Horizontal distribution of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei in subtropical Lake Sibaya

SUMMARY. The horizontal distribution of nauplii, C_I-C_III, C_IV-C_v and adult stages of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei within the main basin of Lake Sibaya (27° 20' S, 32° 37' E) is described on the basis of semi-synoptic cruises on 6 August 1971, 28 January 1972 and 11 February 1972. The distribution observed is considered in relation to variations in food availability and water temperature over this homothermal lake. It is concluded that these factors are not primarily responsible for observed patterns of distribution. Rather, wind-induced currents appear to be of major significance in determining horizontal distribution. Stage-related differences in the nature and extent of horizontal redistribution following severe wind are described. A consideration of the vertical distribution of groups of life-history stages over a diel cycle in relation to the direction and relative strength of currents encountered by the copepods within their respective depth ranges provides an explanation for the differences in horizontal redistribution observed.     

Responses of the estuarine copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei to diatom polyunsaturated aldehydes: Reproduction,survival and postembryonic development

The euryhaline calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei perennially occurs in tropical and subtropical brackish water ecosystems and harbors supporting harmful algal blooms. In the present paper we provide a quantitative assessment of the influence of the diatom-derived poly-unsaturated aldehyde (PUA), 2-trans-4-trans-decadienal on demographic traits of P. annandalei. The survival and reproduction of P. annandalei were recorded in life table experiments, using a cohort of adult males and females exposed to a range of concentrations (0.75, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 μM) of decadienal. Higher mortality of female cohorts and lower reproduction were recorded with increasing concentrations of decadienal (3 and 4.5 μM). The estimated survival time for cohort females (control: 9.7 days; 4.5 μM decadienal: 4.7 days) and developmental stages of copepods (control: 10.5 days; 4.5 μM decadienal: 1.0 days) in decadienal applied medium (Isochrysis galbana + decadienal) was significantly lower than those in control (only I. galbana). Detrimental effects further eroded recruitment by increasing naupliar mortality and impairing copepodite development to adulthood. Since P. annandalei is widely used in the aquaculture industry in Asia, the present results call for a limited use of PUA producing diatoms as algal food to avoid impairing copepod reproduction and development.     

Effect of salinity on the swimming behaviour of the estuarine calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis

The calanoid copepod, Eurytemora affinis, is the dominant zooplanktonspecies in most of European and North American estuaries, andtheir population maintenance within an environment of net seawardflow has mainly been explained by endogenous rhythms of circatidalswimming activity. However, no attention has been paid to thepotential link between the swimming behaviour of this speciesand salinity. The swimming behaviour of males, non-ovigerousfemales and ovigerous females from a continuous culture wasinvestigated under different salinity conditions. Increase anddecrease in salinity, respectively, increased and decreasedthe overall swimming activity of both males and non-ovigerousfemales. The complexity of the swimming paths of males and non-ovigerousfemales significantly increased with salinity. In contrast,ovigerous females were less motile and mainly sank. These observationssuggest an endogenous behavioural adaptive strategy to salinityfluctuations and the intrinsic ability of E. affinis to undergoshort-scale vertical migration triggered by changes in salinity.This supports field observations reporting increased abundanceof E. affinis in the water column during flood tides and providesa behavioural basis for the maintenance of viable populationsunder net ouflow conditions.     

温度、盐度和pH对尼罗罗非鱼性别分化的影响

采用Box-Behnken设计及响应曲面法研究了温度(20～36℃)、盐度(0 ～16)和pH(5.5 ～8.5)3个主要环境因子对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼性别分化的影响.结果表明:温度的一次和二次效应分别对吉富罗非鱼性别分化的影响显著.盐度和pH的一次和二次效应分别对吉富罗非鱼性别分化的影响不显著,3个环境因子中任意2个因子之间的互作效应都不显著.采用响应曲面法分析发现,随着温度的升高,吉富罗非鱼的雄性率呈逐渐上升的趋势;温度为36℃、盐度为8、pH为8.5时,吉富罗非鱼最大雄性率可达80％.建立雄性率与温度、盐度和pH三者之间关系的模型方程,并剔除相关不显著的因子后,得到雄性率与温度之间的模型方程,可用于预测吉富罗非鱼雄性率的变化.     

Effects of temperature, salinity, and air exposure on development of the estuarine pulmonate gastropod Amphibola crenata

The primitive pulmonate snail Amphibola crenata embeds embryos within a smooth mud collar on exposed estuarine mudflats in New Zealand. Development through hatching of free-swimming veliger larvae was monitored at 15 salinity and temperature combinations covering the range of 2-30 ppt salinity and 15-25 °C. The effect of exposure to air on developmental rate was also assessed. There were approximately 18,000 embryos in each egg collar. The total number of veligers released from standard-sized egg collar fragments varied with both temperature and salinity: embryonic survival was generally higher at 15 and 20 °C than at 25 °C; moreover, survival was generally highest at intermediate salinities, and greatly reduced at 2 ppt salinity regardless of temperature. Even at 2 ppt salinity, however, about one-third of embryos were able to develop successfully to hatching. Embryonic tolerance to low salinity was apparently a property of the embryos themselves, or of the surrounding egg capsules; there was no indication that the egg collars protected embryos from exposure to environmental stress. Mean hatching times ranged between 7 and 22 days, with reduced developmental rates both at lower temperature and lower salinity. At each salinity tested, developmental rate to hatching was similar at 20 and 25 °C. At 15 °C, time to hatching was approximately double that recorded at the two higher exposure temperatures. Exposing the egg collars to air for 6-9 h each day at 20 °C (20 ppt salinity) accelerated hatching by about 24 h, suggesting that developmental rate in this species is limited by the rates at which oxygen or wastes can diffuse into and from intact collars, respectively. Similarly, veligers from egg capsules that were artificially separated from egg collars at 20 °C developed faster than those within intact egg collars. The remarkable ability of embryos of A. crenata to hatch over such a wide range of temperatures and salinities, and to tolerate a considerable degree of exposure to air, explains the successful colonization of this species far up into New Zealand estuaries.     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the caridean shrimp Palaemon peringueyi

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the caridean shrimp Palaemon peringueyi to changes in temperature (15-30 °C), salinity (0-45‰) and a combination thereof was investigated. The rate of oxygen consumption of the shrimp was determined using a YSI oxygen meter. At a constant salinity of 35‰ the respiration rate of P. peringueyi increased with an increase in temperature and ranged between 0.260 and 0.982 μl O₂ mg wwt^− 1 h^− 1. The Q₁₀ value over the temperature range 15-25 °C was estimated at 3.13. At a constant temperature of 15 °C the respiration rate of P. peringueyi also increased with an increase in salinity and ranged between 0.231 and 0.860 μl O₂ mg wwt^− 1 h^− 1. For combination experiments the absence of any significant difference in the respiration rate of P. peringueyi at the four temperatures over the salinity range 15-35‰ suggests that the shrimp is well adapted to inhabiting environments characterised by variations in salinity and temperature such as those encountered within the middle and lower reaches of permanently open estuaries with substantial freshwater inflow. On the other hand, the total mortality of the shrimp recorded at salinities < 5‰ at all four temperatures suggests that the upper distribution of the shrimp may reflect physiological constraints. Similarly, the increase in the respiration rate of the shrimp at the four temperatures at salinities > 35‰ suggests that the shrimp may experience osmotic stress in freshwater deprived permanently open and intermittently open estuaries where hypersaline conditions may develop.     

Influence of temperature and salinity on routine metabolic rate and growth of young Atlantic menhaden

The experiments dealt primarily with routine metabolic rates of schooling juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe), in flowing-water respirometers and were designed to obtain baseline data for energy flow models and studies on the effects of sublethal stresses. The relationship of body weight to oxygen consumption as well as the effect of temperature (10–25°C), salinity (low, 5–10 p.p.t. and high, >28 p.p.t.), time since last fed and darkness on the routine metabolic rate was examined. The effect of salinity on growth of menhaden larvae into juveniles was also measured.     

Fluctuating selection on basal metabolic rate

BMR (Basal metabolic rate) is an important trait in animal life history as it represents a significant part of animal energy budgets. BMR has also been shown to be positively related to sustainable work rate and maximal thermoregulatory capacity. To this date, most of the studies have focused on the causes of interspecific and intraspecific variation in BMR, and fairly little is known about the fitness consequences of different metabolic strategies. In this study, we show that winter BMR affects local survival in a population of wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), but that the selection direction differs between years. We argue that this fluctuating selection is probably a consequence of varying winter climate with a positive relation between survival and BMR during cold and harsh conditions, but a negative relation during mild winters. This fluctuating selection can not only explain the pronounced variation in BMR in wild populations, but will also give us new insights into how energy turnover rates can shape the life‐history strategies of animals. Furthermore, the study shows that the process of global warming may cause directional selection for a general reduction in BMR, affecting the general life‐history strategy on the population level.     

Effects of chaetognath predation and nutrient enrichment on enclosed estuarine copepod communities

Summary The effects of predation by the chaetognath Sagitta hispida and nutrient enrichment on estuarine copepod community structure were studied by experimental manipulations in large enclosures. Chaetognath abundance and nutrient addition rates were manipulated in a factorial design. Predation by chaetognaths resulted in a significant decline in the relative abundance of Acartia tonsa and an increase in the relative abundance of Oithona colcarva. However, these effects were evident only at chaetognath densities far higher than observed in natural populations. Nutrient enrichment resulted in a decline in relative abundance of Paracalanus crassirostris, and, in the absence of chaetognath predation, an apparent increase in the relative abundance of A. tonsa. The effects of chaetognath predation were independent of enrichment level, apparently because of the absence of effects of enrichment on total copepod and chaetognath densities.     

盐度和低温冷藏对桡足类休眠卵萌发的影响

休眠卵是桡足类渡过不良环境的重要生存策略,是水体桡足类种群的重要潜在补充来源。通过采集珠江口南沙海域表层沉积物,研究了不同盐度和低温冷藏对桡足类休眠卵萌发的影响。结果表明:南沙沉积物中休眠卵萌发量和萌发率在盐度为20和盐度为5的实验组中最高;用50μm孔径筛绢过滤后,50μm粒径沉积物中休眠卵萌发量显著高于50μm粒径的休眠卵(P0.05);冷藏30 d后休眠卵萌发量显著高于冷藏前休眠卵萌发量(P0.05);冷藏前的休眠卵主要是静止卵和已渡过不应期的滞育卵,而冷藏后的休眠卵主要是未渡过不应期的滞育卵,表明50μm粒径沉积物中休眠卵主要以滞育卵为主。研究结果为进一步了解河口桡足类受到盐度干扰后的潜在补充机制提供了基础数据,对揭示河口桡足类种类演替规律具有重要科学意义。     

Multigenerational analysis of temperature and salinity variability affects on metabolic rate,generation time,and acute thermal and salinity tolerance in Daphnia pulex

Climate change, sea level rise, and human freshwater demands are predicted to result in elevated temperature and salinity variability in upper estuarine ecosystems. Increasing levels of environmental stresses are known to induce the cellular stress response (CSR). Energy for the CSR may be provided by an elevated overall metabolic rate. However, if metabolic rate is constant or lower under elevated stress, energy for the CSR is taken from other physiological processes, such as growth or reproduction. This study investigated the examined energetic responses to the combination of temperature and salinity variability during a multigenerational exposure of partheogenetically reproducing Daphnia pulex. We raised D. pulex in an orthogonal combination of daily fluctuations in temperature (15, 15–25, 15–30 °C) and salinity (0, 0–2, 0–5). Initially metabolic rates were lower under all variable temperature and variable salinity treatments. By the 6th generation there was little metabolic variation among low and intermediate temperature and salinity treatments, but metabolic suppression persisted at the most extreme salinity. When grown in the control condition for the 6th generation, metabolic suppression was only observed in D. pulex from the most extreme condition (15–30 °C, 0–5 salinity). Generation time was influenced by acclimation temperature but not salinity and was quickest in specimens reared at 15–25 °C, likely due to Q₁₀ effects at temperatures closer to the optima for D. pulex, and slowest in specimens reared at 15–30 °C, which may have reflected elevated CSR. Acute tolerance to temperature (LT₅₀) and salinity (LC₅₀) were both highest in D. pulex acclimated to 15–30 °C and salinity 0. LT₅₀ and LC₅₀ increased with increasing salinity in specimens raised at 15 °C and 15–25 °C, but decreased with increasing salinity in specimens raised at 15–30 °C. Thus, increasing temperature confers cross-tolerance to salinity stress, but the directionality of synergistic effects of temperature and salinity depend on the degree of environmental variability. Overall, the results of our study suggest that temperature is a stronger determinant of metabolism, growth, and tolerance thresholds, and assessment of the ecological impacts of environmental change requires explicit information regarding the degree of environmental variability.     

Mitochondria,sex and variation in routine metabolic rate

Variation in the metabolic costs associated with organismal maintenance may play a key role in determining fitness, and thus these differences among individuals are likely to be subject to natural selection. Although the evolvability of maintenance metabolism depends on its underlying genetic architecture, relatively little is known about the nature of genetic variation that underlies this trait. To address this, we measured variation in routine metabolic rate (?O_2routine), an index of maintenance metabolism, within and among three populations of Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, including a population from a region of genetic admixture between two subspecies. Polygenic association tests among individuals from the admixed population identified 54 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with ?O_2routine, and these SNPs accounted for 43% of interindividual variation in this trait. However, genetic associations with ?O_2routine involved different SNPs if females and males were analysed separately, and there was a sex‐dependent effect of mitochondrial genotype on variation in routine metabolism. These results imply that there are sex‐specific genetic mechanisms, and potential mitonuclear interactions, that underlie variation in ?O_2routine. Additionally, there was evidence for epistatic interactions between 17% of the possible pairs of trait‐associated SNPs, suggesting that epistatic effects on ?O_2routine are common. These data demonstrate not only that phenotypic variation in this ecologically important trait has a polygenic basis with considerable epistasis among loci, but also that these underlying genetic mechanisms, and particularly the role of mitochondrial genotype, may be sex‐specific.     

Diet, phylogeny, and basal metabolic rate in phyllostomid bats

Aside from the pervasive effects of body mass, much controversy exists as to what factors account for interspecific variation in basal metabolic rates (BMR) of mammals; however, both diet and phylogeny have been strongly implicated. We examined variation in BMR within the New World bat family Phyllostomidae, which shows the largest diversity of food habits among mammalian families, including frugivorous, nectarivorous, insectivorous, carnivorous and blood-eating species. For 27 species, diet was taken from the literature and BMR was either measured on animals captured in Brazil or extracted from the literature. Conventional (nonphylogenetic) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with body mass as the covariate, was first used to test the effects of diet on BMR. In this analysis, which assumes that all species evolved simultaneously from a single ancestor (i.e., a "star" phylogeny), diet exerted a strong effect on mass-independent BMR: nectarivorous bats showed higher mass-independent BMR than other bats feeding on fruits, insects or blood. In phylogenetic ANCOVAs via Monte Carlo computer simulation, which assume that species are part of a branching hierarchical phylogeny, no statistically significant effect of diet on BMR was observed. Hence, results of the nonphylogenetic analysis were misleading because the critical values for testing the effect of diet were underestimated. However, in this sample of bats, diet is perfectly confounded with phylogeny, because the four dietary categories represent four separate subclades, which greatly reduces statistical power to detect a diet (= subclade) effect. But even if diet did appear to exert an influence on BMR in this sample of bats, it would not be logically possible to separate this effect from the possibility that the dietary categories differ for some other reason (i.e., another synapomorphy of one or more of the subclades). Examples such as this highlight the importance of considering phylogenetic relationships when designing new comparative studies, as well as when analyzing existing data sets. We also discuss some possible reasons why BMR may not coadapt with diet.     

温度、盐度、pH和麻醉剂对长鳍篮子鱼幼鱼耗氧率的影响

采用Winkler法研究了温度、盐度、pH和麻醉剂对长鳍篮子鱼幼鱼(体长(3.325±0.205) cm,体质量(0.706±0.155) g)耗氧率的影响。结果表明：长鳍篮子鱼幼鱼耗氧率随着温度升高而增加,其回归关系可用对数函数Y=1.3819lnX-3.55(r=0.9475,P<0.01)表示,其生长的适宜温度为24 ℃～32 ℃;幼鱼耗氧率随着盐度的降低而逐渐增加,其回归关系可用线性函数Y=-0.1802X+1.7551(r=0.9837,P<0.01)来表示;在不同的pH下耗氧率有显著性差异(P<0.01),pH值在6.0时耗氧率最低,9.0时耗氧率最高;耗氧率随着丁香酚、MS-222的浓度升高而逐渐降低,各实验组的耗氧率要显著低于对照组,丁香酚和MS-222可以作为长鳍篮子鱼幼鱼运输过程中的麻醉剂。     

Effects of low salinity on metamorphosis in estuarine colonial ascidians

Abstract. We studied the effects of brackish water on larval attachment, events of metamorphosis, and juvenile mortality in three colonial ascidian species that live in a Florida coastal lagoon. Eudistoma olivaceum and Eudistoma hepaticum are restricted in their adult distribution to areas of relatively high and constant salinity near inlets, whereas Ecteinascidia turbinata extends more than 20 km into the Indian River, where salinity can be much more variable. In all three species, metamorphosis proceeded more quickly at 33 ppt than at lower salinities. The thresholds for successful metamorphosis differed among species in a manner that corresponded to the adult distributions, with E. turbinata being capable of completing metamorphosis at salinities as low as 22 ppt, E. hepaticum as low as 24 ppt, and E. olivaceum as low as 26 ppt. Larvae of both Eudistoma species delayed settlement in very low salinity water, whereas those of E. turbinata settled very quickly, then failed to complete metamorphosis. Juvenile mortality at salinities lower than 22 ppt was 100% for all three species. Survival in salinities higher than 22 ppt was strongly correlated with salinity in E. olivaceum and E. hepaticum , but not E. turbinata.     

Predation, production and the organization of an estuarine copepod community

The copepod community of the estuaries near Beaufort, NC underwenta consistent seasonal succession from a spring assemblage dominatedby the medium-sized copepod Acartia tonsa (1 mm) to a summer—fallassemblage dominated by the small-bodied copepods Parvocalanuscrizsrirostris and Oithona colcarva (both 0.5 mm). However,in enclosure experiments during this period, A. tonsa dominatedthe community, due to higher growth rates and its predationon the nauplii of other species. Nutrient additions enhancedthe dominance by A. tonsa. The decline in abundance of A. tonsain the estuary was associated with increased abundance of planktivorousanchovies and silversides. In other enclosure experiments, planktivorousfish eliminated A. tonsa and other large copepods, althoughthey persisted in enclosures lacking fish. I conclude that predationby size-selective planktivorous fish prevents dominance by A.tonsa during summer—fall. ¹Present address: Institute of Marine Sciences, University ofNorth Carolina, 3407 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557,USA     

Effects of temperature,metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors on the rate of BHK cell adhesion to polystyrene

Adhesion of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK cells) to a Falcon tissue culture flask was measured under various physiological conditions. While 75–80% of the fibroblasts adhere at temperatures from 19–50°, cellular adhesion decreased dramatically below 19°. Less than 10% of the cells adhere to the substratum even after prolonged incubations at temperatures of 8° or below. This lack of adhesion at low temperatures cannot be overcome by the application of increased gravitational force to the cells. No correlation exists between cellular ATP concentrations or respiration rates and the rate of cell adhesion to the substratum. One millimolar Na F and 1 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol together lower cellular ATP concentration by 95% but adhesion is reduced by only 50%. NaN₃ and KCN greatly lower cellular ATP concentrations without a corresponding inhibition of adhesion. Inhibition of cellular respiration by these compounds occurs at lower concentrations than does the inhibition of adhesion. Two micrograms/milliliters of cytochalasin B inhibits adhesion by 90%, 0.1 mM vinblastine sulphate or colchicine by less than 50% and 50 μg/ml colcemid by less than 30%. Fixing the cells with formaldehyde, hardening their membranes with ZnCl₂ or treating the cells with toluene, all cause an inhibition in adhesion. Again, application of increased gravitational force cannot overcome these latter inhibitions of BHK cell adhesion to the surface of the flasks.     

温度、盐度对强壮箭虫耗氧率和窒息点的影响

研究了不同温度、盐度下强壮箭虫的耗氧率和窒息点.结果表明:温度和盐度均对强壮箭虫的耗氧率和比耗氧率有显著影响.试验温度在5℃-25℃,强壮箭虫个体耗氧率(IO)和比耗氧率(SO)开始随温度的升高而升高,之后呈明显下降趋势.其回归方程分别为y=0.0058x3 -0.2956x2+4.415x-8.7816(R2=0.99,P＜0.05)和y=0.0011x3 -0.0546x2+0.8161x-1.6232(R2=0.99,P＜0.05),数值分别为6.30～11.71μg·ind-1·h-1和1.22 ～2.16μg· mg-1·h-1,窒息点为4.18～6.87 mg·L-1.盐度10 ～40条件下,IO和SO随盐度的升高逐渐下降,回归方程分别为y=-0.0068x2 -0.1412x+21.702(R2=0.89,P＜0.05)和y=-0.0013x2-0.0261x+4.0114( R2 =0.89,P＜0.05),数值分别为4.98～17.73μg ·ind-1·h-1和0.92～3.56 μg·mg-1 ·h-1,窒息点为4.02～6.24 mg·L-1.对强壮箭虫与其他水生动物的耗氧率和窒息点进行比较得出,强壮箭虫是一种狭氧性浮游动物.     

On structural theories of basal metabolic rate

Because cells and organisms interface with the environment through surfaces, their design should be governed by surface laws. Yet, basal metabolic rate is not proportional to the 0·67-power of body mass (surface law) but to the 0·75-power of body mass. From the many theories that have derived a surface law, Teissier's dimensional analysis theory was probably the neatest. However, the surface law has been empirically invalidated. Moreover, Teissier assumed that times in the prototype animal and a similar one with different size are in the same ratio as their linear sizes. This is incorrect, however, because heart rates, being inverses of times, should be proportional to the 1/3-power of body mass—but are proportional to the 1/4-power of body mass, which is consistent with a 0·75-power law of basal metabolic rate. McMahon's recent attempt to explain the deviation of the empirical law from a surface law based entirely on structural considerations, is critically examined. It does not appear that purely structural considerations could explain the deviation between the empirical 0·75-law of basal metabolic rate and the surface law.