中国寡鬃实蝇属记述：双翅目：实蝇科

中国寡鬃实蝇属 Dacus Fabrcius目前已知6亚属31种。本文记述其中的5个新种:锈红寡鬃实蝇D.(Bactrocera)rubiginus sp.nov.,海南寡鬃实蝇D.(Didacus)hainanus sp.nov.滇寡鬃实蝇D.(Asiadacus)dianensis sp.nov.,盾条寡鬃实蝇D.(Zeugodacus)adustus sp.nov.,狭腹寡鬃实蝇D.(Zeugodacus)stenomus sp.nov.;记载5个中国新纪录:实胫寡鬃实蝇D.(Bactrocera)correctus(Bezzi),短条寡鬃实蝇D.(Zeugodacus)abbreviatus Hardy,印度寡鬃实蝇D.(Zeugodacus) scutellaris(Bezzi),番石榴寡鬃实蝇D.(Hemigymnodacus)diversus Coq.,黑背寡鬃实蝇D.(Paratridacus)expandens melanius Hardy & Adachi;并列出种检索表。     

广东橘园生境实蝇多样性及优势种的季节动态

为明确广东橘园生境的实蝇种类及优势种的季节动态,2016年在肇庆市怀集县、韶关市始兴县和潮州市潮安区各选择一处橘园开展实蝇监测并分析实蝇昆虫的多样性特征及优势种的季节动态。本次监测共诱集到7属15种实蝇。其中,怀集县橘园的物种丰富度最高,所获得的15种实蝇在该地均有发现,橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis为怀集县橘园的优势种。此外,值得关注的是,怀集县橘园还监测到柑橘专性害虫蜜柑大实蝇B.tsuneonis,蜜柑大实蝇的此次发现在广东省为首次报道。始兴县橘园监测到实蝇7种,其多样性、优势度和均匀度指数在3个橘园中最高,南瓜实蝇Bactrocera tau和橘小实蝇是该橘园的优势种。潮安区橘园监测到5种,其所有多样性指数在3个橘园中最低,橘小实蝇占绝对优势。监测结果表明橘小实蝇、南瓜实蝇、瓜实蝇和具条实蝇是广东橘园生境的常见种。橘小实蝇与南瓜实蝇是橘园生境的优势种,橘小实蝇与南瓜实蝇的成虫全年均可发生。     

基于几何形态学对三种实蝇翅脉形态分析(Diptere:Tephritidae:Bactrocera)

[目的]离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera实蝇种类形态相似,较难区分,该属多数物种为具有重要经济意义的检疫性害虫。本研究基于几何形态学方法对我国分布的离腹寡毛实蝇属Zeugodacus亚属3种重要检疫性实蝇进行翅脉形态定量分析,探讨3种实蝇在翅脉形态上的差异变化,为实蝇的检疫鉴定提供新方法。[方法]采用地标点法对3种共180头雄性实蝇标本右翅翅脉标记19个地标点,通过计算质心值(CS)、普氏叠加(Procrustes superposition)、主成分分析(PCA)、多变量方差分析(MANOVA)及薄板样条分析(TPS)比较了3种实蝇翅的大小、讨论了翅脉形态变异的主要部位与变化趋势。[结果]翅脉质心值的单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)结果表明:3种实蝇翅形大小差异显著(F=141,df=179,P0.001),具条实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)的翅形相对较大,南瓜实蝇B.(Z.)tau(Walker)次之,瓜实蝇B.(Z.)cucurbitae(Coquillellett)翅形相对较小;PCA与MANOVA分析结果表明3种实蝇翅脉形状差异显著,TPS分析结果显示3种实蝇翅脉形状差异发生部位主要为翅端第5径室和翅端第2中室区域。[结论]几何形态学方法可用于实蝇种间的分类,本研究的3种实蝇翅脉形态变异主要发生在翅端第5径室和翅端第2中室区域,或可作为实蝇分类中的一个重要参考依据。     

寡毛实蝇属三新种：（双翅目：实蝇科）

本文记述的3新种,即广西实蝇Dacus(Zeugodacus)guangxianus、近黑颜实蝇D.(Zeugodacus)parater和那大实蝇D.(Asiadacus)nadanus,是1982-1985年在南方各地果园中用诱蝇酮(cue-lure)诱获的,寄主不明。所有模式标本均存放于北京农业部植物检疫实验所。在此谨向提供标本的同志致谢。     

李产区橘小实蝇转移为害规律研究

[目的]明确橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsarlis(Hendel)在李产区不同寄主间的转移为害规律,为制定控制其种群的策略和防治技术提供参考和依据.[方法]选择广西李主产区,调查橘小实蝇潜在寄主种类、潜在寄主果实成熟期、寄主受害率及橘小实蝇成虫在各寄主上的转移为害规律,采用Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析方法分析影响橘小实蝇发生的气象因子.[结果]李产区不同月份成熟的11种瓜果中,李受害率最为严重,最高达22％,枇杷、酸梅、黄皮、沙糖橘、皇帝柑、柚和柿可作为橘小实蝇的潜在寄主;橘小实蝇的转移为害规律为枇杷(4月)→三月李、三华李、酸梅和黄皮(5-8月)→沙糖橘、皇帝柑、柚和柿(9-10月)→柿(11月);李产区橘小实蝇始见日和终见日分别为4月26日和12月22日,全年共有2个成虫发生高峰期,分别为7月上中旬和9月中下旬,其发生规律与气温显著相关.[结论]明确了李产区橘小实蝇的转移为害规律及其与气象因子的相关性,建议李产区应在4月份集中防治枇杷上的橘小实蝇有利于减轻对李的危害.     

橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇卵的提取物对两种实蝇行为的影响及化学成分分析

[目的]探究橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis和番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta卵提取物对2种实蝇雌虫行为的影响,以及2种实蝇卵表面化合物的差异,为2种实蝇的化学生态防治提供理论依据.[方法]利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了橘小实蝇交配雌虫和番石榴实蝇交配雌虫对卵表提取物的行为反应,并利用EthoVision XT软件分析雌虫在Y管内的运动轨迹;利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定分析橘小实蝇卵和番石榴实蝇卵的化合物成分,并利用标准曲线法测定了各组分的含量.[结果]橘小实蝇卵提取物对橘小实蝇交配雌虫具有显著引诱作用(x2=9.383,P=-0.002),对番石榴实蝇交配雌虫具有显著驱避作用(x2=6.737,P=0.009),番石榴实蝇卵提取物对番石榴实蝇交配雌虫(x2=4.235,P=0.040)和橘小实蝇交配雌虫都具有引诱作用(x2=5.818,P=0.016).从橘小实蝇卵表提取物中共鉴定出11种化合物,分别是茴香脑、十五烷、十二烷酸、十二酸乙酯、(Z)-11-十四碳烯酸、十四烷酸、十四酸乙酯、(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、十六烷酸、十八碳烯酸、(Z)-9-十八碳烯酸乙酯.从番石榴实蝇卵表提取物中仅鉴定出7种化合物,而且这7种化合物在橘小实蝇的卵提取物中都存在.仅存在于橘小实蝇卵表的4种化合物是茴香脑、十二烷酸、十二酸乙酯、(Z)-11-十四碳烯酸.在2种实蝇卵提取物的相同成分中,十四烷酸、(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、十六烷酸在橘小实蝇卵表的含量显著高于番石榴实蝇.[结论]番石榴实蝇具有通过卵表化合物识别同种卵和异种卵的能力,2种实蝇的卵表化合物具有明显的差异.     

橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇幼虫之间的竞争机制

为了明确橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)和番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi)资源利用的种间竞争机制,比较两者的竞争实力,本文研究了两种实蝇幼虫在26℃条件下于人工饲料和番石榴中的种间竞争关系。结果显示,两种实蝇同龄幼虫在共同饲养的竞争条件下,橘小实蝇幼虫期缩短、存活率提高,而番石榴实蝇蛹重变轻、存活率降低,橘小实蝇通过加快自身生长和抑制番石榴实蝇生长的方式在资源利用竞争中获得更多资源。因此,两种实蝇幼虫在种间竞争中,橘小实蝇可通过调整生活史对策获得竞争优势。     

云南景洪果实蝇属三新种及一新纪录种记述(双翅目,实蝇科)(英文)

记述采自中国云南景洪的果实蝇属3新种和中国1新纪录种:滇黑寡鬃实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)nigrifacia sp.nov.,哈迪氏果实蝇B.(B.)hardyisp.nov.,景洪果实蝇B.(B.)jinghongensis sp.nov.和黑颜面实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)vultus(Hardy,1973),3新种均符合DrewetHancock(1994)对桔小实蝇复合体的定义。模式标本保存于福建农林大学益虫研究所。滇黑寡鬃实蝇,新种Bactrocera(Bactrocera)nigrifacia sp.nov.(图1～4)新种与黑胫实蝇B.(Bactrocera)nigr of emoralis Whiteet Tsuruta相近,颜均为黑色,与后者的区别在于:2条平行的缝后侧黄色条终止于翅内鬃之前,第2腹背板橙棕色且前缘具黑色横带。正模♂,云南景洪,2010-09-02,Cue-lure引诱,张南南采。副模3♂♂,同正模。词源:新种种名根据颜面黑色而命名。哈迪氏果实蝇,新种Bactrocera(Bactrocera)hardyisp.nov.(图5～7)新种与印尼实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)indonesiae Drewet Hancock相近,与后者的区别为:第3～5腹背板黑褐色,前足腿节黄褐色,且端部具黑褐色斑,中足和后足腿节为黄褐色,且端部具很短的黑褐色条纹。正模♂,云南景洪,2010-09-04,Cue-lure引诱,张南南采。副模3♂♂,同正模。词源:新种种名以双翅目分类专家DilbertE.Hardy的姓氏命名。景洪果实蝇,新种Bactrocera(Bactrocera)jinghongensis sp.nov.(图8～11)新种与基纳巴卢实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)kinabalu Drewet Hancock相近,与后者的区别在于:缝后侧黄色条终止于翅内鬃之前,中足腿节端部1/2黑色。正模♂,云南景洪,2010-09-04,Cue-lure引诱,张南南采。副模4♂♂,同正模。词源:新种种名以模式产地命名。     

岳麓山周边地区实蝇发生动态监测

采用诱捕法于2010年7月至2011年12月对岳麓山周边地区实蝇的发生情况进行了监测,共获得实蝇类昆虫5种,包括离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera 4种[具条实蝇B.scutellata (Hendel)、南瓜实蝇B.tau (Walker)、瓜实蝇B.cucturbitae (Coquillett)、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis(Hendel)]和合腹寡毛实蝇属Dacus 1种(棍腹实蝇Dacus sp.).其中,具条实蝇发生数量最大,占诱捕总数的76％,从5月到12月有2次数量高峰;其次为瓜实蝇占18％,南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇数量最少,约各占3％;分析了不同诱剂对各种实蝇的诱捕效果,其中,Me性诱剂仅对桔小实蝇雄虫有引诱效果;Cue性诱剂可引诱具条实蝇、瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇3种实蝇的雄虫;蛋白诱饵对具条实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的雌、雄虫均有引诱效果.本研究结果可为长沙地区实蝇类害虫的监测和防控提供依据.     

橘小实蝇田间消长动态及对柑橘果实危害研究

【目的】找出橘小食蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)在桂林东郊柑橘果园的消长规律,掌握橘小实蝇对不同柑橘品种的危害程度。【方法】2012-2013年,利用橘小实蝇性诱器对桂林东郊柑橘果园的橘小实蝇田间动态进行监测,收集逐旬诱虫数量,并制作周年诱虫消长曲线,分析橘小实蝇消长规律。选取果园内18个早中晚熟柑橘品种进行橘小实蝇危害调查,从果实受害前到果实成熟采收,统计各个品种的逐旬虫果数量,分析各品种受害情况。【结果】田间橘小实蝇成虫5月开始出现,9月下旬-10月上旬达到高峰期,12月中下旬活动减弱或停止。早中熟柑橘品种受橘小实蝇的危害率多在26.72%-73.19%,而晚熟品种多在16.08%以下。宽皮柑橘类受橘小实蝇的危害率多在15.23%以上,而橙类和杂柑类低于10.81%。早熟品种从7-8月开始受橘小实蝇危害,一直持续到果实成熟,受害程度逐步加重。中晚熟品种10月中下旬后开始受害,在11月上旬到12月上旬之间有1-2个受害高峰期,12月中下旬受害减轻。同一品种在不同年份的受害开始时间、高峰期、低谷期不完全相同。【结论】橘小实蝇成虫在春季条件适合时开始活动,在秋季达到活动高峰期,在冬季气温下降等不利条件下活动减弱或停止。橘小实蝇对柑橘早中熟品种的危害率高于晚熟品种,对宽皮柑橘类的危害率高于橙类。在果实生长成熟过程中,早熟品种随果实成熟度增高受害程度加重,中晚熟品种受害高峰期出现在果实成熟中、前期,同年内成熟期相同品种的受害消长走势基本相同,同一品种在不同年份的受害消长走势不同。     

三种常见实蝇的形态学、生物学和生态学比较

对瓜实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)、桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)和桔大实蝇Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett)的形态学、生物学、生态学等方面进行了比较和分析,包括三种实蝇在国内外的分布情况,对寄主选择的差异,各种虫态的形态特征,发育历期和生活史,并对它们的危害状况和防治方法分别作了介绍,可为3种实蝇的鉴定和防治提供参考.     

海南寡鬃实蝇亚科分类研究(双翅目: 实蝇科)

根据2000～2004年间海南省实蝇监测和野外调查的部分研究结果,确认海南寡鬃实蝇亚科Dacinae现知下列14种：桔小实蝇 Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel), 辣椒果实蝇 B. (B.) latifrons (Hendel), 锈红果实蝇B. (B.) rubigina (Wang et Zhao), 五指山果实蝇 B. (B.) wuzhishana Lin et Yang, sp. nov., 何氏华实蝇B. (Sinodacus) hochii (Zia), 短条果实蝇 B. (Zeugodacus) abbreviata (Hardy), 普通果实蝇 B. (Z.) caudata (Fabricius), 两带果实蝇B. (Z.) cilifera (Hendel), 瓜实蝇 B. (Z.) cucurbitae (Coquillett), 黑颜果实蝇 B. (Z.) diaphora (Hendel), 宽带果实蝇 B. (Z.) scutellata (Hendel), 南亚果实蝇 B. (Z.) tau (Walker), 海口棍腹实蝇 Dacus (Callantra) haikouensis Wang et Chen, 海南寡鬃实蝇 Dacus (Dacus) hainanus Wang et Zhao。五指山果实蝇 B. (B.) wuzhishana Lin et Yang, sp. nov. 区别于果实蝇属内其他种的鉴别特征如下：1）颜具2个黑色大斑点;2）中胸盾片的缝后黄色侧条短而窄,后端约与缝后翅上鬃处于同一水平;3）翅前缘带较窄,末端稍加宽;4）足的股节除中股节基部的1/2和后股节基部的3/5呈黄色外,余全黑色;腹部完全黑色。除附新种特征图外,还提供海南寡鬃实蝇亚科的种类修订名录和分种检索表。     

Molecular phylogeny of tephritid fruit flies in the Bactrocera tau complex using the mitochondrial COI sequences.

We compared sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene of eight species of the Bactrocera tau complex using Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera pyrifoliae, Ceratitis capitata, Anopheles gambiae, and Locusta migratoria as outgroups. A 639-bp variable region was sequenced. The sequence divergence between species in the B. tau complex ranged from 0.06 to 28%, and up to 29% between the complex and its tephritid outgroups, B. dorsalis and C. capitata. According to the phylogenetic relationships, these members of the B. tau complex could be classified into four clades. Thus, species A and D form clades 1 and 3, respectively, while species C and I belong to clade 4. However, species B, E, and F form a distinct group, clade 2, and infested the fruits of non-cucurbit hosts. Host-plant shifts resulting in adaptive radiation and premating isolation among species might play an important role in species differentiation of the B. tau complex.     

首次发现沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia对我国南亚果实蝇的感染现象

沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia是广泛分布于节肢动物体生殖组织内的一类共生细菌,泰国等已发现Wolbachia感染南亚果实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)的现象。利用沃尔巴克氏体wsp基因的1对通用引物(81F,691R)从我国南亚果实蝇的总DNA中扩增到1段500 bp左右的wsp基因片段,并克隆得到了Wolbachia相关序列,首次发现了沃尔巴克氏体对我国南亚果实蝇的感染现象。     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Several members of the dipteran family Tephritdae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNA(Lys), and tRNA(Asp) genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.     

Distinct genetic lineages of Bactrocera caudata (Insecta: Tephritidae) revealed by COI and 16S DNA sequences

The fruit fly Bactrocera caudata is a pest species of economic importance in Asia. Its larvae feed on the flowers of Cucurbitaceae such as Cucurbita moschata. To-date it is distinguished from related species based on morphological characters. Specimens of B. caudata from Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Bali and Lombok) were analysed using the partial DNA sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes. Both gene sequences revealed that B. caudata from Peninsular Malaysia was distinctly different from B. caudata of Bali and Lombok, without common haplotype between them. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clades, indicating distinct genetic lineage. The uncorrected 'p' distance for COI sequences between B. caudata of Malaysia-Thailand-China and B. caudata of Bali-Lombok was 5.65%, for 16S sequences from 2.76 to 2.99%, and for combined COI and 16S sequences 4.45 to 4.46%. The 'p' values are distinctly different from intraspecific 'p' distance (0-0.23%). Both the B. caudata lineages are distinctly separated from related species in the subgenus Zeugodacus - B. ascita, B. scutellata, B. ishigakiensis, B. diaphora, B. tau, B. cucurbitae, and B. depressa. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the B. caudata lineages are closely related to B. ascita sp. B, and form a clade with B. scutellata, B. ishigakiensis, B. diaphora and B. ascita sp. A. This study provides additional baseline for the phylogenetic relationships of Bactrocera fruit flies of the subgenus Zeugodacus. Both the COI and 16S genes could be useful markers for the molecular differentiation and phylogenetic analysis of tephritid fruit flies.     

中国镞果实蝇亚属分类研究及一新种记述(双翅目,实蝇科)(英文)

根据2005～2010年对中国境内实蝇调查的部分研究结果,确认Zeugodacus亚属的实蝇种类。描述了1新种拟具条实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)proprescutellata sp.nov.,提供20种实蝇的分种检索表。新种的正模及其副模标本保存于福建农林大学益虫研究所。     

基于mtDNA Cytb 的六种果实蝇的分子鉴定

本研究首次对果实蝇属的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇B. tau、番石榴实蝇B. correcta、具条实蝇B. scutellata、黑漆实蝇B. scutellaris等6种实蝇mtDNA Cytb基因进行了测序。对这6种实蝇72个个体mtDNA Cytb基因中段420 bp的碱基序列进行分析,得到38种单倍型,发现了116个变异位点,其中30个位点较为稳定。对这6种实蝇与其各自鉴别位点的对应关系研究表明,mtDNA Cytb基因可以作为这6种实蝇种类鉴别的分子标记。     

中国果实蝇属一新记录种及云南镞果实蝇亚属记述

Nine species in the subgenus Zeugodacus Hendel were known to occur in Yunnan. We add seven more species to the fauna of Yunnan. Among them, one species, Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) vultus Hardy, 1973, is reported from China for the first time. This species is redescribed in detail and its male genitalia are illustrated and described for the first time. A key to the species of the subgenus Zeugodacus from Yunnan is provided.