Rattan (Calamoideae) abundance and above-ground biomass at a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia

Background: Rattans are widespread throughout paleo-tropical forests; however, there is no information on their contribution to above-ground biomass (AGB).

Aims: This study established biomass baseline values for 11 different rattan species in a Malaysian primary forest, and calculated the overall rattan AGB contribution and dynamics during two years.

Methods: All rattan stems in five 100 m × 100 m study plots were counted in 2011 and 2013. Biometric non-invasive measurements were carried out on 11 climbing and non-climbing species and total rattan biomass for both years calculated was compared.

Results: Rattans contributed with 3.1 Mg ha^?1 to the forest AGB. There was no significant change in rattan biomass between the years.

Conclusions: These preliminary results are the first published on the AGB contribution of rattans to Malaysian primary forests. Further studies are required to ascertain values across forest types and over time to reliably estimate the contribution of rattan species to ABG and carbon sequestration.     

Can we go beyond timber and manage for both timber and non‐timber forest products? The case of rattans near Kisangani,DR Congo

Rattans, one of the major non‐timber forest products used by the population in and around Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo), are a significant source of income and the basis of a very active informal sector focused towards supplying the city with raw canes. We present the effects of harvest and light availability on the demography of two common rattan species in the Yoko forest reserve, near Kisangani: Eremospatha haullevilleana De Wild. and Laccosperma secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) Küntze. We studied clump demography for a year, under variable light condition and harvesting regimes (control, partial harvest and complete harvest of adult stems). We show a positive effect of full and partial light availability on the dynamic of individuals for both species but with variable treatment responses. We also demonstrate that a partial harvest of two‐thirds of adults cane is beneficial or nondetrimental to the production of new shoots under partial or full‐light conditions. These results suggest opportunities for multiple‐use management that integrate timber and rattan harvesting in forest around Kisangani.     

Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

We studied species richness and density of rattan palms in 50 plots of 10 × 100 m² each between 250 m and 2420 m in eight sites in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. Rattans were observed in all sample sites, representing three genera and 34 species. The elevational patterns for species richness and density were humped-shaped with maxima around 1000 m. Polynomial models of second order explained 59 and 32% of species richness and density with the factor elevation, respectively. A majority of rattan species (65%) overlapped between 1000 and 1100 m elevation, while a pronounced change in the rattan flora occurred above 1100 m. Commercially important rattan species (Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebicus, Daemonorops macroptera) were not observed above 1250 m. The change of species assemblage was significantly related to elevation (56%), followed by geographical distance (47%) and precipitation (40%). Less than 10% of LLNP is lowland forests, much of which is threatened by agricultural intensification. In contrast, montane forests are well represented in the park and high elevation forests are not subject to agricultural conversion or intensive harvesting of rattan and other forest products.     

Using suitable projects in adding value to nonwood forest products in The Philippines: The Copal (Agathis Philippinensis) trade in Palawan

Using Suitable Projects in Adding Value to Nonwood Forest Products in the Philippines: The Copal (Agathis philippinensis)Trade in Palawan. Economic Botany 58(3):476-485, 2004. The Philippines is a country that has little low-forest cover left, but it still has many useful forest species. Despite the decline of forest area and the degradation of forests, many of the poorest households, both indigenous and migrant, are pushed into the remaining forest area and depend on forest goods for their subsistence and monetary income. These goods are inevitably nonwood forest products (NWFPs) because timber extraction is now illegal in many parts of the country. The extraction of nonwood forest products, such as resin and rattan, is the only source of a cash income for many households. However, despite the long tradition of NWFP extraction in forest-edge villages, the income that collectors get from these products is still minimal. The impediments to a more equitable and efficient trade in NWFPs are examined, and possible ways of adding value locally to NWFPs are presented, using almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) resin extraction as a case study.     

中国棕榈藤资源及其分布特征研究

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木材林产品,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。通过查阅相关文献、野外调查和标本鉴定,对中国棕榈藤植物的种类组成、地理分布类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)中国分布有较丰富的棕榈藤植物资源,共计3属40种(含变种),在云南、海南、广西等12个省区均有分布,其生长习性以攀援型为主。(2)中国棕榈藤植物表现出明显的水平和垂直地带性分布规律;水平地域性分布明显,形成了西南(云南西双版纳)和东南(海南省)两大分布中心,而其他区域分布的种类相对较少;海拔1000m以下地区分布的种类较多,有一定数量的广布种。(3)中国棕榈藤植物可划分为10个分布区类型,其中,以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型的种类为主,特有种也占有一定比例;种类的分布与中南半岛、南亚棕榈藤植物区系有密切的联系。     

海南岛次生低地雨林棕榈藤伴生群落优势种生态位研究

以海南岛甘什岭自然保护区次生低地雨林群落优势种及棕榈藤为试验材料,通过重要值筛选群落优势种,利用生态位宽度、相似性比例和生态位重叠探究棕榈藤与各林层优势种对资源的作用机制,为棕榈藤资源保护和利用提供理论参考。结果显示:(1)青梅(Vatica mangachapoi)和铁凌(Hopea reticulata)为群落建群种,5种棕榈藤在整个群落中具有相对较高的重要值,但差异较大,其中杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)最大(0.286),小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)最小(0.053),其排序为:杖藤大白藤(C.faberii)黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)白藤(C.tetradactylus)小钩叶藤。(2)5种棕榈藤在群落中具有较大的生态位宽度,其中杖藤最大(Bi和Ba分别为2.900和0.612),且明显大于草本层,但与其他林层优势种差异小。(3)棕榈藤种间与优势种均表现出较低的生态位相似性比例,除黄藤与亮叶鸡血藤(Callerya nitida)外,各林层优势种与所有棕榈藤种相似性比例最高的物种相同,为益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)、百足藤(Pothos repens)、铁凌和青梅;藤种间,杖藤与各其它棕榈藤具有较高的生态位相似性比例,小钩叶藤最小。(4)林层优势种和棕榈藤的Lik和Lki值总体较低,均低于0.1,且生态位宽度大的不一定重叠程度越高;其中0~0.023的重叠数量占总数的63.5%,0.023~0.046为36.0%,0.046的仅占0.5%。研究认为,棕榈藤在群落中具有相对较高的资源利用能力,但种间差异较大,棕榈藤种间及其与优势种间均表现为生态位分化,物种间倾向于资源共享。     

森林生态效益税对陕西省产业价格水平的影响

森林生态补偿机制引起了我国政府和理论界的广泛关注,一些研究者也提出未来我国森林生态补偿机制将发展成为森林生态效益税.在论证森林生态效益税的理论依据、课征对象、征收方式、税率等的基础上,以陕西省为例,构建了突出林业的2007年陕西省42部门投入产出表,并采用投入产出价格模型,分别使用成本定价法和溢价定价法,定量分析了课征森林生态效益税对陕西省各产业价格水平的影响.研究发现,在对林业、家具制造业、木材加工及木竹藤棕草制品业、造纸及纸制品业征收10％森林生态效益税的3种不同方案下,森林生态效益税不会对陕西省价格体系造成过大影响,实施森林生态效益税具有一定的可行性.在大多数情况下,食品制造业、印刷及文教体育用品制造业,文化体育和娱乐业这3个产业的价格变化较大.此外,两种定价方法的计算结果略有差异,采用溢价定价法得到的结果要略高于成本定价法的结果.     

Accessibility Factors and Conservation Forest Designation Affecting Rattan Cane Harvesting in Lambusango Forest,Buton, Indonesia

Rattan cane is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) harvested from Indonesian tropical forests. However, the extraction of NTFPs such as rattan cane may conflict with forest conservation efforts. A better understanding of harvesting practices can help assess the extent of this conflict and guide forest management decisions. This study assesses the accessibility factors that influence rattan cane harvesting levels in Lambusango Forest, Buton Island, Indonesia, and whether the harvesting of rattan cane is affected by the designation of conservation areas. To this end, the analysis adopts participatory mapping, Geographic Information Systems and a questionnaire survey and employs multiple regressions and analysis of covariance. The results show that accessibility, particularly slope and distance, can play a role in the quantity of rattan canes harvested. The presence of conservation forest does not significantly affect rattan cane harvesting levels. This could be due to limited awareness of the harvesters going to the vicinity of the designated conservation areas and mixed sentiments towards conservation efforts due to the long tradition of forest dwelling and harvesting activities. The study concludes that the successful establishment and management of conservation areas require consideration of the specificity of the local context such as the abundance of forest resources, accessibility and historical forest-people interactions, in addition to biological factors.     

Chemistry and ethnobotany of commercial incense copals copal blanco, copal oro, and copal negro, of North America

The North American commercial incense copals are derived from species of Bursera, Protium (Burseraceae), and Hymenaea (Caesal-piniaceae) but are also distinguished by the technique of harvesting as well as by species. Sixty-eight compounds were identified in three commercial incense copals. The essential oil of copal bianco (probably from B. bipinnata) is dominated by 14.52 ± 1.28% α-copaene and 13.75 ± 1.06% germacrene D. The essential oil of copal oro (probably from H. courbaril) is dominated by 21.35 ± 5.96% α-pinene and 26.51 ± 1.22% limonene. The essential oil of copal negro (probably from P. copal) is dominated by 17.95 ± 1.35% α-pinene, 12.51 ± 0.08% sabinene, and 16.88 ± 2.02% limonene.

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Química y etnobotánica de los copales comerciales del incienso, copal blanco, copal oro, y copal negro, de norte América

Resumen  Los copales comerciales norteamericanas del incienso se derivan de las especies de Bursera, Protium (Burseraceae),y Hymenaea (Caesalpi-niaceae)pero también son distinguidos por la técnica de cosechar así como por las especies. Sesenta y ocho compuestos fueron identificados en tres copales comerciales del incienso. El aceite esencial del copal bianco (probablemente de B. bipinnata)es dominado por el α-copae-ne (14.52 ± 1.28%)y el germacrene D (13.75 ± 1.06%).El aceite esencial del copal oro (probablemente de H. courbaril)es dominado por el α-pinene (21.35 ± 5.96%)y el limonene (26.51 ± 1.22%).El aceite esencial del copal negro (probablemente de P. copal)es dominado por el a-pinene (17.95 ± 1.35%),el sabinene (12.51 ± 0.08%),y el limonene (16.88 ± 2.02%).

     

勐宋Sangpabawa中棕榈藤资源的保护和持续利用

物种多样性的研究是生物多样性研究的基础,对生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。Ｓａｎｇ ｐａｂａｗａ是哈尼语“头人的藤林”,它是我国仅有的为保护棕榈藤资源而建立的自然保护区。本文通过对勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源现状的研究,分析了棕榈藤数量锐减的原因：１．市场经济新形势下,管理不善,造成人们过度采收藤条,并且采收时滥砍乱伐;２．外界干扰影响了棕榈藤的正常自然更新;３．良种藤的栽培使非良种藤在当地处于濒危或渐危状态。并提出利用价值是衡量保护价值的一个重要标准这一原则。在此基础上,提出勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源的保护对策：１．挖掘藤类资源的利用价值,增强人们对它的保护意识;２．加强对Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ的管理,完善村规民约,防止偷砍乱伐;３．建立棕榈藤收集区和种苗基地,保护藤类资源多样性,满足生产种植需求;４．建立商品藤生产和加工基地,满足市场需求。     

多鳞藤属(Myrialepis)——中国新分布属

多鳞藤属(Myrialepis)是棕榈科的一个广布属,广泛分布于缅甸、老挝、越南、泰国、柬埔寨、马来西亚、新加坡和印度尼西亚,生长于低地到山地雨林中,也常见于林缘和次生林地。近期首次在中国云南发现有其新分布,本文对该属的形态及生境特征进行了描述,并编制了中国棕榈藤属的分类检索表。     

The caloric returns to food collecting: Disruption and change among the Batak of the Philippine tropical forest

The changing economy of a group of tropical forest hunter-gatherers is examined. The Batak of the Philippines today earn many calories by participating in an external market system; once they would have earned these calories within the traditional subsistence system. Gathering and selling Manila copal to purchase rice has partially displaced digging wild yams as the major source of subsistence. Data show that this change has reduced the productive efficiency, of human labor. The Batak must work longer and perform more difficult tasks to obtain the same number of calories by collecting copal as they can obtain by digging wild yams, even as they must today work longer hours anyway to earn necessary cash to satisfy new, nonfood consumer wants. The growing dietary importance of rice is only one aspect of changing food consumption patterns that may be having an unfavorable impact on Batak nutrition.An Arizona State University Faculty Research Grant supported research among the Batak between 1 July and 6 August 1975. A short summary of the research results discussed here appears inBorneo Research Bulletin, April 1976.     

Subsistence strategies of an indigenous minority in the Philippines: Nonwood forest product use by the Tagbanua of Narra, Palawan

Indigenous people, such as the Tagbanua of Palawan Island in the Philippines, are often considered to be experienced and responsible users of natural resources. The Tagbanua have traditionally been involved in the collection of nonwood forest products (NWFPs) both for trade and for subsistence purposes. The proximity of many Tagbanua communities to the forest allows them easy access to NWFPs, although various restrictions, such as distance from markets, legal land issues, and lack of formal education, prevent them from receiving more favorable earnings from the sale of NWFPs. Similarly, increasing access to manufactured products also lessens dependence on NWFPs for food, medicine, and housing purposes, although small incomes prevent extensive conversion to the use of purchased goods. The knowledge and current subsistence-level use of NWFPs by the Tagbanua from the settlement of Boong are described and discussed.     

Species diversity, abundance, and vertical size structure of rattans in Borneo and Java

We studied rattan communities in four forest types in Borneo and Java to clarify the pattern of species diversity and vegetation structure. Within six plots of 4.82 ha in total, we found 42 rattan species in six genera with 4,736 stems (≥20 cm long). There was a significant positive correlation between rattans and trees in species diversity, decreasing in the order mixed dipterocarp (for rattans: Shannon–Wiener diversity index, H′ = 2.87–3.34) > alluvial (1.96) > lower montane (1.43) > peat swamp forests (1.34). This pattern coincided with the diversity of the regional flora. The density of rattan stems (ha^–1) decreased in the order lower montane (5,997) > mixed dipterocarp (598–992) > alluvial (592) > peat swamp forests (162). The maximum height of rattans would be determined by the canopy height, rather than by the maximum tree height. The rattan stem volume ranged from 0.25 to 1.88 m³ ha⁻¹ and was not correlated with the stem density. The cool montane climate seemed to decrease the maximum height of rattans, and a few small rattans made denser colonies. Swampy environments apparently suppressed the survival of non-climbing rattans strongly, but that of tall climbing rattans less so.     

The rattan trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, supplies, and sustainability

Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has been written about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report the results from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of commercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes ≽4m long/hectare. Populations of all species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, however, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is implemented.     

Integrating phylogenetic and taxonomic evidence illuminates complex biogeographic patterns along Huxley’s modification of Wallace’s Line

Aim Nearly 150 years ago, T. H. Huxley modified Wallace’s Line, including the island of Palawan as a component of the Asian biogeographic realm and separating it from the oceanic Philippines. Although Huxley recognized some characteristics of a transition between the regions, Palawan has since been regarded primarily as a peripheral component of the Sunda Shelf. However, several recent phylogenetic studies of Southeast Asian lineages document populations on Palawan to be closely related to taxa from the oceanic Philippines, apparently contradicting the biogeographic association of Palawan with the Sunda Shelf. In the light of recent evidence, we evaluate taxonomic and phylogenetic data in an attempt to identify the origin(s) of Palawan’s terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Location The Sunda Shelf and the Philippines. Methods We review distributional and phylogenetic data for populations of terrestrial vertebrates from Palawan. Using taxonomic data, we compare the number of Palawan taxa (species and genera) shared with the Sunda Shelf and oceanic Philippines. Among widespread lineages, we use phylogenetic data to identify the number of Palawan taxa with sister relationships to populations or species from the Sunda Shelf or oceanic Philippines. Results Although many terrestrial vertebrate taxa are shared between Palawan and the Sunda Shelf, an increasing number of species and populations are now recognized as close relatives of lineages from the oceanic Philippines. Among the 39 putative lineages included in molecular phylogenetic studies with sampling from the Sunda Shelf, Palawan and the oceanic Philippines, 17 of them reveal sister relationships between lineages from Palawan and the oceanic Philippines. Main conclusions Rather than a simple nested subset of Sunda Shelf populations, Palawan is best viewed as having played multiple biogeographic roles, including a young and old extension of the Sunda Shelf, a springboard to diversification in the oceanic Philippines, and a biogeographic component of the Philippine archipelago. Palawan has a long, complex geological history, which may explain this variation in pattern. Huxley originally noted transitional elements in Palawan’s fauna; we therefore suggest that his modification of Wallace’s Line should be recognized as a filter zone, reflecting both his original intent and available taxonomic and molecular evidence.     

The profitability of smallholder rattan cultivation in Southern Borneo,Indonesia

Fieldwork in the village of Dadahup along the Lower Barito basin in Central Kalimantan (Southern Borneo, Indonesia) shows that smallholder rattan cultivation is financially profitable to smallholders and economically profitable to the nation. The financial net present value (NPV) for green and processed canes is Rp 828,000 and Rp 946,000;the economic rate of return is about 22% for both green and processed canes. The article contains a discussion of the methodology for evaluating the shadow price of a nontimber forest good.     

西双版纳勐宋哈尼族的传统文化与生态系统多样性管理

世界各地的原住民族 (ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｏｕｓｐｅｏｐｌｅ) ,在悠久的历史发展过程中 ,与当地的动植物和森林结成了极其密切的关系 ,他们之间互相作用、互相影响 ,形成了多样化的原住民知识体系 (ｉｎｄｉｇｅ ｎｏｕｓｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ)和传统文化信仰 (ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ)。这些知识体系和传统文化包含着丰富的认识、利用与保护动植物以及生态系统的知识与实践 ,因而也就成为这些原住民族与当地生态环境、生物多样性相互协调和持续发展的社会基础和技术保障[3 ,8,1 0 ,1 1 ] 。在全球性环境变化和生物多样性迅…     

Forest-product trade in a lowland Filipino village

Forest-product use among nonforest dwelling cultural groups in Southeast Asia is not well known, particularly in contrast to what is known about indigenous forest-product collectors. A case study in one lowland Filipino village in Leyte, Philippines, revealed that over half of village households depend upon 8 species of commercially valuable rattan and 8 species of timber as a primary source of livelihood, and that all village households collected forest-products for supplementary and emergency income. The future of the rattan and timber trade on Leyte is seriously threatened by agricultural encroachment and intensive collecting pressures in the absence of forest management.