采伐对豫西退耕还林工程固碳的影响

以豫西退耕还林工程重点县嵩县为研究对象,收集了嵩县2002—2010年退耕还林工程逐年实施的造林面积、树种等数据,利用合适的人工林蓄积量生长方程和和中国退耕还林后的土壤有机碳变化的研究结果,结合各树种的木材密度、生物量扩展因子、碳含量等参数,在采伐和无采伐两种情景模式下对其退耕还林工程在2002—2050年的碳储量及其变化进行估算。结果表明:2010年,工程林总碳储量为0.470 Tg(Tg=10~(12)g),工程实施期间,工程前期碳储量高于后期;土壤有机碳库在2002—2010年期间年固碳量均为负值,表现为碳排放,2011年后土壤年固碳量开始增加;在两种情境模式下,工程林年固碳量最高峰都在2015年,2033年以后采伐情景的年固碳量大于无采伐情景。预计到2020、2030、2040和2050年,嵩县退耕还林工程在无采伐情境下的固碳增汇潜力分别为0.760、1.464、1.852和1.985 Tg,在采伐情景下的固碳增汇潜力分别为0.760、1.240、1.657和2.000 Tg,从长时间来看,豫西退耕还林工程林在采伐情景下具有较大的碳汇潜力,因此,对退耕还林工程林实施适度的采伐可以提高工程的碳汇能力。     

The production of phytolith‐occluded carbon in China's forests: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration

The persistent terrestrial carbon sink regulates long‐term climate change, but its size, location, and mechanisms remain uncertain. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content–biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of leaf litter and herb layer in China's forests, we estimated the production of phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) in China's forests. The present annual phytolith carbon sink in China's forests is 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg CO₂ yr ^{? 1}, 30% of which is contributed by bamboo because the production flux of PhytOC through tree leaf litter for bamboo is 3–80 times higher than that of other forest types. As a result of national and international bamboo afforestation and reforestation, the potential of phytolith carbon sink for China's forests and world's bamboo can reach 6.8 ± 1.5 and 27.0 ± 6.1 Tg CO₂ yr^?1, respectively. Forest management practices such as bamboo afforestation and reforestation may significantly enhance the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink and contribute to mitigation of global climate warming.     

Carbon Sequestration Potential in Stands under the Grain for Green Program in Southwest China

The Grain for Green Program (GGP) is the largest afforestation and reforestation project in China in the early part of this century. To assess carbon sequestration in stands under the GGP in Southwest China, the carbon stocks and their annual changes in the GGP stands in the region were estimated based on the following information: (1) collected data on the annually planted area of each tree species under the GGP in Southwest China from 1999 to 2010; (2) development of empirical growth curves and corresponding carbon estimation models for each species growing in the GPP stands; and (3) parameters associated with the stands such as wood density, biomass expansion factor, carbon fraction and the change rate of soil organic carbon content. Two forest management scenarios were examined: scenario A, with no harvesting, and scenario B, with logging at the customary rotation followed by replanting. The results showed that by the years 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060, the expected carbon storage of the GGP stands in Southwest China is 139.58 TgC, 177.50–207.55 TgC, 196.86–259.65 TgC, 240.45–290.62 TgC and 203.22–310.03 TgC (T = 10¹²), respectively. For the same years, the expected annual change in carbon stocks is 7.96 TgCyr⁻¹, −7.95–5.95 TgCyr⁻¹, −0.10–4.67 TgCyr⁻¹, 4.31–2.24 TgCyr⁻¹ and −0.02–1.75 TgCyr⁻¹, respectively. This indicates that the stands significantly contribute to forest carbon sinks in this region. In 2060, the estimated carbon stocks in the seven major species of GGP stands in Southwest China are 4.16–13.01 TgC for Pinus armandii, 6.30–15.01 TgC for Pinus massoniana, 11.51–13.44 TgC for Cryptomeria fortunei, 15.94–24.13 TgC for Cunninghamia lanceolata, 28.05 TgC for Cupressus spp., 5.32–15.63 TgC for Populus deltoides and 5.87–14.09 TgC for Eucalyptus spp. The carbon stocks in these seven species account for 36.8%–41.4% of the total carbon stocks in all GGP stands over the next 50 years.     

Forest biomass carbon sinks in East Asia,with special reference to the relative contributions of forest expansion and forest growth

Forests play an important role in regional and global carbon (C) cycles. With extensive afforestation and reforestation efforts over the last several decades, forests in East Asia have largely expanded, but the dynamics of their C stocks have not been fully assessed. We estimated biomass C stocks of the forests in all five East Asian countries (China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Mongolia) between the 1970s and the 2000s, using the biomass expansion factor method and forest inventory data. Forest area and biomass C density in the whole region increased from 179.78 × 10⁶ ha and 38.6 Mg C ha^?1 in the 1970s to 196.65 × 10⁶ ha and 45.5 Mg C ha^?1 in the 2000s, respectively. The C stock increased from 6.9 Pg C to 8.9 Pg C, with an averaged sequestration rate of 66.9 Tg C yr^?1. Among the five countries, China and Japan were two major contributors to the total region's forest C sink, with respective contributions of 71.1% and 32.9%. In China, the areal expansion of forest land was a larger contributor to C sinks than increased biomass density for all forests (60.0% vs. 40.0%) and for planted forests (58.1% vs. 41.9%), while the latter contributed more than the former for natural forests (87.0% vs. 13.0%). In Japan, increased biomass density dominated the C sink for all (101.5%), planted (91.1%), and natural (123.8%) forests. Forests in South Korea also acted as a C sink, contributing 9.4% of the total region's sink because of increased forest growth (98.6%). Compared to these countries, the reduction in forest land in both North Korea and Mongolia caused a C loss at an average rate of 9.0 Tg C yr^?1, equal to 13.4% of the total region's C sink. Over the last four decades, the biomass C sequestration by East Asia's forests offset 5.8% of its contemporary fossil‐fuel CO₂ emissions.     

Vegetation carbon sequestration in Chinese forests from 2010 to 2050

Forests store a large part of the terrestrial vegetation carbon (C) and have high C sequestration potential. Here, we developed a new forest C sequestration (FCS) model based on the secondary succession theory, to estimate vegetation C sequestration capacity in China's forest vegetation. The model used the field measurement data of 3161 forest plots and three future climate scenarios. The results showed that logistic equations provided a good fit for vegetation biomass with forest age in natural and planted forests. The FCS model has been verified with forest biomass data, and model uncertainty is discussed. The increment of vegetation C storage in China's forest vegetation from 2010 to 2050 was estimated as 13.92 Pg C, while the average vegetation C sequestration rate was 0.34 Pg C yr^?1 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.28–0.42 Pg C yr^?1, which differed significantly between forest types. The largest contributor to the increment was deciduous broadleaf forest (37.8%), while the smallest was deciduous needleleaf forest (2.7%). The vegetation C sequestration rate might reach its maximum around 2020, although vegetation C storage increases continually. It is estimated that vegetation C sequestration might offset 6–8% of China's future emissions. Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between vegetation C sequestration rate and C emission rate in different provinces of China, suggesting that developed provinces might need to compensate for undeveloped provinces through C trade. Our findings will provide valuable guidelines to policymakers for designing afforestation strategies and forest C trade in China.     

Soil charcoal as long‐term pyrogenic carbon storage in Amazonian seasonal forests

Forest fires (paleo + modern) have caused charcoal particles to accumulate in the soil vertical profile in Amazonia. This forest compartment is a long‐term carbon reservoir with an important role in global carbon balance. Estimates of stocks remain uncertain in forests that have not been altered by deforestation but that have been impacted by understory fires and selective logging. We estimated the stock of pyrogenic carbon derived from charcoal accumulated in the soil profile of seasonal forest fragments impacted by fire and selective logging in the northern portion of Brazilian Amazonia. Sixty‐nine soil cores to 1‐m depth were collected in 12 forest fragments of different sizes. Charcoal stocks averaged 3.45 ± 2.17 Mg ha^?1 (2.24 ± 1.41 Mg C ha^?1). Pyrogenic carbon was not directly related to the size of the forest fragments. This carbon is equivalent to 1.40% (0.25% to 4.04%) of the carbon stocked in aboveground live tree biomass in these fragments. The vertical distribution of pyrogenic carbon indicates an exponential model, where the 0–30 cm depth range has 60% of the total stored. The total area of Brazil's Amazonian seasonal forests and ecotones not altered by deforestation implies 65–286 Tg of pyrogenic carbon accumulated along the soil vertical profile. This is 1.2–2.3 times the total amount of residual pyrogenic carbon formed by biomass burning worldwide in 1 year. Our analysis suggests that the accumulated charcoal in the soil vertical profile in Amazonian forests is a substantial pyrogenic carbon pool that needs to be considered in global carbon models.     

内蒙古森林碳汇特征研究进展

内蒙古森林以其面积大、活立木总蓄积高成为全国森林的重要组成部分.本文以文献为基础,分析了近年来内蒙古森林及其组成部分的碳储量、碳密度、固碳速率和潜力.大部分研究以第六次森林清查数据为基础,利用材积与生物量之间的线性关系,得出内蒙古森林碳储量约为920 Tg C,占同期国家森林资源总碳储量的12%,年均增长率约为1.5%,平均碳密度约为43 t·hm^-2.森林碳储量和碳密度呈逐年增加趋势,其中,针阔叶混交林、樟子松林和白桦林固碳能力最高.间伐和皆伐等人类活动使森林碳储量明显降低.已有的碳汇特征研究很少涉及土壤部分,仅有少数研究指出土壤碳密度随林龄的增加而增加.关于森林生态系统固碳潜力的研究不够深入.建议今后在计算内蒙古森林生态系统碳储量时,加入土壤碳储量部分;利用异速生长方程计算碳储量时,将树种器官碳含量设为45%;建立更多优势树种的、包含根系生物量的异速生长方程;加强气候变化与生态系统固碳速率和潜力关系的研究.     

Carbon storage and potentials of the broad-leaved forest in alpine region of the Qinghai- Xizang Plateau,China

Aims
Our objective was to explore the vegetation carbon storages and their variations in the broad-leaved forests in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau that includes Qinghai Province and Xizang Autonomous Region.
Methods
Based on forest resource inventory data and field sampling, this paper studied the carbon storage, its sequestration rate, and the potentials in the broad-leaved forests in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
Important findings
The vegetation carbon storage in the broad-leaved forest accounted for 310.70 Tg in 2011, with the highest value in the broad-leaved mixed forest and the lowest in Populus forest among the six broad-leaved forests that include Quercus, Betula, Populus, other hard broad-leaved species, other soft broad-leaved species, and the broadleaved mixed forest. The carbon density of the broad-leaved forest was 89.04 Mg·hm^-2, with the highest value in other hard broad-leaved species forest and the lowest in other soft broad-leaved species forest. The carbon storage and carbon density in different layers of the forests followed a sequence of overstory layer > understory layer > litter layer > grass layer > dead wood layer, which all increased with forest age. In addition, the carbon storage of broad-leaved forest increased from 304.26 Tg in 2001 to 310.70 Tg in 2011. The mean annual carbon sequestration and its rate were 0.64 Tg·a^-1 and 0.19 Mg·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. The maximum and minimum of the carbon sequestration rate were respectively found in other soft broad-leaved species forest and other hard broad-leaved species forest, with the highest value in the mature forest and the lowest in the young forest. Moreover, the carbon sequestration potential in the tree layer of broad-leaved forest reached 19.09 Mg·hm^-2 in 2011, with the highest value found in Quercus forest and the lowest in Betula forest. The carbon storage increased gradually during three inventory periods, indicating that the broad-leaved forest was well protected to maintain a healthy growth by the forest protection project of Qinghai Province and Xizang Autonomous Region.     

青藏高原高寒区阔叶林植被固碳现状、速率和潜力

为明晰青藏高原高寒区阔叶林植被碳储量现状及其动态变化特征, 利用森林资源清查数据和标准样地实测数据, 估算了青藏高原高寒区(青海和西藏两省区)阔叶林植被的碳储量、固碳速率和固碳潜力。结果表明: 2011年青藏高原高寒区阔叶林植被碳储量为310.70 Tg, 碳密度为89.04 Mg·hm^-2。六类阔叶林型(栎(Quercus)林、桦木(Betula)林、杨树(Populus)林、其他硬阔林、其他软阔林和阔叶混交林)中, 阔叶混交林的碳储量最大, 杨树林碳储量最小; 其他硬阔林碳密度最大, 其他软阔林碳密度最小。空间分配上碳储量和碳密度表现为: 乔木层>灌木层>凋落物层>草本层>枯死木层。不同龄级碳储量和碳密度总体表现为随林龄增加逐渐增大的趋势。阔叶林碳储量从2001年的304.26 Tg增加到2011年的310.70 Tg, 平均年固碳量为0.64 Tg·a^-1, 固碳速率为0.19 Mg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同林型固碳速率表现为其他软阔林最大, 其他硬阔林最小; 不同龄级表现为成熟林最大, 幼龄林最小。阔叶林乔木层固碳潜力为19.09 Mg·hm^-2, 且不同林型固碳潜力表现为栎林最大, 桦树林最小。三次调查期间阔叶林碳储量逐渐增加, 主要原因是近年来森林保护工程的开展使阔叶林生长健康良好。     

中国退耕还林工程温室气体排放与净固碳量

基于退耕还林工程建设期(2000—2010年)营造林过程边界内碳成本和边界外碳泄漏的计算,分析退耕还林工程及各区域碳成本和碳泄漏的年际变化、碳成本和碳泄漏的组成特征以及净固碳量的变化特征.结果表明: 退耕还林工程建设期内,西北地区、西南地区、东北地区、华北地区、中南华东地区的碳成本分别为3.38、3.64、1.03、1.66、4.38 Tg C,合计14.09 Tg C;碳泄漏分别为21.33、4.60、5.50、1.32、3.78 Tg C,合计36.53 Tg C.退耕还林工程及各区域工程措施碳成本组成特征较为一致,造林引起的碳排放是各区域最大的工程措施碳成本,其中退耕地造林是主要的造林碳成本来源.在各种物资消耗中,肥料引起的碳排放是各区域最大的物资碳成本,其次为建材,而燃油、灌溉和药剂产生的碳排放占各区域碳成本总量的比例仅为10%左右.退耕还林工程的实施在工程边界内外共产生温室气体50.62 Tg C,抵消了工程固碳效益的19.9%;在西北地区、西南地区、东北地区、华北地区和中南华东地区的抵消作用分别为38.9%、10.4%、26.1%、8.9%和15.5%.退耕还林工程建设期内的净固碳量为203.50 Tg C,年均净固碳量为18.50 Tg C·a^-1.碳成本和碳泄漏对退耕还林工程固碳的抵消较小,退耕还林工程在我国温室气体减排和全球气候变暖减缓上做出了巨大贡献.经济林营造采用精准施肥和为退耕还林工程区农户提供可替代的维持生存的方法是分别减少碳成本和碳泄漏的可能措施.     

Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and no-tillage in China's cropland

Soil as the largest global carbon pool has played a great role in sequestering the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Although global carbon sequestration potentials have been assessed since the 1980s, few investigations have been made on soil carbon sequestration (SCS) in China's cropland. China is a developing country and has a long history of agricultural activities. Estimation of SCS potentials in China's cropland is very important for assessing the potential measures to prevent the atmospheric carbon rise and predicting the atmospheric CO₂ concentration in future. After review of the available results of the field experiments in China, relationships between SCS and nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and no‐tillage (NT) practices were established for each of the four agricultural regions. According to the current agricultural practices and their future development, estimations were made on SCS by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and NT in China's cropland. In the current situation, nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and zero tillage can sequester 5.96, 9.76 and 0.800 Tg C each year. Carbon sequestration potential will increase to 12.1 Tg C yr⁻¹ if nitrogen is fertilized on experts' recommendations. The carbon sequestration potentials of straw return and NT can reach 34.4 and 4.60 Tg C yr⁻¹ when these two techniques are further popularized. In these measures, straw return is the most promising one. Full popularization of straw return can reduce 5.3% of the CO₂ emission from fossil fuel combustion in China in 1990, which meets the global mean CO₂ reduction requested by the Kyoto Protocol (5.2%). In general, if more incentive policies can be elaborated and implemented, the SCS in China's cropland will be increased by about two times. So, popularization of the above‐mentioned agricultural measures for carbon sequestration can be considered as an effective tool to prevent the rapid rise of the atmospheric CO₂ in China.     

吉林省森林植被固碳现状与速率

通过对吉林省森林植被的普遍调查、典型调查以及植被样品含碳率测定, 结合吉林省2009年和2014年森林清查数据, 估算了区域森林植被的碳储量、碳密度及固碳速率。研究结果表明: 林下植被的生物量在不同林分和同类林分中存在较大的差异, 整体不足乔木层生物量的3%, 灌木植物的生物量略高于草本植物和幼树。不同林分类型的乔木含碳率介于45.80%-52.97%之间, 整体表现为针叶林高于阔叶林; 灌木和草本植物分别为39.79%-47.25%和40%左右。吉林省森林植被碳转换系数以0.47或0.48更为准确, 若以0.50或0.45作为植被的碳转换系数计算碳储量, 会造成±5.26%的偏差。吉林省森林植被不仅维持着较高的碳库水平, 而且极具碳汇能力; 2009年和2014年碳储量分别为471.29 Tg C和505.76 Tg C, 累计碳增量34.47 Tg C, 平均每年碳增量6.89 Tg C·a^-1; 碳密度由64.58 t·hm^-2增至66.68 t·hm^-2, 平均增加2.10 t·hm^-2, 固碳速率0.92 t·hm^-2·a^-1。森林植被碳储量的增长主体是蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林和阔叶混交林, 合计碳增量占总体的90.34%。受植被发育引起的生物量增长、林分龄组晋级以及森林经营所引起的面积变化影响, 各龄组植被碳增量为幼龄林>过熟林>近熟林>中龄林, 成熟林表现为负增长; 固碳速率为过熟林>幼龄林>近熟林>中龄林>成熟林。森林植被碳储量和碳密度的市/区分布整体表现为自东向西明显的降低变化; 碳增量以东北和中东部地区较高, 西部地区较低; 固碳速率整体以南部的通化地区和白山地区相对较高, 中部的吉林地区和东部的延边地区次之, 西部的白城地区、松原地区等地呈负增长。     

1985—2030年江西泰和县森林植被碳储量的时空动态

根据第6次森林清查小班数据,运用生物量转换因子法和平均生物量法估算了2003年江西省泰和县森林植被的生物量和碳储量,采用空间替代时间的方法,利用Logistic方程拟合了泰和主要森林类型年龄与碳密度的曲线关系,并结合小班轮伐信息,估算了全县1985—2003年的植被生物量和碳储量,分析了期间的时空动态特征,并以2003年为基准年,假定到2020、2030年泰和县森林植被面积保持稳定、且不考虑轮伐期,推算了此情景下2020、2030年泰和县植被碳储量.结果表明：2003年,泰和县森林林分总面积15.74×10⁴ hm²,总生物量6.71 Tg,植被碳储量4.14 Tg C,平均碳密度26.31 t C·hm^{- 2}. 1985、1994、2003、2020、2030年泰和县森林植被碳储量分别为1.06、2.83、4.14、5.65和6.35Tg C,森林植被碳密度的空间分布由东西部向中部递减.人工造林使泰和县林分面积大幅增加,全县森林植被的固碳能力明显增强.     

Quantifying above‐ and belowground biomass carbon loss with forest conversion in tropical lowlands of Sumatra (Indonesia)

Natural forests in South‐East Asia have been extensively converted into other land‐use systems in the past decades and still show high deforestation rates. Historically, lowland forests have been converted into rubber forests, but more recently, the dominant conversion is into oil palm plantations. While it is expected that the large‐scale conversion has strong effects on the carbon cycle, detailed studies quantifying carbon pools and total net primary production (NPP_total) in above‐ and belowground tree biomass in land‐use systems replacing rainforest (incl. oil palm plantations) are rare so far. We measured above‐ and belowground carbon pools in tree biomass together with NPP_total in natural old‐growth forests, ‘jungle rubber’ agroforests under natural tree cover, and rubber and oil palm monocultures in Sumatra. In total, 32 stands (eight plot replicates per land‐use system) were studied in two different regions. Total tree biomass in the natural forest (mean: 384 Mg ha^?1) was more than two times higher than in jungle rubber stands (147 Mg ha^?1) and >four times higher than in monoculture rubber and oil palm plantations (78 and 50 Mg ha^?1). NPP_total was higher in the natural forest (24 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) than in the rubber systems (20 and 15 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1), but was highest in the oil palm system (33 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) due to very high fruit production (15–20 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1). NPP_total was dominated in all systems by aboveground production, but belowground productivity was significantly higher in the natural forest and jungle rubber than in plantations. We conclude that conversion of natural lowland forest into different agricultural systems leads to a strong reduction not only in the biomass carbon pool (up to 166 Mg C ha^?1) but also in carbon sequestration as carbon residence time (i.e. biomass‐C:NPP‐C) was 3–10 times higher in the natural forest than in rubber and oil palm plantations.     

林业活动对区域森林生物量碳源汇格局的影响——以南平市为例

林业活动在一定程度上影响着区域森林的时空分布格局和碳汇/源功能。明确并量化林业活动对区域森林碳汇功能的影响与空间分布，对于区域森林碳汇提升和实现区域"碳中和"具有重要意义。以国家级生态示范区福建省南平市为例，以多期森林资源规划调查数据为基础，采用IPCC材积源-生物量法，基于土地利用类型的时空变化和林业活动类型划分，分类分析了南平市森林碳源和碳汇的空间分布特征，并量化了不同林业活动（一直保持为森林、人工造林、自然恢复、毁林和森林退化）对森林碳汇和碳源的影响。研究结果表明，2013年南平市森林碳储量总量为80.84Tg C，2020年森林碳储量总量增加至89.87Tg C，年均变化量为1.29Tg C/a （或4.73Tg CO₂/a）。平均胸径、公顷蓄积等林分因子是当前主要影响森林碳储量的因素。在其他影响因素中，暗红壤分布区的森林生物质碳密度较高而在水稻土分布区则较低；此外，高海拔、中等立地质量土地上的森林碳密度较高。对于不同林业活动，2013-2020年南平市一直保持为森林（森林经营）、自然恢复增加的天然林和人工造林分别使森林生物质碳储量增加了0.34Tg C/a、0.85Tg C/a和1.05Tg C/a，同期因毁林和森林退化导致森林生物质碳储量分别减少0.75Tg C/a和0.42Tg C/a，森林生物质碳储量净增加1.09Tg C/a （或3.98Tg CO₂/a），明显低于2013-2020森林碳储量净增量。对于土地利用变化较剧烈的区域，本文基于土地利用变化且区分林业活动路径的方法，能更准确地反映森林的碳汇和碳源及时空格局。2013-2020年间南平市一直保持为森林的生物质碳密度仅增长0.22Mg C hm^-2 a^-1，成熟林、过熟林面积占比增加使森林平均生长速率下降可能是主要原因。而同期通过自然恢复和人工造林使森林生物质碳密度分别增长4.00Mg C hm^-2 a^-1和4.10Mg C hm^-2 a^-1。优化龄组结构提升森林生长量、减少毁林和防止森林退化可以作为该区域未来森林增汇减排的有效举措。     

典型亚热带森林生态系统碳密度及储量空间变异特征

以浙江省森林生态系统为研究对象,基于GIS网格布点,采集了838个森林样地样本(土壤、枯落物等),结合浙江省森林资源监测中心相关数据,利用地统计学和Moran's I相结合的方法系统研究了浙江省森林生态系统碳密度及碳储量空间变异特征。结果表明:浙江省森林生态系统平均碳密度为145.22 t/hm~2,其中森林植被、土壤、枯落物和枯死木层碳密度分别为27.34、108.89、1.79、1.38 t/hm~2。克里格空间插值和局部Moran's I指数结果表明碳密度空间分布规律呈现从西南向东北方向逐渐递减的趋势,与浙江省地形、地势较为一致,受海拔、树龄、森林类型、台风气候等自然因素和人类活动共同影响。浙江省森林生态系统碳储量为877.19 Tg C,森林植被、土壤、枯落物和枯死木层碳储量分别为203.88、656.20、10.84、6.27 Tg C,分别占总碳储量的23%、75%、1.3%、0.7%。在浙江省森林生态系统碳储量空间分布格局中,土壤层是森林生态系统中最大的碳库,约是森林植被层的3.22倍,是整个浙江省森林生态系统碳储量最主要的贡献者。浙江省森林资源丰富,大多数森林仍处于中幼龄林阶段,碳密度水平较低,但是中幼龄林生长速度较快,加强对全省中幼龄林的健康管理,是未来整体提升浙江省森林生态系统固碳潜力的关键。     

1985-2030年江西泰和县森林植被碳储量的时空动态

根据第6次森林清查小班数据,运用生物量转换因子法和平均生物量法估算了2003年江西省泰和县森林植被的生物量和碳储量,采用空间替代时间的方法,利用Logistic方程拟合了泰和主要森林类型年龄与碳密度的曲线关系,并结合小班轮伐信息,估算了全县1985—2003年的植被生物量和碳储量,分析了期间的时空动态特征,并以2003年为基准年,假定到2020、2030年泰和县森林植被面积保持稳定、且不考虑轮伐期,推算了此情景下2020、2030年泰和县植被碳储量.结果表明：2003年,泰和县森林林分总面积15.74×10⁴ hm²,总生物量6.71 Tg,植被碳储量4.14 Tg C,平均碳密度26.31 t C·hm^{- 2}. 1985、1994、2003、2020、2030年泰和县森林植被碳储量分别为1.06、2.83、4.14、5.65和6.35Tg C,森林植被碳密度的空间分布由东西部向中部递减.人工造林使泰和县林分面积大幅增加,全县森林植被的固碳能力明显增强.     

基于森林清查资料的河南省森林植被碳储量动态变化

利用1994—1998年、1999—2003年、2004—2008年、2009—2013年河南省4期森林资源清查数据,运用生物量转换因子连续函数法和平均生物量法,估算了1998—2013年河南省森林植被的碳储量和碳密度变化。研究结果表明,河南省森林植被碳储量由1998年的45.57 Tg增加到2013年的107.98 Tg,年均碳汇量为4.16 Tg/a。乔木林碳储量和碳密度分别由1998年的33.54 Tg和22.39 Mg/hm~2增加到2013年的97.11 Tg和31.80 Mg/hm~2。乔木林碳储量在所有植被类型中占主体,4个森林清查时期乔木林碳储量占森林植被总碳储量的比例分别为73.60%、79.22%、85.63%和89.93%。2013年森林清查时,乔木林中杨树和栎类碳储量最大,分别占总碳储量的37.61%和25.22%,各龄组乔木林碳密度大小顺序依次为成熟林近熟林中龄林过熟林幼龄林。阔叶林面积、碳储量、碳密度均高于针叶林,阔叶林是河南省森林碳汇的主要贡献者。人工林面积、碳储量、碳密度增加幅度都要高于天然林,人工林碳储量由1998年的9.62 Tg增加到2013年的55.67 Tg,占乔木林碳储量总增量的77.15%,人工林碳密度由1998年的17.86 Mg/hm~2提高到2013年的32.01 Mg/hm~2,人工林在河南省森林碳汇中逐步发挥重要的作用,逐渐成为河南省森林碳汇的主体,随着人工林生长为具有较高碳密度的成熟林,河南省乔木林将具有较大的碳汇潜力。     

2004-2013年山东省森林碳储量及其碳汇经济价值

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,其林分碳储量及其碳汇经济价值的估算是全球碳循环研究的热点和重要内容。基于2004-2008年和2009-2013年山东省森林资源清查数据以及实测样地数据改进的生物量蓄积量转换参数,利用生物量转换因子连续函数法,估算2004-2013年山东省森林碳储量及其碳汇经济价值动态。研究结果表明,2004-2013年山东省森林面积、碳储量和碳密度分别从2004-2008年的156.12×10⁴hm²、34.75Tg C和22.26Mg C/hm²增加到2009-2013年161.44×10⁴hm²、43.98Tg C和27.24Mg C/hm²。人工林是森林面积、碳储量和碳密度增加的主要贡献者,人工林和天然林对森林生物量碳汇的贡献分别为97.3%和2.7%。两次森林清查期间,杨树和硬阔软阔类森林的碳储量之和分别占全省总量的70.2%和69.6%,杨树的碳储量和碳密度增加最为显著。各龄组森林碳储量由大到小依次为：幼龄林 > 中龄林 > 成熟林 > 近熟林 > 过熟林。森林碳汇经济价值从2004-2008年的243.37亿元增长到2009-2013年的253.42亿元,年均增长2.01亿元,杨树的碳汇经济价值占全省所有森林类型的60%,赤松单位面积碳汇经济价值最强为2.08万元/ha。     

Drought-induced increase in tree mortality and corresponding decrease in the carbon sink capacity of Canada's boreal forests from 1970 to 2020

Canada's boreal forests, which occupy approximately 30% of boreal forests worldwide, play an important role in the global carbon budget. However, there is little quantitative information available regarding the spatiotemporal changes in the drought-induced tree mortality of Canada's boreal forests overall and their associated impacts on biomass carbon dynamics. Here, we develop spatiotemporally explicit estimates of drought-induced tree mortality and corresponding biomass carbon sink capacity changes in Canada's boreal forests from 1970 to 2020. We show that the average annual tree mortality rate is approximately 2.7%. Approximately 43% of Canada's boreal forests have experienced significantly increasing tree mortality trends (71% of which are located in the western region of the country), and these trends have accelerated since 2002. This increase in tree mortality has resulted in significant biomass carbon losses at an approximate rate of 1.51 ± 0.29 MgC ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (95% confidence interval) with an approximate total loss of 0.46 ± 0.09 PgC year⁻¹ (95% confidence interval). Under the drought condition increases predicted for this century, the capacity of Canada's boreal forests to act as a carbon sink will be further reduced, potentially leading to a significant positive climate feedback effect.