多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球的溶出、生物利用度和组织分布研究

探讨多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球(ART-PS)在体外溶出实验中,相比于青蒿素原药的溶出效果以及在大鼠体内的生物利用度和组织分布规律。在体外溶出实验中,分别在水、人工胃液和人工肠液三种溶出介质中,与青蒿素原药的溶出效果进行比较分析。在体内生物利用度实验中,通过对18只大鼠分别灌胃青蒿素原药与多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球后,检测不同时间点的血药浓度,考察药物在大鼠体内的吸收和代谢差异。在组织分布规律的研究中,对98只大鼠分别灌胃多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球和青蒿素原药,在不同时间点检测大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑,共6个组织器官中的药物浓度。多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球的体外溶出率在水、人工胃液、人工肠液中分别是青蒿素原药的4.04、3.59和3.82倍。多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球在大鼠体内的血药浓度明显高于青蒿素原药,生物利用度提高为青蒿素原药的2.90倍。在组织分布的结果中,多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球和青蒿素原药都主要分布在心脏和肝脏中,其中多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球在不同时间各个组织中的相应含量都比原药高。多孔淀粉负载青蒿素微球相比于青蒿素原药,在体外的溶出效果更好,在体内的吸收释放效果更佳,在各组织器官中的药物含量明显高于原药,为解决青蒿素因难溶于水而在实际应用中受限提供了重要的理论依据。     

青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体的制备、表征及药动学研究

为制备青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体,并进行体外和SD大鼠体内评价。实验采用溶剂挥发法制备青藤碱磷脂复合物,乳化超声法制备青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体。考察其粒径分布、Zeta电位,包封率,载药量及体外释药等基本理化性质。SD大鼠分别灌胃给予青藤碱混悬液和青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体,比较药动学行为及生物利用度。结果显示,青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体的平均粒径为201.32±5.05 nm,Zeta电位为-22.2±1.5 mV,包封率为80.31±1.01%,载药量为4.42±0.28%,体外释药具有明显的缓释特征,体外释药模型符合Weibull释药模型,拟合方程为:LnLn(1/1-Mt/M∞)=0.576 6Lnt-1.478 1(r=0.988 8)。体内药动学研究结果表明,磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体改变了青藤碱的药动学行为,增强了体内吸收,延长了青藤碱在体内滞留时间,相对生物利用度提高到了1.75倍。因此,青藤碱磷脂复合物纳米结构脂质载体可显著促进青藤碱体内吸收,提高其口服生物利用度。     

经皮给药载体载MD-CPT透明质酸纳米乳的细胞吞噬与体内药代动力学研究

本文在研究制备了包载10,11-亚甲二氧基喜树碱(MD-CPT)的透明质酸纳米乳(HANs)经皮给药系统的基础上,进一步研究了载MD-CPT透明质酸纳米乳的细胞吞噬,并进行了体内药代动力学分析.通过优化制备条件,得到了皮肤渗透性良好的缓释剂型.从CLSM观察到药物被细胞摄入并传递入细胞核,同时,载药纳米乳的细胞吞噬效率呈时间依赖性,不同细胞株HSF、HUVES、MCF-7、KF的细胞吞噬率略有不同.用Rhodanmine B标记HANs,通过荧光显微镜观察到载药纳米乳透过角质层到达真皮层的拟动态过程.利用HPLC检测MD-CPT血药浓度,测得经皮给药半衰期T1/2是静脉注射的3.6倍,肌肉注射的1.6倍,体内药物滞留时间显著增加;血药浓度峰谷值差异小,曲线平缓,说明经皮给药能保证血药浓度呈现可控的持续性.最终通过活体成像系统和组织切片荧光显微镜,直观地反映出经皮给药后药物在大鼠体内的分布情况和各组织器官药物含量,确定载药纳米乳主要采取胞间渗透的扩散方式,在局部给药的区域滞留时间较长,有利于对浅表性的病灶区持续给药,延长药效,而剩余的MD-CPT和解离的HANs都进入了血液循环,最终通过新陈代谢被排出体外.为无创型HANs经皮给药系统应用于浅表性肿瘤治疗提供了理论基础.     

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物在药物递送系统中的应用

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物具备良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,是良好的纳米级药物载体。嵌段共聚物具有载药能力强、粒径小、体内循环时间长、主动靶向性和被动靶向性等特点,因此在药物递送系统中得到广泛应用。简要介绍了聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成和性质,及其作为脂质体、胶束、微球等载体在药物递送系统中的最新进展。     

紫罗酮和麦角固醇对酵母生长及产辅酶Q10的影响

研究了β-紫罗酮和麦角固醇对酵母生长及产辅酶Q10的影响。研究发现,β-紫罗酮能促进菌体积累辅酶Q10,当培养基中β-紫罗酮的添加量为0·208×10-3mol/L时,菌体中CoQ10的含量提高了28·3%;少量麦角固醇能促进菌体产辅酶Q10,当麦角固醇的添加量为0·15×10-4mol/L时,菌体中CoQ10的含量提高了31·8%,而增加麦角固醇的添加量为0·60×10-4mol/L时则会抑制菌体产辅酶Q10;同时添加β-紫罗酮和麦角固醇时,菌体中CoQ10的含量提高了36·1%。研究结果表明,β-紫罗酮和麦角固醇能有效地促进菌体产辅酶Q10,这为发酵法生产辅酶Q10提供了一条新的研究思路。     

胆甾醇基γ-聚谷氨酸负载阿霉素纳米胶束的制备与体内外释药性能评价

笔者制备了胆甾醇基γ-聚谷氨酸负载阿霉素纳米胶束(DOX/NPs),并考察了该载药纳米胶束体系的形态与粒径、载药量、包封率以及体内外释药的特性。结果表明:DOX/NPs的最佳载药量为22.4%,包封率为90.2%,平均粒径为(312.3±7.2)nm,电镜下观察呈现明显的核壳结构。体外释药结果显示,DOX/NPs能延缓阿霉素的释放,并具有p H敏感的释药特性。小鼠体内释药结果表明:阿霉素经包埋后其消除半衰期(t1/2)、药时曲线下面积(AUC)、平均滞留时间(MRT)均明显大于游离阿霉素,达到了药物缓释的目的。     

离子束诱变粟酒裂殖酵母产辅酶Q_(10)的初步研究

辅酶Q10(coenzyme Q10,CoQ)对心脏充血性病人有较好的疗效,是临床常用药物之一。实验研究了离子束诱变粟酒裂殖酵母对提高CoQ10的产量的影响与作用。实验筛选出六株突变菌株,研究了突变株生理生化特性。结果表明:突变菌株的CoQ10产量都有不同程度的提高,其中编号为N1菌株产量达6.9344mg/L,是对照菌株的10倍多,最低的N2菌株的产量也是对照菌株的1.3倍。     

离子束诱变粟酒裂殖酵母产辅酶Q10的初步研究

辅酶Q10(coenzyme Q10,CoQ)对心脏充血性病人有较好的疗效,是临床常用药物之一.实验研究了离子束诱变粟酒裂殖酵母对提高CoQ10的产量的影响与作用.实验筛选出六株突变菌株,研究了突变株生理生化特性.结果表明:突变菌株的CoQ10产量都有不同程度的提高,其中编号为N1菌株产量达6.9344 mg/L,是对照菌株的10倍多,最低的N2菌株的产量也是对照菌株的1.3倍.     

辅酶Q10的生物合成及其高表达研究进展

辅酶Q10(CoQ10)不仅是呼吸链上的电子传递体,同时也具有抗氧化功能。目前全球市场上的CoQ10正处于一种供不应求的状态。我们简要论述了CoQ10的结构、性质、功能及其生物合成过程,同时概括总结了现阶段为提高CoQ10产量而采用的新型技术手段。     

代谢工程在微生物法产辅酶Q_(10)中的应用

辅酶Q10作为细胞呼吸链上的重要组成部分在电子传递过程中发挥着重要的作用。辅酶Q10的抗氧化、抗衰老功能使其广泛应用于医药、食品和化妆品等行业。CoQ10市场需求不断增加,这使得大规模提高CoQ10工业化生产的产量显得十分必要。目前,主要依靠从自然界中筛选到的各种微生物作为生产菌种发酵生产CoQ10,但这些原始生产菌种由于产量低、营养要求高等各种原因很难实现大规模发酵生产。随着对CoQ10生物合成途径以及代谢调控机制的了解清楚,通过对易于商业化生产的优良宿主细胞(如大肠杆菌)进行代谢工程的改造,有助于促进代谢工程菌的CoQ10工业化生产发展。     

Studies on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes treated with diazepam in vitro

Human lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to various concentrations of the psychotherapeutic agent diazepam, using two different techniques for culturing the lymphocytes, a whole-blood and a macro procedure. There was no evidence for a damaging effect of diazepam on the lymphoblast chromosomes at any concentration or exposure time studied with either technique of culture. The significance of results obtained in vitro on chromosome-breaking effects of chemical agents in commercial use is discussed, and the importance of some technical details in conducting such experiments is pointed out.     

Foreign gene delivery into monocotyledonous species

Monocotyledonous plants are generally more recalcitrant to genetic transformation than dicotyledonous species. The absence of reliable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods and the difficulties associated with the culture of monocotyledonous tissues in vitro are mainly responsible for this situation. Until recently, the genetic transformation of monocotyledons was essentially performed by direct transfer of DNA into regenerable protoplasts or intact cells cultured in vitro, via polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation or particle bombardment. Since 1990, the use of particle gun technology has revolutionized the genetic engineering of monocotyledonous species, allowing transformation to be more independent of the in vitro culture requirements. Today, at least one genotype of each major monocotyledonous crop species, including cereals, can be genetically transformed.     

苍术素对大鼠心脏正性肌力的作用及其机制*

目的: 研究中药苍术的有效成分苍术素(Atractylodin)的正性肌力作用及其机理。方法: 随机选取6只雄性SD大鼠进行在体压力-容积环 (P-V loop)实验,加药前为Control组,经腹腔注射苍术素(3 mg/kg)后为苍术素组(自身对照),分析6只雄性大鼠加药后对大鼠左心室心输出量、容积及动脉压的作用;大鼠离体心脏灌流实验中,依次灌流给药:第一部分为Control→ 0.1→1→10 μmol/L苍术素浓度梯度灌流,第二部分为Control→200 nmol/L H89 (PKA抑制剂)→200 nmol/L H89+10 μmol/L 苍术素,第三部分为Control→500 nmol/L KN-93 (CaMKII抑制剂)→500 nmol/L KN-93+10 μmol/L 苍术素,第四部分为Control→10 nmol/L Calyculin A (PP1, PP2A抑制剂)→10 nmol/L Calyculin A+10 μmol/L 苍术素,加药前的正常空白组为Control组,分析每部分各6只雄性大鼠的组间左心室发展压的变化;在大鼠心肌细胞钙释放实验中,分组、给药的方法和浓度同离体心脏实验,分析来源于6个雄性大鼠6个左心室心肌细胞组间钙释放幅值的变化。结果: ①P-V loop实验表明:与Control组相比,苍术素组(3 mg/kg)腹腔注射30 min后,显著增加大鼠心输出量、搏出功及心率(P＜0.05),降低动脉舒张压(P＜0.05),而对收缩压无明显影响;②离体心脏实验表明:与Control组相比,苍术素组(0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L)灌流10 min后,能显著增加大鼠离体心脏左心室发展压(LVDP) (P＜0.05),其作用能被H89组(200 nmol/L)所阻断;③心肌细胞钙释放实验表明:与Control组相比,苍术素组(10 μmol/L)灌流10 min后,基于肌浆网钙泵(SERCA2a)显著增加大鼠心肌细胞钙释放幅值(P＜0.05),其作用能被H89组(200 nmol/L)所阻断。结论: 苍术素具有正性肌力作用,其血流动力学特点表现为降低在体大鼠动脉舒张压而不增加收缩压,苍术素的正性肌力作用机制是通过PKA-SERCA2a通路发挥的。     

A review on disease transmission studies in relationship to production of embryos by in vitro fertilization and to related new reproductive technologies

This paper addresses the circumstances of germplasm contamination and updates on transmission of pathogenic agents by embryos produced in vitro and by associated techniques. It has been shown that some pathogenic agents might have been associated with the follicular oocytes and oviductal cells, collected for in vitro fertilization (IVF), resulting in infected embryos. Experimental introduction of pathogenic agent with oocytes or infected semen into the IVF system allows, in most cases, for the fertilization of eggs and for the production of some transferable quality embryos. Rendering of oocytes and embryos free of infectious pathogens, using the standard sequential washing or enzymatic treatment, is inconsistent and more difficult in the presently used in vitro fertilization system as compared to in vivo produced embryos.     

Fluorescent labeling of cell-free synthesized proteins with fluorophore-conjugated methionylated tRNA derived from in vitro transcribed tRNA

A simple and practical method for preparing fluorophore-conjugated methionylated tRNA necessary for tRNA-mediated fluorescent labeling of cell-free synthesized proteins was developed. Without complicated chromatographic purification and subsequent concentration, fluorophore-conjugated methionylated tRNA with higher purity and fluorescence concentration could be synthesized from in vitro transcribed tRNA instead of from a total tRNA mixture, which has been routinely used as a tRNA source. Although fluorophore-conjugated methionylated tRNA derived from in vitro transcribed tRNA was purified by simple phenol extraction following alcohol precipitation, it worked well in tRNA-mediated fluorescent labeling, yielding an improved signal-to-noise ratio and higher fluorescence intensity compared to the conventional total tRNA-based method. Based on its simplicity in the preparation of labeling agent with higher purity and fluorescence concentration, the developed method will accelerate the prevalence of fluorescence-based detection of cell-free synthesized proteins.     

Characteristics of microbial fermentation and potential digestibility of fiber in the hindgut of dugongs (Dugong dugon)

The number of microorganisms in the hindgut of dugongs (Dugong dugon) were estimated and their in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and degradation of eelgrass measured. Scanning electron microscopy showed that some rod bacteria attached to the surface of plant tissue degraded and eroded the cell walls. Number of starch-, lactate-, cellobiose-, pectin-, xylan- and cellulose-utilizing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing bacteria were estimated at 10⁹ ∼ 10¹⁰ colony forming units g^-1. Microorganisms degraded the cellulose and noncellulolytic components of the eelgrass, and about 47.3% of dry matter was degraded after 36 h in vitro incubation. The total VFA concentration was 10.5 mmol dL^-1 at 36 h incubation, which included 55.7 mol% acetate, 18.0 mol% n-butyrate and 15.1 mol% propionate. The gas composition of in vitro fermentation was 68.4% carbon dioxide, 22.2% methane and 9.4% hydrogen.     

C5-piperazinyl-1,4-benzodiazepines, water-soluble, orally bioa vailable CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonists

A novel series of potent, water-soluble benzodiazepine based CCK_B/gastrin antagonists has been prepared which incorporate an N-methylpiperazine group at the C5 position of the benzodiazepine ring system. The N1-n-propyl analogue (7b) is a high affinity, selective and potent receptor antagonist in vitro, with good bioavailability and excellent oral absorption providing high plasma levels in vivo.     

Dexamethasone influences human clock gene expression in bronchial epithelium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro

We determined whether human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could be used to analyze clock genes by studying their mRNA expressions in human bronchial epithelium (BEAS-2B) and PBMCs following stimulation by the glucocorticoid homologue dexamethasone (DEX) in vitro. PBMCs were obtained at 10:00 h from two diurnally active (∼07:00 to 23:00 h) healthy volunteers and were evaluated for hPer1 mRNA expression following DEX stimulation in vitro using real time-PCR analysis. DEX stimulation of human BEAS-2B cells and PBMCs in vitro led to a remarkable increase of hPer1 mRNA. The glucocorticoid rapidly affected the expression of hPer1 mRNA in PBMCs, suggesting that human PBMCs may be a useful surrogate marker for the investigation of drug effects on clock genes.     

Activity of dehydroabietic acid derivatives against wood contaminant fungi

The antifungal activity of 10 dehydroabietic acid derivatives with different configuration in A and B rings (cis/trans A/B junction) and different substituents and/or functionalities was evaluated in bioassays in vitro and in situ (pine wood blocks).

The test compounds dissolved in acetone were assayed at several concentrations w/w (test compound/culture medium) against the fungi. The Relative Inhibition (RI) was determined by measuring the radial growth of colonies of the fungi treated with the test compounds by comparison with those of control cultures; the results are expressed as EC₅₀.

The results of bioassays in vitro have shown that hydroxyl and aldehyde functions are required for antifungal activity in this group of compounds and deisopropylation can increase the activity. Our assay of antifungal activity in situ (in pine wood blocks) provides a means to investigate the preservative activities of these antifungal compounds under actual conditions of use.

The dehydroabietic acid derivative cis-deisopropyldehydroabietanol (10) inhibited the growth of several of the fungi tested, in vitro and in situ.

The results obtained in situ with the test compound (10) at 6% and 8% were not significantly different from the reference products and a good level of protection of the wood against the organisms tested was achieved.

The results in wood bioassays present new possibilities in the search for natural new compounds in the wood protection, as an alternative to conventional fungicides.     

Application and prospects of high-throughput screening for in vitro neurogenesis

Over the past few decades, high-throughput screening (HTS) has made great contributions to new drug discovery. HTS technology is equipped with higher throughput, minimized platforms, more automated and computerized operating systems, more efficient and sensitive detection devices, and rapid data processing systems. At the same time, in vitro neurogenesis is gradually becoming important in establishing models to investigate the mechanisms of neural disease or developmental processes. However, challenges remain in generating more mature and functional neurons with specific subtypes and in establishing robust and standardized three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models with neural cells cultured in 3D matrices or organoids representing specific brain regions. Here, we review the applications of HTS technologies on in vitro neurogenesis, especially aiming at identifying the essential genes, chemical small molecules and adaptive microenvironments that hold great prospects for generating functional neurons or more reproductive and homogeneous 3D organoids. We also discuss the developmental tendency of HTS technology, e.g., so-called next-generation screening, which utilizes 3D organoid-based screening combined with microfluidic devices to narrow the gap between in vitro models and in vivo situations both physiologically and pathologically.