关性分析。

与MPTP组相比,MPTP+JYTR组小鼠悬挂评分增加（P=0.040）,爬杆时间和横梁行走时间显著缩短（P=0.042、P＜0.001）;纹状体TH表达显著增加（P=0.045）,纹状体、结肠中α-syn表达显著减少（P=0.011、P=0.037）;肠道菌群alpha多样性、beta多样性显著改变;门水平方面拟杆菌门丰度增加（P=0.003）,厚壁菌门、疣微菌门丰度均显著减少（P=0.001、P=0.011）;科水平方面毛螺菌科丰度显著升高（P=0.001）,嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌科、丹毒丝菌科丰度均显著降低（P=0.008、P=0.004）;短链脂肪酸中乙酸、丙酸水平均显著增加（P=0.014、P=0.010）。相关性分析显示爬杆时间、悬挂评分、横梁时间均与肠道菌群、短链脂肪酸存在相关性。

JYTR可以通过调节肠道菌群失调和改善短链脂肪酸水平起到治疗帕金森病的作用。

     

基于肠道菌群研究枳术丸治疗脾虚证慢传输型便秘的作用机制

观察枳术丸对脾虚证慢传输型便秘（slow transit constipation,STC）小鼠肠道菌群、短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）和肠道传输功能的影响,探讨枳术丸治疗STC的机制。

将50只健康的KM小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组（15只）和造模组（35只）,正常组小鼠基础饲料喂养,造模组小鼠以番泻叶灌胃和限制饮食饮水方法制作脾虚证STC小鼠模型。造模成功后,将造模组小鼠分为模型组、莫沙必利组和枳术丸组,每组10只,对应给药治疗7 d。治疗结束后分别采用16S rRNA基因测序技术分析小鼠粪便菌群多样性和菌群结构,气相色谱/质谱法检测粪便中SCFAs水平,HE染色观察各组小鼠结肠组织病理形态改变,使用ELISA法检测小鼠脑组织、结肠组织中5-HT水平。

造模后,各造模组小鼠体质量显著低于正常组（均P＜0.01）;治疗结束后,模型组小鼠体质量和肠道推进率显著低于正常组（均P＜0.01）;与模型组比较,莫沙必利组和枳术丸组小鼠体质量和肠道推进率升高（均P＜0.05）。小鼠结肠组织HE病理显示模型组腺体排列不齐,结肠黏膜轻微水肿、充血,轻度炎症浸润。与正常组比较,模型组小鼠肠道菌群丰富度和多样性皆降低,枳术丸组和莫沙必利组小鼠肠道菌群多样性和丰富度更趋近于正常组。在门分类水平上,与正常组比较,模型组小鼠厚壁菌门、疣微菌门相对丰度降低,拟杆菌门、变形菌门相对丰度增加;与模型组比较,枳术丸组小鼠疣微菌门相对丰度增加,拟杆菌门相对丰度降低。在属分类水平上,与正常组比较,模型组小鼠拟杆菌属、乳杆菌属相对丰度增加,异形藻属、梭菌属、另枝菌属相对丰度降低;与模型组比较,枳术丸组小鼠拟杆菌属相对丰度降低,异形藻属、梭菌属相对丰度增加。与正常组比较,模型组小鼠粪便乙酸、丙酸水平降低（均P＜0.05）,结肠组织、脑组织5-HT水平降低（均P＜0.05）;与模型组小鼠比较,枳术丸组小鼠粪便乙酸、丙酸水平显著升高（均P＜0.01）,结肠组织、脑组织5-HT水平升高（均P＜0.05）。

枳术丸可通过调节肠道菌群的平衡,促进SCFAs的分泌和5-HT的分泌释放,提高推进率,促进肠道蠕动治疗脾虚证STC。

     

Collinsella aerofaciens对高脂饮食小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群的影响

从人粪便中分离Collinsella aerofaciens,并给予正常和高脂饮食的C57BL/6J小鼠,观察Collinsella aerofaciens对小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群结构的影响。

将40只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分成正常饮食组（NCD组）、正常饮食+菌液组（NCD+B组）、高脂饮食组（HFD组）和高脂饮食+菌液组（HFD+B组）,每组10只。NCD组和HFD组给予100 μL的生理盐水,其余组给予Collinsella aerofaciens 1×10⁹ CFU/mL,连续灌胃12周。第0、4、8和12周通过试剂盒检测空腹血糖（FBG）、随机血糖（GLU）、总胆固醇（TC）和三酰甘油（TG）水平。第12周,对各组小鼠进行口服糖耐量和胰岛素耐量试验,并检测血浆高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C、LDL-C）水平。收集小鼠粪便,采用高通量测序技术检测16S rRNA V3‒V4区序列,分析肠道菌群结构变化。

第8和12周4组小鼠间TC水平差异有统计学意义（F = 132.424,P＜0.001;F = 107.601,P＜0.001）,与NCD组相比,NCD+B组小鼠TC水平显著升高（P＜0.050）;与HFD组相比,HFD+B组小鼠TC水平显著升高（P＜0.050）。4组小鼠间HDL-C和LDL-C水平差异有统计学意义（F = 7.809,P＜0.001;F = 41.521,P＜0.001）,与NCD组相比,NCD+B组小鼠HDL-C水平显著降低（P＜0.050）,LDL-C水平显著升高（P＜0.050）;与HFD组相比,HFD+B组小鼠LDL-C水平显著升高（P＜0.050）。Spearman相关性分析发现小鼠肠道中Desulfovibrionaceae丰度与FBG、GLU、TC和LDL-C水平呈正相关（r = 0.512,P = 0.011;r = 0.445,P = 0.029;r = 0.728,P＜0.001;r = 0.758,P＜0.001）。

人粪便中分离的Collinsella aerofaciens可以影响小鼠糖脂代谢,可能与其破坏肠道菌群平衡有关,同时为防治血糖血脂异常代谢提供靶点。

     

肠道菌群与腹型过敏性紫癜性肾炎病情严重程度的相关性研究

探究肠道菌群与腹型过敏性紫癜肾炎（HSPN）患儿病情严重程度的相关性。

选取2021年4月至2023年4月在本院收治的腹型过敏性紫癜（HSP）患儿115例作为研究对象,根据患儿是否并发肾炎将患儿分为HSP组（69例）与HSPN组（46例）,根据24 h尿蛋白定量结果,将HSPN患儿分为轻型HSPN组（29例）和重型HSPN组（17例）。选取同期在我院检查健康的115名儿童为对照组,比较各组的肠道菌群数量变化。

对照组、HSP组和HSPN组患儿24 h尿蛋白定量、血清尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCR）、血清尿酸（SUA）、白细胞计数（WBC）水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。重型HSPN组患儿24 h尿蛋白定量、BUN、SCR、SUA、尿红细胞计数（RBC）、WBC水平比轻型HSPN组患儿高（P＜0.05）。对照组、HSP组和HSPN组患儿双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌水平逐渐降低（P＜0.05）,大肠杆菌、链球菌水平逐渐升高（P＜0.05）。重型HSPN组患儿双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌水平比轻型HSPN组低（P＜0.05）,大肠杆菌、链球菌水平比轻型HSPN组高（P＜0.05）。治疗后HSPN患儿双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌水平比治疗前低（P＜0.05）,大肠杆菌、链球菌水平比治疗前高（P＜0.05）。

随腹型HSPN患儿病情程度加重,肠道菌群失调程度加重,有益菌减少,致病菌增多。

     

复合益生菌粉对功能性便秘小鼠润肠通便的作用

探究由乳双歧杆菌V9、干酪乳杆菌Zhang、植物乳杆菌P9组成的复合益生菌粉对便秘模型小鼠的排便情况、肠动力水平的改善及肠道菌群结构的调整作用。

将100只Balb/c小鼠随机分为A、B两大组,每组又随机分为空白组、模型组以及复合益生菌粉低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,其中A组50只用于排便情况测定,B组50只用于结肠HE染色及肠道菌群的检测。实验共进行15 d,空白组与模型组小鼠灌胃蒸馏水15 d,复合益生菌粉各剂量组小鼠灌胃相应剂量的复合益生菌粉15 d;同时,除空白组外,于第7天、第15天灌胃盐酸洛哌丁胺（4 mg/kg）进行造模。

与空白组相比,模型组小鼠首次排便时间显著延长（P＜0.01）,6 h内粪便质量显著减轻（P＜0.05）,肠推进率显著降低（P＜0.05）,提示造模成功;与模型组相比,复合益生菌粉低、高剂量组首次排黑便时间显著缩短（P＜0.05）,肠推进率显著升高（P＜0.05）,同时高剂量组小鼠6 h排便量增加（P＜0.05）。HE结果显示,复合益生菌粉可以增厚结肠肌层,恢复受损的结肠黏膜组织,并且腺管排列恢复至正常水平。菌群测序结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著改变;与模型组相比,复合益生菌粉中、高剂量组显著提高便秘模型小鼠肠道菌群的丰富度,其中Patescibacteria、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门、Eubacterium xylanophilum_group等丰度增加,另枝菌属、Odoribacter等丰度降低。

复合益生菌粉能够通过促进肠蠕动,调整肠道菌群结构发挥缓解小鼠便秘的作用。

     

S3I-201, a selective Stat3 inhibitor,restores neuroimmune function through upregulation of Treg signaling in autistic BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms include communication deficits, a lack of social skills, and stereotyped repetitive behaviors. We used BTBR T⁺ Itpr3^tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model that demonstrates most of the core behavioral features of ASD, such as decreased sociability and high levels of repetitive behaviors. Currently, there is no treatment available that is able to improve most of the ASD disorder symptoms; thus, finding novel therapies is immediately required. Stat3 inhibitors are potential targets in the treatment of several immune disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of S3I-201, a selective Stat3 inhibitor, to determine its potential mechanism in BTBR mice. In this study, we first examined the effects of S3I-201 on repetitive behavior and marble burying. We also examined the treatment of S3I-201 on Th1 (IFN-γ and T-bet), Th17 (IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, IL-21, and IL-22), and T regulatory (Treg, Foxp3 and Helios) production in spleen CD4⁺ T cells. We further assessed Th1, Th17, and Treg mRNA and protein expression levels in brain tissues. S3I-201 treatment in BTBR mice significantly prevents marble burying and repetitive behavior. Furthermore, S3I-201 administration causes a considerable decrease in IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-17A, RORγt, Stat3, IL-21, and IL-22 levels, and increases in Foxp3 and Helios production CD4⁺ T cells in BTBR mice. Additionally, S3I-201 treatment also significantly decreases Th1 and Th17 levels, and increases Treg mRNA and protein expression levels. Therefore, these results suggest that S3I-201 could be considered as a therapeutic option for ASD.     

mGluR5-antagonist mediated reversal of elevated stereotyped, repetitive behaviors in the VPA model of autism

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly disabling developmental disorders with a population prevalence of 1-3%. Despite a strong genetic etiology, there are no current therapeutic options that target the core symptoms of ASD. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunction of glutamatergic signaling, in particular through metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) receptors, may contribute to phenotypic deficits and may be appropriate targets for pharmacologic intervention. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of 2-methyl-6-phenylethyl-pyrididine (MPEP), an mGluR5-receptor antagonist, on repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors in the valproic acid (VPA) mouse model of autism. Mice were exposed prenatally on day E13 to VPA and assessed for repetitive self-grooming and marble burying behaviors as adults. Anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were measured in an open-field. VPA-exposed mice displayed increased repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors, consistent with previously published results. Across both marble burying and self-grooming assays, MPEP significantly reduced repetitive behaviors in VPA-treated mice, but had no effect on locomotor activity. These results are consistent with emerging preclinical literature that mGluR5-antagonists may have therapeutic efficacy for core symptoms of autism.     

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T⁺ Itpr3^tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as "inchworming," was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.     

Effects of an H3R Antagonist on the Animal Model of Autism Induced by Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders primarily characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted repetitive behaviors and interests. Ligands of histamine receptor 3 (H3R) are considered potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of different brain disorders and cognitive impairments. Considering this, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the actions of ciproxifan (CPX), an H3R antagonist, on the animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA). Swiss mice were prenatally exposed to VPA on embryonic day 11 and assessed for social behavior, nociceptive threshold and repetitive behavior at 50 days of life. The treatment with CPX (3 mg/kg) or saline was administered 30 minutes before each behavioral test. The VPA group presented lower sociability index compared to VPA animals that were treated with CPX. Compared to the Control group, VPA animals presented a significantly higher nociceptive threshold, and treatment with CPX was not able to modify this parameter. In the marble burying test, the number of marbles buried by VPA animals was consistent with markedly repetitive behavior. VPA animals that received CPX buried a reduced amount of marbles. In summary, we report that an acute dose of CPX is able to attenuate sociability deficits and stereotypies present in the VPA model of autism. Our findings have the potential to help the investigations of both the molecular underpinnings of ASD and of possible treatments to ameliorate the ASD symptomatology, although more research is still necessary to corroborate and expand this initial data.     

约氏乳杆菌GLJO02通过改善肠道通透性缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎

探究约氏乳杆菌GLJO02对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的影响。

从灌胃普洱茶的小鼠粪便中筛选得到益生菌约氏乳杆菌GLJO02。将18只SPF级C57小鼠随机分成3组：Control+PBS组（6只）、DSS+PBS组（6只）及DSS+GLJO02组（6只）,均自由饮用含3% DSS水7 d以建立结肠炎模型,其中DSS+GLJO02组提前1周灌胃GLJO02菌液;造模期间观察小鼠体质量变化情况及粪便性状改变情况;于造模第8天处死小鼠并留取小鼠血清及肠道样品,检测小鼠血清中LPS水平以评估肠道通透性,通过H&E染色评估小鼠结肠病理情况,通过实时荧光定量技术检测小鼠结肠中炎症因子及紧密连接蛋白的表达情况,通过免疫荧光法检测紧密连接蛋白ZO-1及Occludin的表达情况,并通过高效液相色谱法检测小鼠盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量。

与Control+PBS组相比,DSS+PBS组小鼠体质量显著降低、DAI评分提高同时结肠长度缩短。与DSS+PBS组相比,DSS+GLJO02组小鼠症状缓解,体质量下降显著改善（t = 6.948,P＜0.000 1）,结肠长度提高（t = 3.790,P = 0.003 4）,DAI评分显著降低（t = 11.880,P＜0.000 1）;组织病理学评分显著下降（t = 10.410,P = 0.000 1）;促炎症因子表达水平降低;免疫荧光检测结果显示ZO-1、Occludin蛋白表达增多;应用高效液相色谱法发现GLJO02处理后能够显著提升盲肠中短链脂肪酸的含量（乙酸：t = 4.042,P = 0.005 4;丙酸：t = 12.380,P＜0.000 1;丁酸：t = 7.819,P＜0.000 1）。

约氏乳杆菌GLJO02能够通过改善肠道通透性,起到缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎的作用。

     

Motor and cognitive stereotypies in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse model of autism

The BTBR T+tf/J inbred mouse strain displays a variety of persistent phenotypic alterations similar to those exhibited in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The unique genetic background of the BTBR strain is thought to underlie its lack of reciprocal social interactions, elevated repetitive self-directed grooming, and restricted exploratory behaviors. In order to clarify the existence, range, and mechanisms of abnormal repetitive behaviors within BTBR mice, we performed detailed analyses of the microstructure of self-grooming patterns and noted increased overall grooming, higher percentages of interruptions in grooming bouts and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of incorrect sequence transitions compared to C57BL/6J inbred mice. Analyses of active phase home-cage behavior also revealed an increase in stereotypic bar-biting behavior in the BTBR strain relative to B6 mice. Finally, in a novel object investigation task, the BTBR mice exhibited greater baseline preference for specific unfamiliar objects as well as more patterned sequences of sequential investigations of those items. These results suggest that the repetitive, stereotyped behavior patterns of BTBR mice are relatively pervasive and reflect both motor and cognitive mechanisms. Furthermore, other pre-clinical mouse models of ASDs may benefit from these more detailed analyses of stereotypic behavior.     

Density and function of central serotonin (5-HT) transporters, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, and effects of their targeting on BTBR T+tf/J mouse social behavior

BTBR mice are potentially useful tools for autism research because their behavior parallels core social interaction impairments and restricted-repetitive behaviors. Altered regulation of central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission may underlie such behavioral deficits. To test this, we compared 5-HT transporter (SERT), 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor densities among BTBR and C57 strains. Autoradiographic [(3) H] cyanoimipramine (1 nM) binding to SERT was 20-30% lower throughout the adult BTBR brain as compared to C57BL/10J mice. In hippocampal membrane homogenates, [(3) H] citalopram maximal binding (B(max) ) to SERT was 95 ± 13 fmol/mg protein in BTBR and 171 ± 20 fmol/mg protein in C57BL/6J mice, and the BTBR dissociation constant (K(D) ) was 2.0 ± 0.3 nM versus 1.1 ± 0.2 in C57BL/6J mice. Hippocampal 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was similar among strains. However, 8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [(35) S] GTPγS binding in the BTBR hippocampal CA(1) region was 28% higher, indicating elevated 5-HT(1A) capacity to activate G-proteins. In BTBR mice, the SERT blocker, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and the 5-HT(1A) receptor partial-agonist, buspirone (2 mg/kg) enhanced social interactions. The D(2) /5-HT(2) receptor antagonist, risperidone (0.1 mg/kg) reduced marble burying, but failed to improve sociability. Overall, altered SERT and/or 5-HT(1A) functionality in hippocampus could contribute to the relatively low sociability of BTBR mice.     

Akkermansia muciniphila在结肠炎相关结肠癌中的作用和机制

探究Akkermansia muciniphila在结肠炎相关结肠癌中的作用以及Akkermansia muciniphila通过影响肠道黏膜屏障延缓结肠炎癌变的机制。

C57BL/C小鼠共30只,分为对照组、结肠炎相关结肠癌组、结肠炎相关结肠癌+AKK组,每组10只,在建模结束后采用断头法处死小鼠,HE染色检测结肠病理结构,计算成瘤率。采用ELISA法检测3组小鼠结肠组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,免疫荧光双染法检测3组小鼠ZO-1和E-cadherin的表达情况,免疫组化法检测3组小鼠结肠组织Occludin-1、N-cadherin、GPCR41、GPCR43、Bcl-2、 Bax等蛋白的水平,GC-MS法检测3组小鼠短链脂肪酸的水平。

HE发现结肠炎相关结肠癌组小鼠的结肠组织炎症浸润,肠腺水肿,存在不同程度的异型增生,结肠炎相关结肠癌+AKK组小鼠的结肠水肿和出血减轻,肠腺结构清晰。结肠炎相关结肠癌组中小鼠IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平（pg/mL）（9.12±0.36、6.36±0.42、45.20±3.63）较对照组（3.80±0.38、0.06±0.89、2.10±0.14）升高（Tamhane’s T2分别为0.001、2.549、12.831,均P＜0.05）,经Akkermansia muciniphila灌胃后,IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平（3.92±0.19、3.54±1.28、18.20±8.47）下降（Tamhane’s T2分别为6.553、2.414、5.743,均P＜0.05）。免疫荧光双染法显示ZO-1 和 E-cadherin主要定位在结肠柱状上皮和肠腺,结肠炎相关结肠癌组ZO-1和E-cadherin的表达（ng/mL）（0.04±0.01、0.34±0.55）比对照组（0.10±0.18、0.48±0.13）降低（Tamhane’s T2分别为0.681、4.379,均P＜0.05）,而经Akkermansia muciniphila处理后显著上调小鼠结肠的ZO-1 和 E-cadherin的表达（0.08±0.05、1.08±0.28）（Tamhane’s T2分别为7.059、5.873,均P＜0.05）。免疫组化显示结肠炎相关结肠癌组Occludin-1、GPCR41、GPCR43、Bcl-2表达（ng/mL）（0.36±0.06、0.48±0.13、0.38±0.13、0.34±0.55）较对照组（1.08±0.08、0.74±0.06、0.48±0.13、1.64±0.11）减低（LSD-t分别为2.369、0.304、8.119、2.298,均P＜0.05）,Bax表达（ng/mL）（1.34±0.27）较对照组（0.48±0.13）增加（LSD-t为7.727,P＜0.05）,与结肠炎相关结肠癌组相比,结肠炎相关结肠癌+AKK组小鼠的Occludin-1、GPCR41、GPCR43、Bcl-2表达（0.84±0.06、0.60±0.19、1.08±0.08、1.08±0.28）上调（LSD-t分别为1.153、4.111、9.472、5.873,均P＜0.05）,Bax表达（0.34±0.58）下调（LSD-t为8.785,P＜0.05）。短链脂肪酸检测结果显示,结肠炎相关结肠癌组丙酸丙酯水平（μg/mg）（0.000066±0.000025）较对照组（0.000244±0.000035）下降（LSD-t为7.448,P＜0.05）,而经Akkermansia muciniphila干预后,结肠炎相关结肠癌+AKK组的丙酸丙酯水平（0.000276±0.000049）上升（LSD-t为8.779,P＜0.05）,3组中戊酸丙酯、异己酸丙酯、己酸丙酯的水平差异均无统计学意义。

Akkermansia muciniphila可降低结肠炎相关结肠癌小鼠IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,可能通过短链脂肪酸介导GPCR调控ZO-1、E-cadherin、Occludin-1等结肠紧密连接蛋白的表达,增强结肠的黏膜屏障,从而降低结肠炎相关癌变的发展进程。

     

过表达miR-31对结肠炎模型小鼠TLR4/NF-κB信号通路及凋亡蛋白的调控

目的: 探讨miR-31对DSS诱发结肠炎小鼠TLR4/NF-κB信号通路和凋亡相关蛋白的影响。方法: ①小鼠结肠炎实验:用1%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱发小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(UC)。14只FVB非转基因小鼠随机分为control组(n=6),DSS组(n=8),16只FVB miR-31转基因小鼠随机分为miR-31过表达组(n=8),miR-31过表达+DSS 组(n=8),DSS溶于水后通过饮水给予小鼠。DSS组和miR-31+DSS组第一周饮用1%DSS水,第二周饮用正常无菌水,第三周饮用1%DSS水,如此5周后造模完成,之后留取小鼠的结肠组织,通过Western blot和IHC检测小鼠结肠组织NF-κB p65、TLR4、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达;TUNEL检测小鼠结肠组织细胞凋亡。②细胞培养实验:在人结肠上皮细胞系HCT 116细胞中通过脂质体转染的方法转染miR-31 mimic和inhibitor,使miR-31过表达或敲低,每组均进行三次重复,48 h后收取细胞,通过Western blot检测NF-κB p65、TLR4蛋白的表达。结果: ①动物实验中,与control组相比,小鼠结肠组织中DSS组和miR-31过表达组NF-κB p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平和凋亡细胞指数均显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比值显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);且与DSS组相比,miR-31+DSS组NF-κB p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平和凋亡细胞指数也显著升高(P＜0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比值显著降低(P＜0.01)。②细胞实验中,与control组相比, HCT 116细胞过表达miR-31组的NF-κB p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),敲低miR-31组的NF-κB p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平下降(P＜0.05)。结论: miR-31通过促进TLR4/NF-κB信号通路和介导肠上皮细胞凋亡促进结肠炎的发展。     

枳术丸汤剂中枳实不同剂量配伍对慢传输型便秘小鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响

基于攻补兼施法探讨在大剂量生白术的配伍下不同枳实剂量配伍的作用及枳术丸（ZZW）对慢传输型便秘（STC）小鼠肠道菌群的影响。

将65只SPF级别昆明（KM）小鼠随机分为空白对照组10只与模型组50只,空白对照组正常喂养,模型组使用番泻叶0.8 g/kg灌胃7 d,制成脾虚模型后禁食禁水,隔天喂食生大米,饮水0.5 h,连续8 d建立脾虚便秘模型。15 d后将模型组随机分为5组,每组10只,即模型组、西药组、ZZW低剂量组、ZZW中剂量组、ZZW高剂量组。ZZW低、中、高剂量分别为9.7 g/kg、11.6 g/kg、13.7 g/kg,西药组给予莫沙必利2.5 mg/kg。空白对照组和模型组灌胃同等量蒸馏水。治疗1周后收集肠道内容物,行16S rRNA测序,取结肠组织HE染色行病理形态学观察。

ZZW高剂量组能够显著提高肠道推进率（P＜0.05）。结肠切片肉眼观察发现小鼠结肠组织黏膜光滑,未见充血、糜烂及器质性损伤。HE病理学检查结果显示,模型组存在轻微水肿,腺体不齐现象,其余各组小鼠结肠黏膜无变薄、固有层炎症浸润,结肠腺体形态正常。16S rRNA测序结果显示,STC小鼠肠道菌群物种丰富度和均匀度显著下降（P＜0.05）,菌群多样性升高（P＜0.01）。门水平上,与空白对照组比较,模型组拟杆菌门相对丰度升高、厚壁菌门相对丰度降低,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与模型组比较,ZZW低剂量组较模型组拟杆菌门相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.01）,厚壁菌门、变形菌门相对丰度升高（P＜0.05）,ZZW高剂量组较模型组拟杆菌门相对丰度降低（P＜0.05）,厚壁菌门相对丰度升高（P＜0.05）。属水平上,模型组较空白对照组Prevotellamassilia、葡萄球菌属、拟杆菌属、丁酸弧菌属相对丰度升高（P＜0.05）,螺杆菌属、另枝菌属相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.01）,经治疗后ZZW低剂量组Prevotellamassilia、葡萄球菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度降低（P＜0.05）,ZZW中剂量组丁酸弧菌属相对丰度降低（P＜0.05）;ZZW高剂量组Prevotellamassilia、葡萄球菌属相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.01）。此外,与模型组比较,ZZW低剂量组狄氏副拟杆菌属相对丰度降低（P＜0.05）。

攻补兼施代表方ZZW能明显缓解STC小鼠便秘症状,以ZZW高剂量组效果最佳,但治疗效果与枳实剂量不存在量效关系,其治疗机制可能与ZZW水煎液调整菌群丰度、多样性及菌群物种数目,恢复正常肠道生态环境有关。