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1.
    
Monitoring the movement and distribution of wildlife is a critical tool of an adaptive management framework for wildlife conservation. We installed motion‐triggered cameras to capture the movement of mammals through two purpose‐built migration gaps in an otherwise fenced conservancy in northern Kenya. We compared the results to data gathered over the same time period (1 Jan 2011–31 Dec 2012) by the human observers monitoring mammal tracks left at the same fence gaps in a sandy loam detection strip. The camera traps detected more crossing events, more species and more individuals of each species per crossing event than did the human track observers. We tested for volume detection differences between methods for the five most common species crossing each gap and found that all detection rates were heavily weighted towards the camera‐trap method. We review some of the discrepancies between the methods and conclude that although the camera traps record more data, the management of that data can be time‐consuming and ill‐suited to some time‐sensitive decision‐making. We also discuss the importance of daily track monitoring for adaptive management conservation and community security.  相似文献   

2.
    
Wildlife monitoring is essential for conservation science and data-driven decision-making. Tropical forests pose a particularly challenging environment for monitoring wildlife due to the dense vegetation, and diverse and cryptic species with relatively low abundances. The most commonly used monitoring methods in tropical forests are observations made by humans (visual or acoustic), camera traps, or passive acoustic sensors. These methods come with trade-offs in terms of species coverage, accuracy and precision of population metrics, available technical expertise, and costs. Yet, there are no reviews that compare the characteristics of these methods in detail. Here, we comprehensively review the advantages and limitations of the three mentioned methods, by asking four key questions that are always important in relation to wildlife monitoring: (1) What are the target species?; (2) Which population metrics are desirable and attainable?; (3) What expertise, tools, and effort are required for species identification?; and (4) Which financial and human resources are required for data collection and processing? Given the diversity of monitoring objectives and circumstances, we do not aim to conclusively prescribe particular methods for all situations. Neither do we claim that any one method is superior to others. Rather, our review aims to support scientists and conservation practitioners in understanding the options and criteria that must be considered in choosing the appropriate method, given the objectives of their wildlife monitoring efforts and resources available. We focus on tropical forests because of their high conservation priority, although the information put forward is also relevant for other biomes.  相似文献   

3.
    
Ephemeral rivers and the vegetation they support have numerous ecological and economic values to the mammals and people who rely on these systems. Yet, these crucial environments are believed to be threatened by exotic plant invasion. In Africa, invasive trees of the genus Prosopis have detrimental effects on native vegetation, bird and dung beetle communities; however, to date, there is no evidence that Prosopis establishment has affected indigenous wild mammalian distribution and ecology in its introduced range. Using a combination of camera traps and vegetation surveys, we tested the hypothesis that Prosopis invasion has a negative impact on the mammals of the ephemeral Swakop River in Namibia by reducing mammal species richness and species occupancies. Prosopis was found to have no negative impact on species richness; however, evidence for species‐specific responses to Prosopis abundance was found. This is the first study to confirm an impact of Prosopis on sub‐Saharan African mammals, providing a foundation for future research and the development of appropriate management policy.  相似文献   

4.
2016年10月至2017年9月, 作者在云南巍山青华绿孔雀自然保护区的核心区和缓冲区的28个监测位点布设红外相机, 累计监测6,377台日, 共获得独立有效照片1,692张, 其中兽类563张, 鸟类1,129张。鉴定出71种鸟类和兽类, 其中兽类13种, 分属5目11科; 鸟类58种, 分属9目23科。国家一级重点保护动物有2种, 即黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)和林麝(Moschus berezovskii); 国家二级重点保护动物有7种, 分别是黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、松雀鹰(Accipiter virgatus)、普通鵟(Buteo japonicus)、白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、白鹇(Lophuar nycthemera)、领角鸮(Otus lettia)和灰林鸮(Strix aluco)。在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中, 1种被评估为极危, 3种被评估为易危。CITES附录I收录的有1种, 附录II收录的有7种。物种相对丰富度最高的是黑领噪鹛(Garrulax pectoralis, 5.68), 其次是赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus, 2.81)、赤麂(Muntiacus muntjak, 1.68)。本次物种调查结果可反映本保护区大、中型兽类和地栖性鸟类本底, 为保护区管理和野生动物长期监测提供了数据。  相似文献   

5.
    
Amazonian wildlife population studies often employ conventional biological survey methods to assess species presence but a growing number of studies are making use of local ecological knowledge (LEK) household surveys. Despite concerns in the scientific community over the accuracy and precision of LEK, scant research to date compares data from conventional biological survey methods with data gathered from household surveys. An important question among scientists is who should be approached when collecting household survey data for wildlife inventories, both for accurate data and for ethical concerns. In this article, we report on the accuracy and precision of LEK household surveys for wildlife inventories based on data collected along the Napo River in Peru using 10 land transect surveys, 5 river transect surveys, 487 camera trap days, and 37 LEK household surveys. Our findings indicate that the household surveys for wildlife inventories are accurate in comparison to biological survey methods, and that they may outperform conventional surveys for certain aquatic, ephemeral, and cryptic terrestrial species. We find no statistical differences among households defined by participation in hunting, community leadership, or primary livelihood strategy. Community members recommend that scientists first solicit wildlife data from community leaders and then hunters. Through the use of retrospection, LEK surveys can reveal how wildlife presence changes through time in remote, data-poor tropical forests. Use of LEK household surveys is recommended as a useful complement to other methods, with attention to collecting data ethically in collaboration with local communities.  相似文献   

6.
    
In the current context of biodiversity loss through habitat fragmentation, the effectiveness of wildlife crossings, installed at great expense as compensatory measures, is of vital importance for ecological and socio‐economic actors. The evaluation of these structures is directly impacted by the efficiency of monitoring tools (camera traps…), which are used to assess the effectiveness of these crossings by observing the animals that use them. The aim of this study was to quantify the efficiency of camera traps in a wildlife crossing evaluation. Six permanent recording video systems sharing the same field of view as six Reconyx HC600 camera traps installed in three wildlife underpasses were used to assess the exact proportion of missed events (event being the presence of an animal within the field of view), and the error rate concerning underpass crossing behavior (defined as either Entry or Refusal). A sequence of photographs was triggered by either animals (true trigger) or artefacts (false trigger). We quantified the number of false triggers that had actually been caused by animals that were not visible on the images (“false” false triggers). Camera traps failed to record 43.6% of small mammal events (voles, mice, shrews, etc.) and 17% of medium‐sized mammal events. The type of crossing behavior (Entry or Refusal) was incorrectly assessed in 40.1% of events, with a higher error rate for entries than for refusals. Among the 3.8% of false triggers, 85% of them were “false” false triggers. This study indicates a global underestimation of the effectiveness of wildlife crossings for small mammals. Means to improve the efficiency are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
    
Conservation decisions for bird diversity in the Afrotropics are often based on ecological studies utilizing diurnal bird species likely owing to difficulties associated with sampling nocturnal birds. It is therefore important to compare the sampling effectiveness of some of the available techniques that can be used in nocturnal bird surveys to guide future long-term survey efforts. Thus, we compared the sampling effectiveness of point count, acoustic recorder and camera trap for estimating nocturnal bird species richness and also across habitat types. We surveyed 20 points that were spaced at least 500 m apart in November and December 2021 in the Amurum Forest Reserve and its surroundings in Jos-Nigeria. At each point, we used two camera traps, one at the ground and the other at 2.0 m. We also used one acoustic recorder as well as a 15-min point count during each survey at each point. We encountered 11 nocturnal bird species, primarily nightjars but also owls. While we did not encounter any species with the camera traps, all 11 species were recorded using the acoustic recorder. All species except for Ketupa lacteaus were recorded in point count. Eight species were recorded in the gallery, seven in rocky and nine in savannah. Species richness and estimation using the acoustic recorder and point count were similar across habitat types. We conclude that either point count or acoustic recorders are useful for nocturnal bird surveys in Afrotropical environments. However, the choice of methods should be based on the research questions as some questions may be better answered by a specific method or even a combination of both.  相似文献   

8.
生物多样性编目是保护区管理和科研的基础性工作。2016年7月—2017年6月,利用红外相机调查四川千佛山国家级自然保护区内的兽类和鸟类多样性。调查期内共布设20个监测位点,累计3 333个相机监测日,获得照片2 355张,视频1 867段,独立有效记录共计436次,共鉴定出兽类4目10科17种和鸟类2目8科18种,其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物8种,被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录列为濒危(EN) 1种、易危(VU) 5种和近危(NT) 1种。调查中发现岷山山系的新记录1种:灰翅鸫Turdus boulboul。兽类相对丰富度指数(RAI)从高到低依次是川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellanae(2. 37)、毛冠鹿Elaphodus cephalophus(1. 83)、野猪Sus scrofa(1. 17)、岩松鼠Sciurotamias davidianus(1. 02)、赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis(0. 21); RAI最高的鸟类是鸡形目Galliformes,如红腹锦鸡Chrysolophus pictus(3. 21)和红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii(1. 05),其次是雀形目Passeriformes噪鹛科Leiothrichidae。本研究获得的兽类和鸟类数据是保护区生物多样性本底数据的有效补充,红外相机的持续监测将有利于保护区的长期监测和保护管理。  相似文献   

9.
区域性生物多样性调查与编目对生物多样性保护至关重要,是制定物种保护和环境管理政策的基础。2023-03-2023-12在江西省永丰县境内7个乡镇布设60台红外相机,红外相机独立有效工作日10 272台日,获得1 388张独立有效照片,鉴定出29种鸟类和兽类,其中兽类4目7科13种,鸟类4目9科16种。所拍摄到物种中,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,白颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus ellioti）;国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物5种,分别是中华鬣羚（Capricornis milneedwardsii）、白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、白眉山鹧鸪（Arborophila gingica）、画眉（Garrulax canorus）和褐林鸮（Strix leptogrammica）;中国脊椎动物红色名录易危（VU）物种4种,分别为小麂（Muntiacus reevesi）、中华鬣羚、白眉山鹧鸪和白颈长尾雉;世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录易危物种1种,中华鬣羚;兽类相对丰富度最高的物种分别为赤麂（Muntiacus vaginalis）、果子狸（Paguma larvata）、野猪（Sus scrofa）和鼬獾（Melogale moschata）,鸟类为白鹇和白眉山鹧鸪。优势物种活动节律分析表明,赤麂和野猪全天均有活动,果子狸和鼬獾属于夜行性,白鹇和白眉山鹧鸪均属于昼行性。活动节律重叠度分析表明,野猪和果子狸的活动节律重叠度最高,除野猪和果子狸、白眉山鹧鸪和白鹇以外,其余物种对的活动节律均存在显著分化。所有优势物种均存在活动节律的季节变化。  相似文献   

10.
    
Quantifying the cost-effectiveness of alternative sampling methods is crucial for efficient biodiversity monitoring and detection of population trends. In this study, we compared the cost-effectiveness of three novel sampling methods for detecting changes in koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) occupancy: thermal drones, passive acoustic recorders and camera trapping. Specifically, we fitted single-season occupancy-detection models to data recorded from 46 sites in eight bioregions of New South Wales, Australia, between 2018 and 2022. We explored the effect of weather variables on daily detection probability for each method and, using these estimates, calculated the statistical power to detect 30%, 50% and 80% declines in koala occupancy. We calculated power for different combinations of sites (1–200) and repeat surveys (2–40) and developed a cost model that found the cheapest survey design that achieved 80% power to detect change. On average, detectability of koalas was highest with one 24-h period of acoustic surveys (0.32, 95% CI's: 0.26, 0.39) compared to a 25-ha flight of drone surveys (0.28, 95% 0.15, 0.48) or a 24-h period of camera trapping consisting of six cameras (0.019, 95% CI's: 0.014, 0.025). We found a negative quadratic relationship between detection probability and air temperature for all three methods. Our power and cost analysis suggested that 148 sites surveyed with acoustic recorders deployed for 14 days would be the cheapest method to sufficiently detect a 30% decline in occupancy with 80% power. We recommend passive acoustic recorders as the most efficient sampling method for monitoring koala occupancy compared to cameras or drones. Further comparative studies are needed to compare the relative effectiveness of these methods and others when the monitoring objective is to detect change in koala abundance over time.  相似文献   

11.
    
Trials involving volitionally placed carcasses are often used to estimate the portion of the collision-caused fatality population that is undetected by periodic fatality searches at wind turbines. Huso and Erickson criticized our paper reporting on a comparison of carcass persistence rates between what we termed conventional versus novel approaches to these trials. In our novel approach, we measured carcass persistence rates by placing only 1–2 fresh carcasses per week, instead of the typical 10 or more carcasses at a time, often using found carcasses of unknown time since death. Huso and Erickson directed most of their critique to this novel aspect of our approach, although the novelty of our approach also included the use of event-triggered camera traps, which we used to record exact times of removals and to identify vertebrate scavenger species responsible for the removals. In our replies to Huso and Erickson's major criticisms, we acknowledge flaws in our field methods for arriving at fatality rate estimates, but we also point out the larger flaws in the methods used by Huso and Erickson, especially in their use of mean days to removal as a measure of carcass persistence. We conclude by introducing a more appropriate detection trial, which combines searcher detection and scavenger removal trials, and integrates this detection trial into periodic fatality monitoring. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.  相似文献   

12.
    
This paper describes and explains design patterns for software that supports how analysts can efficiently inspect and classify camera trap images for wildlife‐related ecological attributes. Broadly speaking, a design pattern identifies a commonly occurring problem and a general reusable design approach to solve that problem. A developer can then use that design approach to create a specific software solution appropriate to the particular situation under consideration. In particular, design patterns for camera trap image analysis by wildlife biologists address solutions to commonly occurring problems they face while inspecting a large number of images and entering ecological data describing image attributes. We developed design patterns for image classification based on our understanding of biologists' needs that we acquired over 8 years during development and application of the freely available Timelapse image analysis system. For each design pattern presented, we describe the problem, a design approach that solves that problem, and a concrete example of how Timelapse addresses the design pattern. Our design patterns offer both general and specific solutions related to: maintaining data consistency, efficiencies in image inspection, methods for navigating between images, efficiencies in data entry including highly repetitious data entry, and sorting and filtering image into sequences, episodes, and subsets. These design patterns can inform the design of other camera trap systems and can help biologists assess how competing software products address their project‐specific needs along with determining an efficient workflow.  相似文献   

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