Differences between the pathogenic processes induced by Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Nemata: Rhabditida) in Pseudaletia unipuncta (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta are moderately susceptible to infections caused by entomopathogenic nematodes, being a desirable host to study pathogenic processes caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema glaseri and their associated bacteria. The ability of the infective stage of these nematodes to invade hosts is quite different. S. carpocapsae invades the highest number of insects and presents the highest penetration rate, followed by H. bacteriophora. Regression analysis between the number of insects parasitized and the number of IJs counted per insect, over time, showed a high correlation for S. carpocapsae whereas for H. bacteriophora it was low. Dose-response was most evident at a concentration below 100 IJs per insect on H. bacteriophora, whereas on S. carpocapsae it was found for doses ranging from 100 to 2,000 IJs. Student's t test analysis of dose-response showed parallel, yet unequal, slopes for both strains of H. bacteriophora, whereas distinct regressions were obtained for S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri, thus, evidencing each species develop a distinct pathogenic process. Insects injected with Photorhabdus luminescens died within 50 h after injection, whereas those treated with X. nematophila died much later. Moreover, the mortality in insects exposed to H. bacteriophora complex and injected with P. luminescens was close, but insects injected with bacteria died faster. Insect mortality in treatments with complexes S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri was significantly higher than that which was observed in insects injected with symbiotic bacteria.     

Influence of soil temperature and moisture on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is considered one of the main pests that affect fruit production in the world. This insect spends part of its life cycle in the soil, making it a target for entomopathogenic nematodes. This work aimed at evaluating the influence of soil temperature and moisture on the infectivity of Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 and Steinernema carpocapsae ALL to third-instars of C. capitata, and to compare the efficiency of these isolates at five different soil temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28, and 31°C) and three levels of relative soil moisture (100, 75, and 50% of field capacity). Ten C. capitata larvae were transferred to plastic jars (12 cm × 6 cm) containing 100 g soil, followed by the application of an aqueous suspension containing 125 infective juveniles (IJ)/cm2. In the control treatment, 3 ml of distilled water was applied. Mortality evaluations were made five days later and were confirmed by observations of the characteristic symptoms and cadaver dissection. The infectivity was directly proportional to temperature increase, with maximum percent mortality of 86.7% and 80.0% for S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis sp., respectively, at 31°C. At 25°C, the highest mortality for both species was obtained at 75% of field capacity (96.7% and 26.7% for S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis sp., respectively).     

Rhizobium meliloti distribution in the soil following alfalfa inoculation

Summary Alfalfa seeds, inoculated with an antibiotic-resistantRhizobium meliloti strain, were planted in three replicated field plots at Clayton, N.C. Core samples were taken three times in the next year at 0, 10, and 20 cm from the edge of each plot. Soil subsamples were taken from within each core sample at 0, 6, 12, and 18 cm depths. The numbers of the inoculum Rhizobium strain in each soil subsample were determined by inoculation of alfalfa plants with diluted soil samples. In general the distribution of rhizobia showed some movement outward and downward in the soil. Lower counts were obtained at the surface during summer. The Rhizobium persistence pattern in the soil differed in the three plots which is consistent with the variability in Rhizobium numbers often observed in established alfalfa stands. Cooperative investigation of the United States Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. Paper No. 6818 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service at Raleigh.     

Directional movement of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to electrical field: effects of species, magnitude of voltage, and infective juvenile age

Entomopathogenic nematodes respond to a variety of stimuli when foraging. Previously, we reported a directional response to electrical fields for two entomopathogenic nematode species; specifically, when electrical fields were generated on agar plates Steinernema glaseri (a nematode that utilizes a cruiser-type foraging strategy) moved to a higher electric potential, whereas Steinernema carpocapsae, an ambush-type forager, moved to a lower potential. Thus, we hypothesized that entomopathogenic nematode directional response to electrical fields varies among species, and may be related to foraging strategy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis by comparing directional response among seven additional nematode species: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis georgiana, Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema riobrave, and Steinernema siamkayai. S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri were also included as positive controls. Heterorhabditids tend toward cruiser foraging approaches whereas S. siamkayai is an ambusher and S. feltiae and S. riobrave are intermediate. Additionally, we determined the lowest voltage that would elicit a directional response (tested in S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae), and we investigated the impact of nematode age on response to electrical field in S. carpocapsae. In the experiment measuring diversity of response among species, we did not detect any response to electrical fields among the heterorhabditids except for H. georgiana, which moved to a higher electrical potential; S. glaseri and S. riobrave also moved to a higher potential, whereas S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. siamkayai moved to a lower potential. Overall our hypothesis that foraging strategy can predict directional response was supported (in the nematodes that exhibited a response). The lowest electric potential that elicited a response was 0.1 V, which is comparable to electrical potential associated with some insects and plant roots. The level of response to electrical potential diminished with nematode age. These results expand our knowledge of electrical fields as cues that may be used by entomopathogenic nematodes for host-finding or other aspects of navigation in the soil.     

沙坡头地区沙冬青AM真菌的时空分布

2007年5月、8月和10月分别从宁夏沙坡头地区豆科植物沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围分0-10cm,10-20cm,20-30cm,30-40cm和40-50cm5个土层采集土壤样品。研究了AM真菌时空分布及与土壤因子的相关性,在分离的3属12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,3属12种AM真菌在3个时期均有分布。AM真菌定殖率与孢子密度有明显的时空分布规律,并与土壤因子关系密切。孢子密度和泡囊定殖率在8月份最高,丛枝、菌丝和总定殖率10月份最高。土壤采样深度对孢子密度和定殖率有显著影响,AM真菌最高定殖率和最大孢子密度均出现在0-30cm浅土层。孢子密度与土壤有机质、碱解N极显著正相关,与pH显著正相关;菌丝、总定殖率与pH、碱解N和速效P极显著正相关。在评估荒漠生态系统和沙冬青形成菌根的能力时,AM真菌孢子密度、菌根不同结构的定殖程度是十分有用的指标。     

病原线虫对桔小实蝇种群的控制作用

通过室内和田间实验研究了昆虫病原线虫对桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)的控制作用。室内实验结果表明,供试的3种线虫的4个品系（小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All品系与A24品系,夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae SN品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06品系）,以小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对桔小实蝇的侵染力最强,其3天的LD₅₀和LD₉₅分别为35.0和257.1条/cm²土壤。按300条/cm²土壤的量施用,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对当代桔小实蝇的控制效果为86.3%。用以虫期作用因子组建的生命表方法评价了小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对田间桔小实蝇下代种群的控制作用,结果表明,按300条/cm²土壤的量施用线虫,对照杨桃园的桔小实蝇种群趋势指数为105.9,而处理杨桃园的桔小实蝇种群趋势指数下降为15.5;小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对桔小实蝇的干扰控制指数为0.146,即线虫处理果园的下代种群密度仅为对照果园的14.6%。     

Effects of fire on soil carbon and nitrogen in a Mediterranean oak forest of Algeria

The effects of wildfire on the dynamics of pH, organic C, total and mineral N and in vitro C and N mineralization were investigated in the soil under oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. Soil samples were taken from 5 to 21 months subsequent to the fire. The pH increased sharply in the burned surface soil (0–5 cm) taken 5 months after the fire and dropped only by half a unit over 14 to 21 months. However, at greater depth (5–15 cm), the burned soil was more acidic than the adjacent unburned soil up to 9 months following the fire, and thereafter its pH rose only slightly above that of the unburned soil. There were sharp rises in the concentration of organic C, total and mineral N in addition toin vitro mineralization activities in the burned surface soil collected 5 months after the fire; these dropped off in the subsequent samples approaching or falling below the values obtained in the unburned surface soil after 21 months. At a depth of 5–15 cm only slight or no increases over unburned soil were evident.     

The distribution of entomophilic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) in North Carolina

Over 500 samples of soil from cropland, vineyards, orchards, pasture, and forest habitats throughout North Carolina were tested for the presence of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae. Nematodes were isolated from 13 of 14 locations and from each habitat. Heterorhabditids (Heterohabditis heliothidis) were most commonly found (13 locations) with Steinernema (= Neoaplectana) glaseri, S. feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae), and an undescribed Steinernema species being found at one or two locations. The primary form of the bacterial symbiont of S. glaseri was isolated for the first time.     

林地覆盖经营对雷竹生物量及土壤肥力的影响

以不同覆盖栽培年限(0、3、6、9和12年)雷竹林为研究对象,分析雷竹林退化过程中林分生长与土壤养分的变化趋势.结果表明:随着覆盖年限的增加,竹林地上及地下生物量均在覆盖3年时达到最大值,与对照相比增幅分别为14.6%和146.6%,差异显著;土壤养分含量受覆盖年限和土层深度的影响而出现差异性,并逐渐表现出上层富集的现象,土壤有机碳和全氮含量随覆盖年限的增加呈上升趋势,全磷含量在不同土层中均呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,在表层(0~20 cm)和底层(40~60 cm)土壤中覆盖6年时达到最低,亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中覆盖3年时达到最低,全钾含量在表层土壤中持续增大,在亚表层和底层土壤中则表现为在覆盖0~3年下降、3~12年上升的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异显著.覆盖9年后,土壤肥力综合指数总体得到较大幅度的提高,亚表层土壤肥力优于表层和底层土,但不同覆盖年限间土壤肥力综合指数与雷竹各器官生物量均没有显著的相关性,而在亚表层中,土壤氮含量与竹叶生物量,以及钾含量与竹叶和鞭根生物量呈显著负相关.这表明长期覆盖及大量施用化肥导致的土壤养分过量积累已经对雷竹林的扩繁和生物量积累产生严重的抑制作用,加剧了竹林衰退趋势.     

Host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing

The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema glaseri, and Steinernema feltiae were exposed to freezing while inside their hosts. Survival was assessed by observing live and dead nematodes inside cadavers and by counting the infective juveniles (IJs) that emerged after freezing. We (1) measured the effects of 24h of freezing at different times throughout the course of an infection, (2) determined the duration of freezing entomopathogenic nematodes could survive, (3) determined species differences in freezing survival. Highest stage-specific survival was IJs for S. carpocapsae, and adults for H. bacteriophora. When cadavers were frozen two or three days after infection, few IJs emerged from them. Freezing between five and seven days after infection had no negative effect on IJ production. No decrease in IJ production was measured for H. bacteriophora after freezing. H. bacteriophora also showed improved survival inside versus outside their host when exposed to freezing.     

采伐剩余物管理措施对二代杉木人工林土壤全碳、全氮含量的长期效应

根据福建省南平市峡阳国有林场二代杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook)人工林5种采伐剩余物管理措施(收获采伐剩余物和地被层、全树收获、仅收获树干和树皮以及加倍采伐剩余物、炼山)下0-40 cm深度土壤全碳、全氮含量15a的监测数据,研究了采伐剩余物管理措施对杉木林土壤碳氮含量的影响.结果显示,加倍采伐剩余物处理样地5次取样年份(造林第3年、第6年、第9年、第12年和第15年)0-10 cm土层土壤全碳、全氮含量均高于其他处理样地,但单因素方差分析显示,采伐剩余物管理措施在5次取样年份对0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-40 cm土层全碳、全氮含量均没有显著影响(P＞0.05).重复测量方差分析显示,杉木造林15a期间土壤全碳、全氮含量随年份显著变化(P＜0.01),但处理措施以及处理措施与取样年份的交互作用对3个土层土壤全碳、全氮含量影响不显著(P＞0.05).杉木林15年生时,不同处理样地3个土层碳储量差异不显著(P＞0.05),0-40 cm土层平均值为88.71 Mg/hm2.表明采伐剩余物管理措施对亚热带杉木人工林土壤全碳、全氮含量的长期效应并不显著.     

荒漠沙柳根围AM真菌的空间分布

为探明荒漠植物沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围AM真菌空间分布和土壤因子生态作用,2009年5月在内蒙古黑城子、正蓝旗、元上都3个样地分别从0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40、40—50cm 5个土层采集沙柳根围土壤样品,系统研究了AM真菌空间分布及与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明,沙柳根围AM真菌平均孢子密度为108个?100g-1 土,平均定殖率61.7%;沙柳与AM真菌可形成良好的I型丛枝菌根。不同样地和采样深度对AM真菌孢子密度和定殖率有显著影响,最大孢子密度和最高定殖率均出现在0—10cm土层,并随土层深度增加而下降。黑城子样地孢子密度显著高于其它样地。沙柳根围土壤总球囊霉素(TEG)和易提取球囊霉素(EEG)含量在3个样地均随土层加深而降低,平均值分别为0.24mg?g-1和 0.16mg?g-1,占土壤有机C 23.6%—24.6% 和14.9%—17.3%。相关分析表明,土壤速效P、碱解N与孢子密度显著负相关;土壤有机C与菌丝定殖率显著正相关,与泡囊定殖率显著负相关;土壤磷酸酶与孢子密度和侵染强度极显著正相关;土壤脲酶与孢子密度和定殖率极显著正相关;土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素与土壤有机C极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,土壤有机C、磷酸酶和碱解N是影响荒漠土壤AM真菌分布和活动的主要因子。上述结果对进一步探明宿主植物、菌根和土壤三者之间的内在联系,充分利用AM真菌资源,促进荒漠植被恢复和生态重建具有重要意义。     

Parasitism of bark scorpion Centruroides exilicauda (Scorpiones: Buthidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae)

In laboratory bioassays, Steinernema glaseri Steiner, Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, and Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu & Berry were capable of infecting and killing the bark scorpion, Centruroides exilicauda (Wood). Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) failed to infect C. exilicauda at 22 degrees C. S. glaseri, H. marelatus, and H. bacteriophora caused significant mortality at 22 degrees C, indicating the potential role of these parasites as a biocontrol option. Efficacy of S. glaseri and H. bacteriophora was reduced in an assay conducted at 25 degrees C. Only S. glaseri was able to reproduce in the target host. Dissection of scorpions at the end of the experimental periods revealed inactive juvenile S. riobrave, H. marelatus, and H. bacteriophora nematodes. Both mermithid and oxyurid nematodes have been documented as nematode parasites of scorpions, but rhabditids have not been reported until now. Field studies are warranted to assess the usefulness of entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of bark scorpions.     

表施和混施污泥对团花根系生长的影响

林地利用被认为是污泥资源化利用的重要方式,但施用污泥对林木根系生长的影响报道较少。本研究通过根箱试验,分析表施和混施10%污泥对速生树种团花不同土层根系形态、土壤pH值和电导率动态变化及根系重金属含量的影响,并拟合土壤pH值、电导率和根系重金属含量与根长的关系。结果表明: 与不施污泥(对照)相比,混施污泥显著抑制了团花根长、根表面积和根体积增长,混施污泥120和240 d后,0～20 cm土层总根长分别为不施污泥的76.9%和67.4%;表施污泥对团花根长和根表面积的影响不显著,但显著提高了根体积。混施污泥显著提高了土壤pH值和电导率及根系重金属含量,混施污泥0～20和20～40 cm土层根系镉含量分别是不施污泥的11.5和10.0倍。线性回归拟合分析显示,不同处理0～20 cm土层的电导率与根长均呈显著负相关;表施和混施污泥根系镉含量与根长呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明,混施污泥抑制了团花根系生长,这可能是由于混施污泥提高了土壤电导率和根系镉含量所致,而表施污泥对团花根系生长的作用不明显。     

Screening of entomopathogenic nematodes for virulence against the invasive western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Europe

Entomopathogenic nematode species available in Europe were screened for their efficacy against both the root-feeding larvae and silk-feeding adults of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Laboratory screening tests were aimed at the selection of candidate biological control agents for the management of this invasive alien pest in Europe. Steinernema glaseri, S. arenarium, S. abassi, S. bicornutum, S. feltiae, S. kraussei, S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were studied to determine their virulence against third instar larvae and adults of D. v. virgifera in small-volume arenas (using nematode concentrations of 0.5, 0.8, 7.9 and 15.9 infective juveniles cm-2). All nematode species were able to invade and propagate in D. v. virgifera larvae, but adults were rarely infected. At concentrations of 7.9 and 15.9 cm-2, S. glaseri, S. arenarium, S. abassi and H. bacteriophora caused the highest larval mortality of up to 77%. Steinernema bicornutum, S. abassi, S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora appeared to have a high propagation level, producing 5970+/-779, 5595+/-811, 5341+/-1177 and 4039+/-1025 infective juveniles per larva, respectively. Steinernema glaseri, S. arenarium, S. feltiae, S. kraussei and H. bacteriophora were further screened at a concentration of 16.7 nematodes cm-2 against third instar larvae in medium-volume arenas (sand-filled trays with maize plants). Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, S. arenarium and S. feltiae caused the highest larval mortality with 77+/-16.6%, 67+/-3.5%, and 57+/-17.1%, respectively. In a next step, criteria for rating the entomopathogenic nematode species were applied based on results obtained for virulence and propagation, and for current production costs and availability in Europe. These criteria were then rated to determine the potential of the nematodes for further field testing. Results showed the highest potential in H. bacteriophora, followed by S. arenarium and S. feltiae, for further testing as candidate biological control agents.     

黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征与粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应

实地测定了黄土高原半干旱区固原不同生长年限苜蓿草地和连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕轮作不同年限粮食作物后深层土壤水分特征,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征和粮草轮作对土壤水分的恢复效应.结果表明:(1)苜蓿连作1a、5a、8a和12a等4类苜蓿草地0～1000cm土层平均土壤湿度值为6.6%,平均土壤水分过耗量702.8mm,平均土壤干燥化速率147.1mm/a,达到强烈干燥化程度,苜蓿连作5a土壤干层深度超过1000cm,苜蓿连作8a土壤干层深度超过1360cm,苜蓿草地合理利用年限为7a.(2)连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作4～7a和25a粮食作物等5类粮田0～1000cm土层土壤湿度介于6.74%～11.95%,土壤贮水量恢复值介于210.6～887.3mm,平均土壤水分恢复速率为80.8mm/a.轮作6a后粮田土壤干层轻度恢复程度以上深度达到1000cm.通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度需要13a以上.黄土高原半干旱区适宜的粮草轮作模式为:7a苜蓿→13a粮食作物.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡地土壤剖面饱和导水率空间异质性

在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡面(40 m×350 m)尺度上进行网格(10 m×10 m)取样,用经典统计学和地统计学相结合研究了180个土壤剖面(0-200 cm)各土层扰动土饱和导水率(Ks) 的空间异质性及分布格局。结果表明: 0-20 cm土层的Ks值(5.36×10^-3 cm/s)最大,>20-200 cm各土层的Ks值均小于表层,其值介于4.32×10^-3-4.76×10^-3 cm/s之间。各土层Ks的变异程度相近,均属于中等变异。>20-200 cm各土层Ks 的Kriging 插值图分布格局也表现出一致性,因此可用>20-40 cm土层的Ks值来代表深层Ks值对土壤水分运动进行模拟。除了0-20 cm 的Ks的基台值(C +C₀)为0.154,其它各土层基台值介于0.202-0.276之间,说明0-20 cm的Ks空间异质性小于>20-200 cm各土层。从比值C/(C+C₀)来看, 0-20 cm属于中等自相关,>20-200 cm土层属于强的空间自相关性,同样也验证了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤剖面饱和导水率具有空间变异特征。     

Persistence and efficacy of termiticides used in preconstruction treatments to soil in Mississippi

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the persistence and efficacy of termiticides used as preconstruction treatments against subterranean termites. Bifenthrin (0.067%), chlorpyrifos (0.75%), and imidacloprid (0.05%) ([AI]; wt:wt) were applied to soil beneath a monolithic concrete slab at their minimum labeled rates. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-2.5, 2.6-7.6, and 7.7-15.2 cm) at six sampling times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 48 mo) from sites in Harrison and Oktibbeha counties in Mississippi. Residue analyses were conducted on the 0-2.5- and 2.6-7.5-cm depths, and bioassays were conducted using all three depths. In field studies, significant termiticide degradation occurred between sampling times 0 and 48 mo for all termiticides. At all sampling times, the top 2.5 cm of soil contained more termiticide than the other depths. Time to 50% dissipation of termiticide in the 0-2.5-cm depth was 9, 6, and 2 mo for bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid, respectively. Termite mortalities in contact bioassays remained high for bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos throughout the 48-mo sampling period; however, mortality of termites exposed to imidacloprid-treated soil dropped after the initial sampling. Termites readily penetrated all termiticide-treated soil in bioassays of 52-mm soil cores at 48 mo. Percentage of mortality in these bioassays was 15, 43, and 13 for bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid respectively.     

Transformations and plant uptake of urine-sulphate in urine-affected areas of pasture soil

The fate of sheep urine sulphate in the soil and its plant uptake was monitored using ³⁵S-labelled sulphate-S in undisturbed pasture microplots in two glasshouse experiments. The extent of macropore flow of simulated urine immediately following a sheep urination was also investigated at 5 pasture sites in the field. Immediately following urination to pasture microplots in the glasshouse, the amounts of urinederived ³⁵S recovered in the 0–2.5, 2.5–7.5, 7.5–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers were 38, 28, 18 and 9%, respectively. In the field study on 5 contrasting soils, a similar pattern was found with 55–70, 20–35 and 13–20% of simulated urine being recovered in the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm soil layers, respectively. There was insignificant loss below 15 cm. If urine had moved via simple displacement in these soils the wetting front would have reached only 2.0–2.5 cm in depth suggesting that significant downward movement of urine via macropore flow occurs after urination. In a 15-day period following urine application to a pasture soil there was a rapid rate of incorporation of ³⁵S into organic forms, while between 15 and 64 days the rate of incorporation declined. After 7 days, 27% of added ³⁵S had been incorporated into organic forms with 19% being C-bonded S and 8% Hl-reducible S. This rapid incorporation was attributed to the large and active microbial biomass present in the rhizosphere. Since urine application depressed pasture growth, due to ‘urine burn’, less than 10% of applied ³⁵S was absorbed by pasture plants over a 64-day period. A second experiment using microplots of contrasting soil types, confirmed that the majority of the ³⁵S incorporated into the organic form was present as C-bonded S. Results showed that of the ³⁵S remaining in the 0–2.5 cm layer 35 days after application, 20–40% was present as sulphate, 10–20% as Hl-reducible S and 50–60% as C-bonded S. Plant uptake of S accounted for only 7–12% of applied ³⁵S over the 35-day period.     

盐渍区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态变化的影响

土壤硝态氮动态变化和残留与农田硝态氮淋溶以及地下水硝态氮污染密切相关。为了促进海河低平原盐渍区农田氮肥合理利用以及农业可持续发展,试验在盐化潮土条件下,通过设计不同施氮量（0,70,140,210kg N hm^-2）处理,重点研究了该区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态、残留以及土壤氮损失的影响。结果表明：（1）0～100cm土壤剖面硝态氮总量随施氮量显著增加,施用氮肥没有改变剖面硝态氮总量随玉米生育进程波状变化趋势,但明显增强了其变化幅度;（2）施氮改变了硝态氮土壤剖面空间分布状态,表现出施氮后上部土层（0～40cm）硝态氮比例显著增加而后迅速降低的趋势;（3）硝态氮残留与氮素损失随施氮量增加而增加,且N210和N140处理下氮素损失量显著高于N70和N0。