植物跨膜离子转运蛋白与其耐盐性关系研究进展

盐胁迫下植物吸收过多的N a ,使植物体内的离子平衡受到破坏,为了维持其正常生长细胞内的各种离子就必须保持平衡,而这一过程主要是由位于质膜和液泡膜上的离子转运蛋白完成的,并在植物耐盐性方面起关键作用。本文主要对响应盐胁迫的几种跨膜转运蛋白如:K /N a 离子转运蛋白、N a /H 逆向转运蛋白以及与其相关的H -ATPase等,在植物耐盐分子生物学方面的研究进展进行综述。     

Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物耐盐性关系

Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物的耐盐性有密切的关系。在高等植物体内,主要存在两种Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白,分别为位于细胞质膜上的逆向转运蛋白SOS1,以及存在于液泡膜上的AtNHX1。质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责Na+ 的外排,液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责把Na+ 区隔化入液泡。过量表达质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白SOS1或液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白AtNHX1能够明显提高植物的耐盐性。本文对植物中Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性之间的关系研究最新进展作一概述。     

植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白功能及调控的研究进展

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白是一种调控Na+、H+跨膜转运的膜蛋白,对细胞内Na+的平衡和pH值的调控等活动具有重要作用。该文主要对近年来Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白功能及其调控的研究进展进行概述,着重讨论其在调控离子稳态平衡,液泡pH值大小与花色显现,以及在影响细胞,器官(叶片)发育,盐胁迫信号转导等方面的可能作用。     

拟南芥液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的研究进展

拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白是由AtNHX1基因编码的一个在盐胁迫中起重要作用的蛋白。本文综述了AtNHX1的基本结构、功能及作用机制,展望其作为有效植物耐盐基因的前景,并对拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因家族其他成员的研究,也做了相应的概括。     

菊芋Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析

根据同源序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR及RACE的方法从菊芋中克隆了Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因。序列分析表明,该基因全长2148 bp,开放读码框为1647 bp,可编码长549个氨基酸的多肽,与其它植物已克隆的Na /H 逆向转运蛋白具有很高的同源性。系统发育分析表明该蛋白(HtNHX1)与液泡型Na /H 逆向转运蛋白的亲缘关系较近,与质膜型Na /H 逆向转运蛋白亲缘关系较远。NaCl胁迫条件下RT-PCR检测结果表明,HtNHX1随NaCl浓度增加和处理时间延长表达持续增强,但到了第3天表达量开始下降。HtNHX1逆向转运蛋白基因的转录调控可能是决定菊芋耐盐能力的一个重要因素。     

植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白研究进展

盐胁迫主要由Na+引起,过高的Na+浓度引起的离子毒害,渗透胁迫和K+/Na+比率的不平衡使植物新陈代谢异常,这是对大多数器官造成伤害的原因。植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式是将细胞内过多的Na+从质膜向细胞外排放和将Na+在液泡中区隔化,这一过程是由Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白完成的。本文概述了植物中Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白的发现、特征、分子生物学方面的研究,以及Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白在植物耐盐性中的重要作用。     

抗盐胡杨Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因PeNhaD1的功能

将胡杨Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因PeNhaD1,分别转入对盐敏感的缺失质膜和缺失液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因的酵母突变菌株ANT3和GX1中。结果表明,在pH6.0、Na 浓度为80mmol/L(固体培养基)或400mmol/L(液体培养基)的条件下,转化具有目的基因的酵母ANT3具有更高的耐盐性,而将目的基因转化到突变株GX1时,却不能提高其耐盐性。实验结果说明PeNhaD1可能是通过编码质膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白而提高酵母的耐盐性的,推测其在胡杨耐盐机制中的作用可能是提高拒盐性。     

植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白研究进展

盐胁迫主要由Na 引起,过高的Na 浓度引起的离子毒害,渗透胁迫和K ／Na 比率的不平衡使植物新陈代谢异常,这是对大多数器官造成伤害的原因。植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式是将细胞内过多的Na 从质膜向细胞外排放和将Na 在液泡中区隔化,这一过程是由Na ／H 逆向转运蛋白完成的。本文概述了植物中Na ／H 逆向转运蛋白的发现、特征、分子生物学方面的研究,以及Na ／H 逆向转运蛋白在植物耐盐性中的重要作用。     

荷花液泡膜型Na^＋/H^＋逆向转运蛋白基因NnNHX1的克隆与特性分析

采用简并引物和RACE等技术从荷花中分离出液泡膜型Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白基因NHX1的全长cDNA序列,命名为NnNHX1。该基因全长2237bp,预测其编码一个由538个氨基酸组成的多肽,其N-端是一个由11个跨膜结构组成的疏水区域,C-端是一个亲水的尾巴。序列比对表明,NnNHX1与葡萄NHX1等的同源性较高,并且都具有高度保守的氨氯吡嗪咪结合位点序列LFFIYLLPPI。系统进化树表明NnNHX1与液胞膜型Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白关系较近,而与质膜型Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白关系较远。qRT-PCR结果显示NnNHX1基因在植株中属于组成型表达,但经NaCl诱导后,根中NnNHX1的表达量急剧增高后又迅速下降,而叶中的表达量却先缓慢增加后又剧烈下降。     

中间偃麦草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的分子克隆及生物信息学分析

根据小麦液泡膜Na /H 逆转运蛋白基因TaNHX1的全长序列设计引物,通过RT-PCR直接扩增的方法从中间偃麦草(Elytrigia intermedia)中克隆到了TaNHX1的同源基因,命名为TiNHX1(Acession Numeber:EF409418).TiNHX1最大开放阅读框为1 641 bp,编码含有546个氨基酸残基、分子量为59.8 kDa的蛋白,预测等电点8.0.TiNHX1含有38个碱性氨基酸,36个酸性氨基酸,256个疏水氨基酸及129个极性氨基酸.二级结构预测表明该蛋白含约44%的a-螺旋、21%的p-折叠、4%的p-转角和29%的不规则卷曲.亲疏水性分析显示,TiNHX1含有12个连续的疏水片断,其中10个可能构成穿膜螺旋.序列分析显示,TiNHX1与小麦(Triticum aestivum)、长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongate)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、小盐芥(Thellungiella halophila)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)等植物的液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白高度同源,序列相似性分别为97%、96%、85%、68%、67%.序列比对结果以及进化树分析均表明TiNHX1应为定位于中间偃麦草液胞膜上的Na /H 逆向转运蛋白.     

Amiloride and its analogs as tools in the study of ion transport

Amiloride inhibits most plasma membrane Na+ transport systems. We have reviewed the pharmacology of inhibition of these transporters by amiloride and its analogs. Thorough studies of the Na+ channel, the Na+/H+ exchanger, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, clearly show that appropriate modification of the structure of amiloride will generate analogs with increased affinity and specificity for a particular transport system. Introduction of hydrophobic substituents on the terminal nitrogen of the guanidino moiety enhances activity against the Na+ channel; whereas addition of hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) groups on the 5-amino moiety enhances activity against the Na+/H+ exchanger. Activity against the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Ca2+ channel is increased with hydrophobic substituents at either of these sites. Appropriate modification of amiloride has produced analogs that are several hundred-fold more active than amiloride against specific transporters. The availability of radioactive and photoactive amiloride analogs, anti-amiloride antibodies, and analogs coupled to support matrices should prove useful in future studies of amiloride-sensitive transport systems. The use of amiloride and its analogs in the study of ion transport requires a knowledge of the pharmacology of inhibition of transport proteins, as well as effects on enzymes, receptors, and other cellular processes, such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and cellular metabolism. One must consider whether the effects seen on various cellular processes are direct or due to a cascade of events triggered by an effect on an ion transport system.     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用,它利用质膜H^ -ATPase或液泡膜H^ -ATPase及PPiase泵H^ 产生的驱动力把Na^ 排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na^ 的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展。     

Sodium and sulfate ion transport in yeast vacuoles

The intra-luminal acidic pH of endomembrane organelles is established by a proton pump, vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), in combination with other ion transporter(s). The proton gradient (DeltapH) established in yeast vacuolar vesicles decreased and reached the lower value after the addition of alkaline cations including Na(+). As expected, the uptake of (22)Na(+) was coupled with DeltapH generated by V-ATPase. Disruption of NHX1 or NHA1, encoding known Na(+)/H(+) antiporters, did not result in the loss of (22)Na(+) uptake or the alkaline cation-dependent DeltapH decrease. Upon the addition of sulfate ions, the V-ATPase-dependent DeltapH in the vacuolar vesicles increased, but the membrane potential (DeltaPsi) decreased. Consistent with this observation, radioactive sulfate was transported into the vesicles with a K(m) value of 0.07 mM. The transport activity was unaffected upon disruption of the putative genes coding for homologues of plasma membrane sulfate transporters. These results indicate that the vacuoles exhibit unique Na(+)/H(+) antiport and sulfate transport, which regulate the luminal pH and ion homeostasis in yeast.     

NHE基因家族的研究进展

Na⁺/H⁺交换泵(Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger, NHE)是存在于所有脊椎动物细胞中的重要跨膜蛋白,该蛋白质涉及细胞的多种功能,包括细胞内pH值调节、细胞体积的控制以及离子转运等.目前已克隆了五个亚型NHE的cDNA,它们构成了脊椎动物细胞离子转运泵的一个基因家族. 这五个亚型的表达水平及活性可受多种因素的调节.在肿瘤、高血压及糖尿病等疾病中,已发现NHE-1亚型的表达水平和活性显著增高.因此,研究NHE-1的转录及活性调节机制,将可能为这些疾病的诊治提供新的手段.     

The steroid-binding subunit of the Na/K-ATPase as a progesterone receptor on the amphibian oocyte plasma membrane

Progesterone acts at a plasma membrane receptor on the Rana oocyte to initiate meiosis. A cascade of lipid messengers occurs within seconds, followed by sequential changes in membrane phospholipid composition. We now show that progesterone binding to the plasma membrane increases continuously over the first 4 h. Subsequently, about 60% of the total plasma membrane and > 90% of membrane-bound progesterone, ouabain binding sites, and Na/K-ATPase activity are internalized. Until the completion of membrane internalization, oocytes must be continuously exposed to nanomolar concentrations of exogenous progesterone for meiosis to continue. The membrane-bound progesterone remains unchanged, whereas microinjected [(3)H]progesterone is rapidly metabolized. We find that progesterone and the plant steroid ouabain compete for one of two ouabain binding sites on the oocyte surface. Ouabain blocks progesterone action and inhibits subsequent meiosis if added at any time during the first 4-5 h. Western blots of SDS/PAGE extracts of isolated oocyte plasma membranes contain a -110 kDa band which binds an antibody to the steroid-binding c-terminal domain in rat and human PR. The number of binding sites and K(d) for progesterone binding to the plasma membrane is comparable to those for low-affinity ouabain binding to the alpha-subunit of the Na/K-ATPase (112 kDa). Our results suggest that progesterone binding to the ouabain binding site on the N-terminal region of the alpha-subunit of Na/K-ATPase may modulate early plasma membrane events over the first 4-6 h. Progesterone may thus act in part through the plasma membrane Na/K-ATPase signaling system.     

Sodium transport in plant cells

Salinity limits plant growth and impairs agricultural productivity. There is a wide spectrum of plant responses to salinity that are defined by a range of adaptations at the cellular and the whole-plant levels, however, the mechanisms of sodium transport appear to be fundamentally similar. At the cellular level, sodium ions gain entry via several plasma membrane channels. As cytoplasmic sodium is toxic above threshold levels, it is extruded by plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiports that are energized by the proton gradient generated by the plasma membrane ATPase. Cytoplasmic Na(+) may also be compartmentalized by vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiports. These transporters are energized by the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-PPiase. Here, the mechanisms of sodium entry, extrusion, and compartmentation are reviewed, with a discussion of recent progress on the cloning and characterization, directly in planta and in yeast, of some of the proteins involved in sodium transport.     

The Na+,K+/H+ -antiporter Nha1 influences the plasma membrane potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

There are three different sodium transport systems (Ena1-4p, Nha1p, Nhx1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of their absence on the tolerance to alkali-metal cations and on the membrane potential was studied. All three sodium transporters were found to participate in the maintenance of Na+, Li+, K+ and Cs+ homeostasis. Measurements of the distribution of a fluorescent potentiometric probe (diS-C3(3) assay) in cell suspensions showed that the lack of all three transporters depolarizes the plasma membrane. The overexpression of the Na+,K+/H+ antiporter Nha1 resulted in the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane and consequently increased the sensitivity to Cs+, Tl+ and hygromycin B. This is the first evidence that the activity of a Na+,K+/H+ antiporter could play a role in the homeostatic regulation of the plasma membrane potential in yeast cells.     

Vacuolar cation/H+ exchange, ion homeostasis, and leaf development are altered in a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, the Arabidopsis vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter

The function of vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter(s) in plants has been studied primarily in the context of salinity tolerance. By facilitating the accumulation of Na+ away from the cytosol, plant cells can avert ion toxicity and also utilize vacuolar Na+ as osmoticum to maintain turgor. As many genes encoding these antiporters have been cloned from salt-sensitive plants, it is likely that they function in some capacity other than salinity tolerance. The wide expression pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana sodium proton exchanger 1 (AtNHX1) in this study supports this hypothesis. Here, we report the isolation of a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter in Arabidopsis. Vacuoles isolated from leaves of the nhx1 plants had a much lower Na+/H+ and K+/H+ exchange activity. nhx1 plants also showed an altered leaf development, with reduction in the frequency of large epidermal cells and a reduction in overall leaf area compared to wild-type plants. The overexpression of AtNHX1 in the nhx1 background complemented these phenotypes. In the presence of NaCl, nhx1 seedling establishment was impaired. These results place AtNHX1 as the dominant K+ and Na+/H+ antiporter in leaf vacuoles in Arabidopsis and also suggest that its contribution to ion homeostasis is important for not only salinity tolerance but development as well.