不同发育时期水曲柳种子的形态生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应

探讨不同发育时期水曲柳种子的外部形态和生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应结果表明：水曲柳开花120d后为成熟脱水阶段,开花110d后种子的胚长和胚乳干重趋于稳定,花后110～120d期间种子胚干重趋于稳定;花后70～100d采集的种子不耐层积,层积处理后逐渐死亡,花后110d采集的种子经层积处理后可以萌发;110d后采集的水曲柳种子经暖温（20℃）16周＋低温（5℃）12周的层积处理后,其休眠破除的效果较好,适当延长暖温层积时间有利于提高种子萌发率。     

水曲柳种子次生休眠的预防和解除

以解除休眠和经高温诱导产生次生休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,探讨预防和解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的方法。结果表明：GA3和乙烯利不能阻止已解除休眠水曲柳种子在25℃下萌发时诱导的次生休眠。干燥和短时间低温解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的效果不明显,较长时间（大于2周）的低温对解除水曲柳种子的次生休眠有一定的效果。综合来看,10^-3mol·L^-1的乙烯利或GA4＋7解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的效果较好。     

刺木蓼和长枝木蓼种子休眠的解除及萌发条件

刺木蓼（Atraphaxis spinosa）和长枝木蓼（A.virgata）为蓼科木蓼属灌木,是乌鲁木齐周边植被组成的重要种。这两种木蓼种子成熟后不萌发,处于休眠状态,对其种子进行5℃（黑暗）和野外低温层积处理,结果表明：5℃层积处理能明显提高两种木蓼种子在15/6、20/10、25/15和30/20℃（昼12 h/夜12 h）的萌发率。野外层积处理显著提高了种子在15/6℃的萌发率。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼的种子均为非深度生理休眠,分别经8、6周的低温层积处理后种子休眠得以解除。刺木蓼种子的休眠程度比长枝木蓼深,休眠解除后,种子萌发所需的最低温度降低。这两种木蓼种子经过冬天的低温层积,可以在春天较低的生境温度下萌发。     

温度对经层积处理解除休眠的水曲柳种子萌发的影响

经层积处理解除休眠的水曲柳种子于10种不同温度条件下萌发的结果表明:变温条件下的种子萌发比恒温条件的好,最佳的变温条件为15℃/10℃,最佳的恒温条件是10℃,20℃以上的恒温会诱导种子产生二次休眠。     

豚草和三裂叶豚草种子休眠规律研究

豚草和三裂叶豚草是菊科豚草属一年生草本植物,其种子休眠程度随生育地的纬度不同而有变化,纬度越高,种子成熟后进入休眠状态的比例越大,解除休眠所需的低温层积时间也越长。在高纬度的牡丹江市,成熟的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子全部进入休眠状态,低温层积１２周时萌发率达９５％以上,而在低纬度的南昌市,有１０％左右的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子没有进入休眠状态,低温层积８周时,萌发率即可达９５％以上。进入休眠状态的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子,不经过低温层积处理,在１５℃的室温下保存半年以上,也有一定比例的种子可以解除休眠。豚草和三裂叶豚草种子休眠机制可能是由抑制物质和促进物质复合体所控制,休眠种子含有高水平的抑制剂和低水平的促进剂,非休眠种子这种平衡转向有利于促进剂,不同纬度地区的温度差异和低温层积以及长期室温贮藏的呼吸代谢过程,可能对这种平衡产生影响,改变种子的休眠状态     

影响琼花种子休眠的因素

琼花种皮有吸水性,休眠非因种皮的不透水性造成.种仁中存在导致休眠的抑制物质,胚的抑制物质含量最高.种子须先经4℃低温层积60 d,再经25℃暖温处理90 d,而后在较低温(15℃)条件下才能解除休眠而萌发.当年成熟种胚在翌年10月才能彻底破除休眠.6-BA和GA对种胚破眠均无明显作用.     

紫楠种子休眠原因和快速解除方法研究

通过了解紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)种子休眠原因,采取机械、酸碱腐蚀、层积处理(5 ℃~25 ℃)等措施研究解除种子休眠的最佳方法。结果表明,种皮透水性差是抑制紫楠种子萌发的主要原因,种子休眠类型为物理休眠。酸碱腐蚀处理未能有效促进种子的萌发,浓硫酸和氢氧化钠处理种子不同时间(1~25 min)后,种子发芽率提高了33%~55%,但种子出现严重的伤害现象,其腐烂率高达30%~97%。机械处理和层积处理均能有效打破种子的休眠,其中机械处理以去种皮处理效果最好,种子发芽率和发芽势分别提高了99.33%和76.00%,但操作耗时、费力。层积处理以25 ℃暖温层积45 d、25 ℃/15 ℃和5 ℃/ 25 ℃/5 ℃变温层积60 d效果较好,其发芽率达89%~93%,发芽势达79%~83%,且各层积处理间发芽率、发芽势没有差异;但与暖温层积相比,变温层积所需层积时间更长,种子腐烂率更高。25 ℃暖温层积45 d是破除紫楠种子休眠的最佳方法。     

温度及赤霉素对两性花猕猴桃‘龙山红’种子萌发的影响

‘龙山红’是从四川省龙门山南段的野生彩色猕猴桃中筛选出的一个两性花株系,也是国内首次发现雌雄同体且充分发育的两性花彩色猕猴桃株系。本文首次报道温度（低温层积,变温）和赤霉素处理对两性花猕猴桃新株系‘龙山红’种子萌发的影响。通过低温层积、变温、GA3及其组合处理后的试验表明,低温层积、变温、GA3都能有效打破休眠,促进萌发,但物理温度处理法对种子萌发的效果更好。     

桦叶荚蒾种子的休眠和催芽研究

桦叶英莲是一种经济和观赏植物。它的种子的下胚轴和上胚轴都有休眠。在自然条件下,下胚轴的休眠期长达295—420天,上胚轴的休眠期长达50—120天。下胚轴的休眠可用暖层积打破,上胚轴的休眠可用冷层积打破。种子经硫脲处理和在人工控制的条件下,下胚轴的休眠可比自然条件下的缩短近一半。GA和暖处理对解除上胚轴的休眠没有影响。子叶的去留和暗处理对上胚轴萌发的作用不大。     

不同天然居群小檗种子萌发障碍因子研究

以西天山野果林霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗以及特克斯居群红果小檗种子为试验材料,研究了4组野生小檗种子生物学特性、吸水特性以及去种皮、低温层积和不同浓度GA₃处理对小檗种子休眠与萌发特性的影响,结果表明：（1）4组野生小檗种子的吸水率均表现出逐渐增加的趋势,黑果小檗种子与红果小檗种子吸水率差异不明显,其种皮透水透气性相似;（2）霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗种子的种皮对萌发存在强烈的抑制作用;而新源居群红果小檗种子的种皮抑制作用不明显;（3）4℃低温层积处理对4组野生小檗种子萌发影响很大,随层积时间的增加小檗种子发芽率均逐渐提高,3组黑果小檗种子层积90 d时,休眠基本被解除;红果小檗种子层积30 d时,休眠基本被解除;（4）浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理可显著提高4组小檗种子发芽率,浓度过高或过低均会对小檗种子萌发起到抑制作用。层积60 d时霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗去种皮种子用200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理2 h后,发芽率分别为85.00%、83.33%和86.67%;红果小檗层积15 d时去种皮种子用浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理后,发芽率可达86.67%。研究结果将为今后野生小檗的种质资源保护,利用及可持续发展提供技术支持和科学依据。     

Protein changes between dormant and dormancy-broken seeds of Prunus campanulata Maxim

Seed dormancy is regulated by complex networks in order to optimize the timing of germination. However, the biochemical basis of the regulation of seed dormancy is still poorly understood. Many temperate timber species, which are of ecological and/or economic interest, are deeply dormant in seeds, such as Prunus campanulata. Freshly harvested seeds require warm plus cold stratification to break dormancy before they can begin to germinate. According to the results of germination, both warm and cold stratifications are the critical influences for breaking seed dormancy. Significant variations in seed proteins were observed by 2-DE before and after the breaking of seed dormancy. Among the 320, 455, and 491 reproducibly detected spots on the cotyledons, embryos, and testae, respectively, 71 dramatic changes in abundances were observed following warm and/or cold stratification. Among these protein spots, dehydrin, prunin 1 precursor, prunin 2 precursor, and prunin 2 were identified by MS and sequence comparison. The implications of protein changes in relation to the breaking of seed dormancy and germination are discussed. This is the first report of a proteomic analysis of dormancy breaking in woody plant seeds.     

Role of warm stratification in promoting germination of seeds of Empetrum hermaphroditum (Empetraceae), a circumboreal species with a stony endocarp

The broad objective of this research was to define the role of warm (≥15°C) stratification in breaking dormancy in seeds with stony endocarps that require warm-plus-cold (～0°-10°C) stratification for germination. This question was addressed using seeds (true seed + endocarp, hereafter called seeds) of Empetrum hermaphroditum. Only 2-5% of freshly matured seeds collected in September and October at five sites in Sweden germinated in light at daily alternating temperature regimes of 15°/6°, 20°/10°, and 25°/15°C. Dormancy was not due to impermeability of the stony endocarp surrounding each seed, and embryos did not grow prior to radicle emergence. Thus, seeds did not have physical, morphological, or morphophysiological dormancy. Long periods of either cold stratification (20 or 32 wk) or warm stratification (16 wk) resulted in a maximum of 22-38 and 10% germination, respectively, in light at 25°/15°C. After 12 wk warm stratification plus 20 wk cold stratification, 83-93% of the seeds germinated in light at the three temperature regimes. For a cold stratification period of 20 wk, germination increased with increase in length of the preceding warm stratification treatment. Gibberellic acid (GA(3)) promoted germination of 77-87% of the seeds. Based on dormancy-breaking requirements and response to GA(3), 62-78% of the seeds had intermediate physiological dormancy; the others had nondeep physiological dormancy. Contrary to suggestions of several other investigators that warm stratification is required to make the endocarp permeable to water via its breakdown by microorganisms, our results with E. hermaphroditum show that this is not the case. In this species, warm stratification is part of the dormancy-breaking requirement of embryos in seeds with intermediate physiological dormancy.     

Deep and intermediate complex morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Ferula gummosa (Apiaceae)

We tested the hypothesis that seeds of the monocarpic perennial Ferula gummosa from the Mediterranean area and central Asia have deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. We determined the water permeability of seeds, embryo morphology, temperature requirements for embryo growth and seed germination and responses of seeds to warm and cold stratification and to different concentrations of GA₃. The embryo has differentiated organs, but it is small (underdeveloped) and must grow inside the seed, reaching a critical embryo length, seed length ratio of 0.65–0.7, before the seed can germinate. Seeds required 9 weeks of cold stratification at <10°C for embryo growth, dormancy break and germination to occur. Thus, seeds have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Furthermore, GA₃ improved the germination percentage and rate at 5°C and promoted 20 and 5% germination of seeds incubated at 15 and 20°C, respectively. Thus, about 20% of the seeds had intermediate complex MPD. For the other seeds in the seed lot, cold stratification (5°C) was the only requirement for dormancy break and germination and GA₃ could not substitute for cold stratification. Thus, about 80% of the seeds had deep complex MPD.     

Comparative <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> germination ecology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calopogon tuberosus</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tuberosus</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range

Seed responses to temperature are often essential to the study of germination ecology, but the ecological role of temperature in orchid seed germination remains uncertain. The response of orchid seeds to cold stratification have been studied, but the exact physiological role remains unclear. No studies exist that compare the effects of either cold stratification or temperature on germination among distant populations of the same species. In two separate experiments, the role of temperature (25, 22/11, 27/15, 29/19, 33/24°C) and chilling at 10°C on in vitro seed germination were investigated using distant populations of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus. Cooler temperatures promoted germination of Michigan seeds; warmer temperatures promoted germination of South Carolina and north central Florida seeds. South Florida seed germination was highest under both warm and cool temperatures. More advanced seedling development generally occurred at higher temperatures with the exception of south Florida seedlings, in which the warmest temperature suppressed development. Fluctuating diurnal temperatures were more beneficial for germination compared to constant temperatures. Cold stratification had a positive effect on germination among all populations, but South Carolina seeds required the longest chilling treatments to obtain maximum germination. Results from the cold stratification experiment indicate that a physiological dormancy is present, but the degree of dormancy varies across the species range. The variable responses among populations may indicate ecotypic differentiation.     

Sequential temperature control of multi-phasic dormancy release and germination of Paeonia corsica seeds

Aims The physiological responses during dormancy removal and multi-phasic germination were investigated in seeds of Paeonia corsica (Paeoniaceae).Methods Seeds of P. corsica were incubated in the light at a range of temperatures (10–25 and 25/10°C), without any pre-treatment, after W (3 months at 25°C), C (3 months at 5°C) and W + C (3 months at 25°C followed by 3 months at 5°C) stratification, and a GA 3 treatment (250 mg·l^-1 in the germination substrate). Embryo growth, time from testa to endosperm rupture and radicle emergence were assessed as separate phases. Epicotyl–plumule emergence was evaluated incubating the germinated seeds at 15°C for 2 weeks, at 5 and 25°C for 2 months on agar water before transplanting to the soil substrate at 10, 15 and 20°C and at 15°C for 2 months on the surface agar water with GA 3 .Important findings Embryo growth, testa rupture, endosperm rupture (radicle emergence) and growth of the epicotyl were identified as four sequential steps in seeds of P. corsica. Gibberellic acid alone and warm stratification followed by 15°C promoted embryo growth and subsequent seed germination. Cold stratification induced secondary dormancy, even when applied after warm stratification. After radicle emergence, epicotyl–plumule emergence was delayed for ca. 3 months. Mean time of epicotyl–plumule emergence was positively affected by cold stratification (2 months at 5°C) and GA 3. P. corsica seeds exhibited differential temperature sensitivity for the four sequential steps in the removal of dormancy and germination processes that resulted in the precise and optimal timing of seedling emergence.     

Proteins and polyamines during dormancy breaking of European beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.) seeds

The studies were carried out on Fagus sylvatica seeds during stratification and their germination. After imbibition beechnuts were subjected to cold (3 °C — temperature which breaks dormancy) or warm (15 °C — temperature unable to break dormancy) stratification and alternatively were treated with polyamine synthesis inhibitors: canavanine and DFMO (difluoromethylornithine). After cold stratification in embryo axes we found (using 2-D electrophoresis) about 150 new proteins absent in dry seeds. Exogenous spermidine increased the protein synthesis, percent of germinated seeds and accelerated breaking of dormancy. In contrast, canavanine and DFMO decreased dynamic of protein synthesis, quantity of proteins probably synthesised de novo, and percent of germinated seeds. The maximum of polyamine content in embryo axes during cold stratification preceded such the maximum during warm stratification. Irrespective of the influence of PAs and inhibitors of PA synthesis, the comparison of electrophoregrams and autoradiograms showed that different groups synthesised de novo appeared after different periods of cold stratification. Probably the part of this protein is associated with Fagus sylvatica seeds dormancy breaking.     

盐生植物角果碱蓬种子二型性对环境的适应策略

角果碱蓬(Suaeda corniculata)是藜科一年生盐生植物, 在我国分布于北方盐碱滩涂和盐碱荒漠地区。角果碱蓬具有棕色和黑色两种异型体种子(简称棕色和黑色种子)。对采自内蒙古鄂托克前旗盐渍化生境的角果碱蓬二型种子的形态、休眠和萌发特性开展对比研究, 测定了二型种子休眠和萌发行为对温度、光照和盐分(NaCl)的响应, 以揭示盐生植物异型种子对温带盐漠生境的适应对策。结果表明: (1)二型性种子在大小、种皮特性和结实比例方面有显著差异。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子个体较大, 种皮透水性强。黑色种子与棕色种子的结实比例约为5.6 : 1。(2)新成熟的棕色种子的萌发对各温度梯度和光照条件不敏感, 萌发率较高(84%-100%); 而新成熟的黑色种子萌发率较低(8%-78%), 萌发对光照敏感。(3)黑色种子具有浅度生理休眠, 种皮划破、赤霉素处理和低温层积均可有效地提高种子的萌发率。(4)二型种子萌发对土壤盐分的胁迫具有不同的响应。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子对盐分胁迫不敏感, 在较高的盐分浓度下仍有较高的萌发率, 低温层积处理能够降低黑色种子对盐胁迫的敏感性, 有效地提高种子的初始萌发率、萌发恢复率和最终萌发率。角果碱蓬二型种子不同的形态、休眠和萌发特性, 提高了该物种在高度异质性生境中的适合度, 对种群成功地适应温带盐漠环境具有重要的意义。     

Seed dormancy release and germination characteristics of <i>Corispermum lehmannianum</i> Bunge,an endemic species in the Gurbantunggut desert of China

Seed dormancy release and germination of Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge were tested using various treatments: temperature, cold stratification, gibberelins (GA3), dry storage and sand burial. Results showed that temperature and light did not affect the germination of fresh seeds, cold stratification and GA3 could improve seed germination, whereas dry storage and sand burial did not. The germination percentage was highest at 35/20 °C after the cold stratification and GA3 treatments. Corispermum lehmannianum seeds were classified as non-deep, Type-2, physiological dormancy (PD), whose seed dormancy could be released by cold stratification and GA3.