Comparative Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Smolts of the Brown Trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis> L. and Atlantic Salmon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis> L. during Smoltification (Indera River,White Sea Basin)

The fatty acid status of the total lipids was studied in smolts of the brown trout and the Atlantic salmon collected in summer in the Indera River (White Sea basin). Higher 18:3ω-3/18:2ω-6, ω-3/ω-6, and 20:4ω-6/18:2ω-6 ratios were found in smolts of the Atlantic salmon in comparison to smolts of the brown trout. A higher amount of essential fatty acid 18:2ω-6 and an increased ratio of the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the sum of saturated fatty acids in smolts of brown trout were observed. We have registered the differences in the ratios of the fatty acids, including physiologically active ones, which indicated species-specific physiological and biochemical processes during smoltification.     

On the nature of interaction of dodecyl sulfate with proteins. Evidence from uncharged polypeptides

Circular dichroism and equilibrium dialysis measurements in aqueous solution reveal no strong interaction between dodecyl sulfate and the unionized polypeptides poly(N⁵-ω-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine), poly(N⁵-ω-hydroxypropyl-L-glutamine) and poly(N⁵-bis(ω-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine). Dodecyl sulfate does not affect the stability of the helical forms of poly(N⁵-ω-hydroxypropyl-L-glutamine) and poly(N⁵-bis(ω-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine) in water.     

Coumarins from Ferulago capillaris and F. brachyloba

Four new coumarins, (+)-senecioylprangol, (-)-3'-senecioyloxymarmesin, (+)-3'-hydroxyprantschimgin and (+)-2"-senecioyloxymarmesin, besides 12 known coumarins have been isolated from two Ferulago species. Their structures have been established by spectroscopic methods and partial synthesis. New synthetic 3'-oxocoumarins are also described. There is a remarkable difference in the contents of the most abundant coumarins found in the roots of both species: osthol and aurapten are specific to F. capillaris and F. brachyloba, respectively.     

Fatty Acid Status of Freshwater Resident and Anadromous Forms of Young Brown Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis> L.)

No qualitative or quantitative differences in the profiles of fatty acids (FAs) belonging to the main classes have been found between freshwater resident (Orzega River, Onega Lake Basin) and anadromous (Indera River, White Sea Basin) forms of young brown trout. Differences have been registered in the conversion rate of the food-derived 18:2ω-6 and 18:3ω-3 FAs into long-chain and physiologically active FAs: 20:4ω-6 (arachidonic) and 22:6ω-3 (docosahexaenoic). Freshwater residential form of young brown trout (parr, at 3+-age) from the Orzega River are distinguished by a higher index of 20:4ω-6/18:2ω-6. Anadromous form of young of brown trout (smolts, at 4+-age) from the Indera River have a higher ratio of essential FAs 22:6ω-3/18:3ω-3 and ω-3/ω-6 polyunsaturated FAs; the last index correlates with higher weight–length characteristics of the studied individuals.     

Nevskia aquatilis sp. nov. and Nevskia persephonica sp. nov., isolated from a mineral water aquifer and the emended description of the genus Nevskia

Four isolates, with an optimum temperature of about 30°C and an optimum pH for growth of 6.0-6.5, were recovered from a borehole head of a mineral water aquifer in Portugal and from the stored bottles produced on site. Strains F2-63(T) and F2-178 were yellow-pigmented and formed non-motile rod-shaped cells. Strains G6M-30(T) and G6-54 were whitish-pigmented, translucent and form rod-shaped cells with a polar flagellum. The four strains were strictly aerobic, oxidase and catalase positive. The major fatty acids of strains F2-63(T) and F2-178 were C(18:1)ω7c and C(16:0), and the major fatty acids of strains G6M-30(T) and G6-54 were C(18:1)ω7c and C(16:1)ω7c. Ubiquinone 8 was the major respiratory quinone. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, physiological and biochemical characteristics two new species of the genus Nevskia are described; Nevskia aquatilis represented by strains F2-63(T) (=LMG 26345 =CECT 7897) and F2-178 (=LMG 26344 =CECT 7898) and Nevskia persephonica represented by strains G6M-30(T) (=DSM 24987 =CECT 7975) and G6-54 (=DSM 25048 =CECT 7976).     

Coumarins and chromones from Lomatium macrocarpum

Roots of Lomatium macrocarpum (Hook. & Arn.) C. & R. yielded osthol (7-methoxy-8-[3-methyl-2-butenyl]-coumarin) and a chromone, 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-[3-methyl-2-butenyl]-7-methoxychromone, identified spectroscopically and by synthesis. The aerial parts of the plant also contained this chromone along with sibiricin (5,7-dimethoxy-8-[3-methyl-2,3-epoxybutyl]-coumarin) and a new coumarin named macrocarpin. By spectroscopy and chemical degradation macrocarpin was shown to be 7-methoxy-8-(3-methyl-4-[2-methyl-cis-2-butenoyloxy]-cis-2-butenyl)coumarin. These products were not found in four other Lomatium species examined.     

Synthesis and biological characterization of a series of analogues of ω-conotoxin gvia

The 27-residue polypeptide ω-conotoxin GVIA (ω-CgTx), from the venom of the cone shell Conus geographus, blocks N-type neuronal calcium channels. It contains three disulphide bridges. We reporte here the synthesis and biological characterization of a seires of analogues in which one disulphide has been replaced by substitution of appropriate Cys residues with Ser, viz. [Ser^1,16]-ω-CgTx, [Ser^8,19]-ω-CgTx, [Ser^15,26]-ω-CgTx, [Ser¹⁶]-ω-CgTx_8-27 and [Ser¹⁵]-ω-CgTx_1-19. All syntheses were conducted manually using either Boc or Fmoc methodology. Deprotected peptides were oxidized to their bridged forms using either aerial oxidation or aqueous dimethyl sulphoxide. Peptides were purified using RP-HPLC, and their purity and identity were checked by RP-HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Inhibition of neuronal N-type calcium channels was assessed as the inhibition of the twitch responses of rat vas deferens stimualted with single electrical pulses at 20 second intervals. None of these analogues was biologically active, suggesting that the disulphides play an important role in maintaining biological activity.     

Coumarins from Amyris balsamifera

Two new coumarins have been isolated from the aerial parts of Amyris balsamifera. On the basis of spectral and chemical data, these have been identified as (R)-(+)-6-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methyl-3′-butenyl)-7-methoxycoumarin and balsamiferone, 7-hydroxy-3,6-bis (3′-methyl-2′-butenyl)-coumarin.     

Coumarins from two Coleonema species

The aerial parts of Coleonema aspalathoides yielded a single coumarin, 7-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy)-coumarin. Coleonema calycinum afforded 11 coumarins including three novel compounds identified on the basis of spectral data as 7-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enoxy)-coumarin,7-(E-3-methoxycarbonylbut-2-enoxy)-coumarin and 7-methoxy-8-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-coumarin.     

Hyphomonas beringensis sp. nov. and Hyphomonas chukchiensis sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

Two Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, oval to pear shaped motile strains, designated 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T, isolated from surface seawater from the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, respectively, were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strains 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T clustered together with Hyphomonas atlanticus 22II1-22F38^T and Hyphomonas oceanitis DSM 5155^T, respectively, within genus Hyphomonas. Based on whole genome sequence analysis, the calculated DDH and ANIm values between strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T are 18.8 and 83.19 % respectively. The calculated DDH values of strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T with seven type strains ranged from 18.2 to 19.9 % and from 18.4 to 40.4 %, respectively. The ANIm values of strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T with seven type strains ranged from 83.00 to 84.67 % and from 83.14 to 90.58 %, respectively. Both isolates were found to contain Q-11 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids of strain 25B14_1^T were identified as C_16:0, C_17:0, C_18:1 ω7c-methyl and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/ω7c as defined by MIDI), while in the case of strain BH-BN04-4^T they were identified as C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c-methyl and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The G+C contents of 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T were determined to be 58.4 and 61.0 mol%, respectively. The combined phenotypic and genotypic data show that the two isolates each represent novel species of the genus Hyphomonas, for which the names Hyphomonas beringensis sp. nov. and Hyphomonas chukchiensis sp. nov. are proposed, with the type strain 25B14_1^T (=MCCC 1A07321^T = LMG 27914^T) and BH-BN04-4^T (=MCCC 1A07481^T = LMG 27915^T), respectively.     

Two New Coumarins from Fraxinus chinensis Rexb.

The ethanol extract of the stem bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb. showed good inhibitory bioactivity against VEGF receptor-1 kinase （IC50：13.8 μg/mL）. In order to find new and bioactive compounds, the chemical constituents of the stem bark of F. chinensis were investigated and two new coumarins, namely 6＇-O-sinapinoyl esculin （compound 1） and 6＇-O-vanillyl esculin （compound 2）, together with eleven known compounds （compounds 3-13） were isolated. The structures of the two new compounds were identified by their physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, particularly one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectral methods. The known compound, oleuropein （compound 11）, exhibited moderate activity （IC50：（8.7 ± 1.3） μmol/L） to inhibit VEGF receptor- 1 kinase.     

Immunomodulation by dietary long chain omega-3 fatty acids and the potential for adverse health outcomes

Recommendations to consume fish for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), along with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for long chain omega-3 fatty acids, may have had the unanticipated consequence of encouraging long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid [(eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] supplementation and fortification practices. While there is evidence supporting a protective role for EPA/DHA supplementation in reducing sudden cardiac events, the safety and efficacy of supplementation with LCω-3PUFA in the context of other disease outcomes is unclear. Recent studies of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in animal models of infectious disease demonstrate that LCω-3PUFA intake dampens immunity and alters pathogen clearance and can result in reduced survival. The same physiological properties of EPA/DHA that are responsible for the amelioration of inflammation associated with chronic cardiovascular pathology or autoimmune states, may impair pathogen clearance during acute infections by decreasing host resistance or interfere with tumor surveillance resulting in adverse health outcomes. Recent observations that high serum LCω-3PUFA levels are associated with higher risk of prostate cancer and atrial fibrillation raise concern for adverse outcomes. Given the widespread use of supplements and fortification of common food items with LCω-3PUFA, this review focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of the dietary LCω-3PUFAs, EPA and DHA, the mechanistic basis for potential negative health outcomes, and calls for biomarker development and validation as rational first steps towards setting recommended dietary intake levels.     

Description of Ectothiorhodospira salini sp. nov

Strain JA430(T) is a Gram-negative, vibrioid to spiral shaped phototrophic purple sulfur bacterium isolated from anoxic sediment of a saltern at Kanyakumari in a mineral salts medium that contained 2% NaCl (w/v). Strain JA430(T) grows optimally at 5-6% NaCl and tolerates up to 12% NaCl. Intracellular photosynthetic membranes were of the lamellar type. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series are present as photosynthetic pigments. Major cellular fatty acids are C(18:1)ω7c, C(16:0), C(19:0)cycloω8c and C(16:1)ω7c/C(16:1)ω6c. Strain JA430(T) exhibits photoorganoheterotrophy and chemoorganoheterotrophy and requires para-aminobenzoic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxal phosphate for growth. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JA430(T) forms monophyletic group in the genus Ectothiorhodospira. The highest sequence similarity for strain JA430(T) was found with the type strains of Ectothiorhodospira variabilis DSM 21381(T) (96.1%) and Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila ATCC 51935(T) (96.2%). Morphological and physiological characteristics discriminate strain JA430(T) from other species of the genus Ectothiorhodospira, for which we describe this as a novel species, Ectothiorhodospira salini sp. nov. ( = NBRC 105915(T) = KCTC 5805(T)).     

Coumarins from the roots of Prangos uloptera

Three new coumarins, 6-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-prenyletin, 3″-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-oxypeucedanin hydrate and 2″-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-oxypeucedanin hydrate, together with six known coumarins, 3″-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-heraclenol, 3″-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-heraclenol, tortuoside, 3″-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-oxypeucedanin hydrate, heraclenol and oxypeucedanin hydrate, have been isolated from the roots of Prangos uloptera, and the structures of these coumarins were unequivocally determined by spectroscopic means, notably UV, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.     

Coumarins from Triphasia trifoliata

A methanolic extract of the leaves of Triphasia trifoliata contained isomeranzin, umbelliferone and 7-(3′-methyl-2′,3′-dihydroxybutyloxy)-8-(3″-methyl-2″-oxobutyl) coumarin (triphasiol).     

Lack of activation of UCP1 in isolated brown adipose tissue mitochondria by glucose-O-ω-modified saturated fatty acids of various chain lengths

We previously demonstrated that uncoupling protein 1 activity, as measured in isolated brown adipose tissue mitochondria (and as a native protein reconstituted into liposome membranes), was not activated by the non-flippable modified saturated fatty acid, glucose-O-ω-palmitate, whereas activity was stimulated by palmitate alone (40 nM free final concentration). In this study, we investigated whether fatty acid chain length had any bearing on the ability of glucose-O-ω-fatty acids to activate uncoupling protein 1. Glucose-O-ω-saturated fatty acids of various chain lengths were synthesized and tested for their potential to activate GDP-inhibited uncoupling protein 1-dependent oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue mitochondria, and the results were compared with equivalent non-modified fatty acid controls. Here we demonstrate that laurate (12C), palmitate (16C) and stearate (18C) could activate GDP-inhibited uncoupling protein 1-dependent oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue mitochondria, whereas there was no activation with glucose-O-ω-laurate (12C), glucose-O-ω-palmitate (16C), glucose-O-ω-stearate (18C), glucose-O-ω-arachidate (20C) or arachidate alone. We conclude that non-flippable fatty acids cannot activate uncoupling protein 1 irrespective of chain length. Our data further undermine the cofactor activation model of uncoupling protein 1 function but are compatible with the model that uncoupling protein 1 functions by flipping long-chain fatty acid anions.     

Correlation between dielectric property by dielectrophoretic levitation and growth activity of cells exposed to electric field

The purpose of this study is to develop a system analyzing cell activity by the dielectrophoresis method. Our previous studies revealed a correlation between the growth activity and dielectric property (Re[K(ω)]) of mouse hybridoma 3-2H3 cells using dielectrophoretic levitation. Furthermore, it was clarified that the differentiation activity of many stem cells could be evaluated by the Re[K(ω)] without differentiation induction. In this paper, 3-2H3 cells exposed to an alternating current (AC) electric field or a direct current (DC) electric field were cultivated, and the influence of damage by the electric field on the growth activity of the cells was examined. To evaluate the activity of the cells by measuring the Re[K(ω)], the correlation between the growth activity and the Re[K(ω)] of the cells exposed to the electric field was examined. The relations between the cell viability, growth activity, and Re[K(ω)] in the cells exposed to the AC electric field were obtained. The growth activity of the cells exposed to the AC electric field could be evaluated by the Re[K(ω)]. Furthermore, it was found that the adverse effects of the electric field on the cell viability and the growth activity were smaller in the AC electric field than the DC electric field.     

Polymethylene Derivatives of Nucleic Bases Bearing ω-Functional Groups: Х. A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of α-Amino-ω-Nucleo Carboxylic Acids

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - A novel approach to the synthesis of α-amino-ω-nucleo carboxylic acids, analogs of willardiin, an activator of the receptor of...     

The mycocidal, membrane-active complex of Cryptococcus humicola is a new type of cellobiose lipid with detergent features

The chemical composition of the mycocidal complex (formerly known as microcin) secreted by Cryptococcus humicola was investigated by chemical, mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The results indicate that the mycocidal complex is composed of glycolipids with a highly acetylated (up to five acetyl groups) cellobiose backbone [β-D-Glcp-(1′→4)-β-D-Glcp] linked to the ω-hydroxyl group of α,ω-dihydroxy palmitate [16:0-α,ω-di-OH] with an unsubstituted carboxyl group. The acyl chain forming aglycon can be replaced by [18:0-(α,ω-di-OH)], [18:0-(α,ω-1,ω-tri-OH)], and [18:0-(α,ω-2,ω-tri-OH)]. The complex has a comparatively high surface activity; 0.5 mg/ml of it reduced the surface tension of 0.1 M NaHCO₃ from 71 mN/m to 37 mN/m and interfacial tension against n-hexadecane from 39 mN/m to 10 mN/m. The critical micelle concentration of the complex at pH 4.0, determined by the fluorometric method with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine as fluorescent probe and by the De Nouy ring method, was 2×10⁻⁵ M (taking the average molecular mass of the complex to be 750); it did not depend on the presence of 100 mM KCl and was an order of magnitude higher at pH 7.0. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy with N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-phosphatidylethanolamine as energy donor and N-(rhodamine B sulfonyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine as energy acceptor the complex was shown to intercalate into the liposomal lipid matrix. Primary lesions caused by the complex in planar lipid bilayers were revealed as short-living current fluctuations of a broad spectrum of amplitudes. The mycocidal effect of the complex is suggested to be associated with its detergent-like properties.     

楮叶中香豆素和黄酮类化学成分研究

本文对楮树(Broussonetia papyrifera(L.)Vent.)叶中的香豆素和黄酮类成分进行研究,利用柱层析、重结晶、色谱技术等分离手段,分离得到了10个化合物,经理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定为伞形花内酯(1)、七叶内酯(2)、芹菜素(3)、木犀草素(4)、山柰酚(5)、牡荆素(6)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(7)、芫花素(8)、槲皮素(9)、二氢槲皮素(10).化合物1～7均为首次从该植物中分离得到.