牛磺熊去氧胆酸的合成进展

牛磺熊去氧胆酸是由熊去氧胆酸的羧基和牛磺酸的氨基之间缩水而形成的结合型胆汁酸。主要介绍了目前四种牛磺熊去氧胆酸合成方法,并对四种方法的优缺点进行了全面的评价,从而为牛磺熊去氧胆酸的合理开发和利用提供思路。     

转化石胆酸为熊去氧胆酸的菌种筛选和产物鉴定

筛选到一株泡木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)90-9菌株,它能转化石胆酸(Lithocholic acid)为熊去氧胆酸(Ursodeoxycholic acid).该菌转化0.1%(W/V)石胆酸96h,熊去氧胆酸重量收率为38.1%.经各项理化性质,包括熔点、比旋值、红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱和元素分析等项鉴定,证明产物为熊去氧胆酸.     

紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的研究

本文研究了用紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的实验条件和方法。     

熊去氧胆酸的微生物转化条件及其制备

从416株泡木贼镰刀菌中,筛选出一株92-5菌株,它能在30℃转化石胆酸为熊去氧胆酸.研究了该菌株的最适转化条件,在该条件下,熊去氧胆酸的重量收率为42.3%.建立了适于工业化生产的产物分离制备方法.     

胆汁,胆酸和胆汁酸

胆汁、胆酸和胆汁酸这３个名词看起来非常相似,但又存在着质的不同。３者之间既相互区别又相互联系,为了使大家能更好地理解和掌握这３个概念的实质和异同,我就简略的从以下几方面进行分析。１胆汁是人体或脊椎动物的肝细胞连续分泌的产物,胆汁分泌出来后,可先贮存于...     

三株梭菌通过生物转化形成熊去氧胆酸的研究

用改进的薄层层析法定量测定了三株厌氧梭菌——产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfr-ingens)HS-10、丁酸梭菌(C.butyrium)DL-20和LQ-29形成熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)的生物转化能力,并用正交法确定了HS-10菌株的最佳转化条件。发现该菌株在含O．2mmol／L鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)的RCM培养基中培养6-48小时内,UDCA转化率均在80％以上。而且,当CDCA的浓度高达0．8-1．0 mmol／L时,其转化率仍在70％以上。此外,还初步发现未加任何营养成分的豆腐废水也可作为良好的转化培养基。本文是这两种菌能单独将CDCA 转化为UDCA的首次报道。     

熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化临床观察

目的探讨熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床效果。方法选取某医院于2014年7月至2015年7月收治的原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者98例作为临床研究对象,随机将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组49例。两组患者均给予基础治疗,之后对照组患者采用通胆汤进行治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上加用熊去氧胆酸进行治疗。比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果根据分析结果,观察组患者的完全反应率明显高于对照组,并且肝功能指标明显优于对照组,比较结果具有显著差异性(P0.05)。结论熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床效果良好,值得推广使用。     

肠道细菌相关代谢产物脱氧胆酸的 量效和时效对秀丽隐杆线虫生长发育的影响

目的观察脱氧胆酸对线虫生存和生长发育的影响,了解脱氧胆酸的作用。方法实验对象分为对照组和实验组,其中实验组分为低浓度组、中浓度组和高浓度组。将L1期线虫放于实验组中培养48 h后观察不同浓度的脱氧胆酸对线虫生长的影响,在D0期(幼年成虫期)、D4期(线虫成年后第4天)、D6期(线虫成年后第6天)观察不同浓度的脱氧胆酸对线虫运动能力、抗感染能力、寿命和生殖能力的影响。结果不同浓度的脱氧胆酸对线虫生长的影响未见明显差异。在不同时间、不同浓度脱氧胆酸的作用下,线虫运动能力随着剂量的增加和时间的延长而降低,中高浓度脱氧胆酸可缩短线虫的寿命和降低抗感染能力,并呈剂量依赖性。高浓度的脱氧胆酸可以减少线虫的子代及缩短线虫的产卵时间。结论脱氧胆酸不影响线虫的生长。大剂量的脱氧胆酸对线虫可能存在量效和时效的生殖毒性作用和慢性毒性作用,缩短线虫的寿命,降低线虫的运动及抗感染能力,其作用机制仍需进一步研究。     

用ST-EPR研究胆酸对F_1-F_0在F_1-F_0复合体中慢运动的影响

本文比较了经胆酸处理和对照样品的马未酰亚胺自旋标记的F_1-F_0酶复合体的ST-EPR波谱, 二者波谱呈现明显不同的形态.经胆酸处理的复台体中F_h-F_0酶蛋白的波谱参数L”/L’,C’/C,H”/H较对照样品明显增大.选用参数L”/L’计算其相关时间τ_c,得出对照的F_1-F_0酶蛋白的τ_e为5.5×10~(-5)秒而经胆酸处理的F_1-F_0酶蛋白的τ_e为1×10~(-4)秒.表明胆酸处理的样品中酶蛋白运动大大减慢.因此推测胆酸可能通过增加F_1-F_0酶蛋白在膜脂中的旋转运动相关时间,减慢其运动速率,来抑制Mg~2 对F_1-F_0酶水解活力的激活作用的.     

牛磺胆酸作用下副溶血弧菌全基因组比较转录谱的表达分析

目的利用DNA芯片技术研究副溶血弧菌对牛磺胆酸刺激反应的全局性基因转录变化概况,找出其中的表达调控变化规律,为副溶血弧菌基因转录调控网络的构建提供实验和理论依据。方法副溶血弧菌分别在正常和添加了50mmol／L牛磺胆酸的培养基中孵育至对数中期,收集菌体,提取RNA,利用全基因组DNA芯片分析比较两者基因转录变化。并应用聚类分析比较其中的变化规律。结果比较转录谱分析证实一共有255个基因的转录表达发生显著性变化,和对照组相比,上调的基因明显占主导优势。而在这些变化的基因中,关于蛋白合成和硫代谢以及谷氨酸合成相关的基因均呈现明显的转录上调变化。结论我们利用DNA芯片技术描绘出了副溶血弧菌在添加牛磺胆酸后全部基因转录水平变化的概图,并发现了蛋白合成,硫代谢和谷氨酸合成相关的基因的变化规律,这给我们下一步的转录调控网络研究提供了良好的靶标。     

Formation of cholic acid via 3 alpha, 7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid in the dog.

The proposed cholic precursor, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-[3H]cholestan-26-oic acid, and [14C]cholesterol were infused intravenously at a constant rate into two dogs for 25 days. If the specific activities of trihydroxy[3H]cholestanoic acid and [3H]cholic acid will be equal after an isotopic steady-state is achieved. The specific activities of [14C]deoxycholic acid (formed from [14C]cholic acid) isolated in the stool of these two dogs were equal the last four days of the infusion indicating that labeled deoxycholic acid (and presumably labeled cholic acid) was in an isotopic steady-state. However, the specific activities of trihydroxy[3H]cholestanoic acid were 3.3 and 5.7 times greater than the specific activities of [3H]cholic acid, respectively. These data suggest that either an alternate route of cholic acid synthesis exists exclusive of trihydroxycholestanoic acid or that an isotopic steady state of trihydroxycholestanoic acid cannot be reached during an infusion of labeled trihydroxycholestanoic acid.     

Towards Squalamine Mimics: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Head‐to‐Tail Dimeric Sterol?Polyamine Conjugates

Four dimeric sterol? polyamine conjugates have been synthesized from the homo‐ and hetero‐connection of monomeric sterol? polyamine analogs in a head‐to‐tail manner. These dimeric conjugates show strong antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram‐positive bacteria, whereas their corresponding activities against Gram‐negative bacteria are relatively moderate. Though no significant difference was observed in the activities of these conjugates, cholic acid‐containing dimeric conjugates generally exhibit higher activities than the corresponding deoxycholic acid‐derived analogs. This is in contrast to the finding that a monomeric deoxycholic acid‐spermine conjugate was more active than the corresponding cholic acid‐derived analog.     

Mechanism of intestinal 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic acid: evidence that allo-deoxycholic acid is an inducible side-product

We previously reported that the 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic acid appears to be carried out by a multi-step pathway in intestinal anaerobic bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. The pathway is hypothesized to involve an initial oxidation of the 3 alpha-hydroxy group and the introduction of a double bond at C4-C5 generating a 3-oxo-4-cholenoic bile acid intermediate. The loss of water generates a 3-oxo-4,6-choldienoic bile acid which is reduced (three steps) yielding deoxycholic acid. We synthesized, in radiolabel, the following putative bile acid intermediates of this pathway 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic acid, 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acid, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-4,6-choldienoic acid, and 12 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic acid and showed that they could be converted to 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (deoxycholic acid) by whole cells or cell extracts of Eubacterium sp. VPI 12708. During studies of this pathway, we discovered the accumulation of two unidentified bile acid intermediates formed from cholic acid. These bile acids were purified by thin-layer chromatography and identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as 12 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-5 alpha-cholanoic acid and 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholanoic (allo-deoxycholic acid). Allo-deoxycholic acid was formed only in cell extracts prepared from bacteria induced by cholic acid, suggesting that their formation may be a branch of the cholic acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation pathway in this bacterium.     

BILIARY BILE ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PHYSETERIDAE (SPERM WHALES)

Abstract: The bile acid composition of bile obtained from the hepatopancreatic ducts of three species of sperm whales (Cetacea: Physeteridae) was investigated. Bile acids were isolated by adsorption chromatography and analyzed by sequential HPLC, SIMS, and GLC-MS. In each species the dominant bile acids were deoxycholic acid (a secondary bile acid formed by bacterial 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid), and chenodeoxycholic acid (a primary bile acid) which together composed more than 86% of biliary bile acids in all three species. In Physeter catodon (sperm whale) deoxycholic acid constituted 79%, and in Kogia breviceps (pygmy sperm whale) it was 61% of biliary bile acids. The sperm whale, which differs from other whales in having a remnant of a large intestine, is the second mammal identified to date in which deoxycholic acid is the predominant bile acid. The high proportion of deoxycholic acid indicates that in the Physeteridae, anaerobic fermentation occurs in its cecum, and that bile acids undergo enterohepatic cycling. Also found were minor proportions of cholic acid, as well as bacterial derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid (ursodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and the 12β-epimer of allo-deoxycholic acid). Bile acids were conjugated with taurine in all species; however, in the sperm whale ( Physeter ) glycine conjugates were present in trace proportions. The bile acid hydroxylation pattern (12α- but not 6α-hydroxylation), lack of primary 5α- (allo) bile acids, and presence of glycine conjugated bile acids suggests the possibility that sperm whales originated from ancient artiodactyls.     

24-nor-5β-chol-22-enes derived from the major bile acids by oxidative decarboxylation

The preparation of 24-nor-5β-chol-22-enes from formyloxy-5β-cholanic acids by oxidative decarboxylation with lead tetraacetate is described. NMR data is presented with other physical constants for the norcholenes derived from cholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, hyodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acids. The facile synthesis of these norcholenes demonstrates the applicability of the formyloxy protecting group to oxidative decarboxylations in the bile acid series.     

Effects of bile acids and lectins on immunoglobulin production in rat mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes

Summary We investigated the effect of bile acids either alone or in combination with lectins on immunoglobulin (Ig) production in vitro of rat mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes to examine their immunoregulatory activities. Among free bile acids examined, chenodeoxycholic acid stimulated IgE production by MLN lymphocytes and inhibited IgA production at the concentration of 0.3 mM, whereas cholic and deoxycholic acids exerted the comparable effect at 3 mM. Among conjugated bile acids, deoxycholic acid derivatives stimulated IgE production more strongly than cholic acid derivatives. On the other hand, free and conjugated bile acids did not affect IgG production. The IgE production by MLN lymphocytes was stimulated by concanavalin A and inhibited by pokeweed mitogen, and the effect of phytohemmagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide was marginal. These lectins did not affect IgA and IgG production by the lymphocytes. In the presence of lectins, free bile acids affected IgE production at 0.03 mM. These results suggest the possibility that bile acid is a stimulant for food allergy.     

Chemical synthesis of bile acid acyl-adenylates and formation by a rat liver microsomal fraction

In mammals, unconjugated bile acids formed in the intestine by bacterial deconjugation are reconjugated (N-acylamidated) with taurine or glycine during hepatocyte transport. Activation of the carboxyl group of bile acids to form acyl-adenylates is a likely key intermediate step in bile acid N-acylamidation. To gain more insight into the process of bile acid adenylate formation, we first synthesized the adenylates of five common, natural bile acids (cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, and lithocholic acid), and confirmed their structure by proton NMR. We then investigated adenylate formation by subcellular fractions of rat liver (microsomes, mitochondria, cytosol) using a newly developed LC method for quantifying adenylate formation. The highest activity was observed in the microsomal fraction. The reaction required Mg²⁺ and its optimum pH was about pH 7.0. In term of maximum velocity (V_max) and the Michaelis constant (K_m), the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme under the conditions used was highest with cholic acid of the bile acids tested. The formation of cholyl-adenylate was strongly inhibited by lithocholic and deoxycholic acid, as well as by palmitic acid; ibuprofen and valproic acid were weak inhibitors. In cholestatic disease, such adenylate formation might lead to subsequent bile acid conjugation with glutathione or proteins.     

Sterol and bile acid metabolism during development. 1. Studies on the gallbladder and intestinal bile acids of newborn and fetal rabbit

Bile acid composition and content in the intestine and gallbladder of newborn and fetal rabbits were investigated. Unlike the circumstances in adult rabbits, the bile acids were conjugated with both taurine and glycine. The major bile acids of the fetus and newborn rabbit were cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. This is different from the known bile acid composition of adult rabbits, in which deoxycholic acid is the major bile acid (> 80%). The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid was higher in the fetal than in the newborn tissues. The total bile acid pool in the newborn was higher than in the fetus. In the fetus, large proportions of bile acids (60.9%) were associated with the gallbladder fraction, whereas in the newborn the bulk of the bile acids were found with the intestinal fraction (64.4%),     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bile acids. Development of two-dimensional NMR methods for the elucidation of proton resonance assignments for five common hydroxylated bile acids, and their parent bile acid, 5 beta-cholanoic acid

The complete 1H nuclear magnetic resonance assignments have been made for the common mono-, di-, and trihydroxy 5 beta-cholanoic acids; lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and the unsubstituted parent compound, 5 beta-cholanoic acid, by heteronuclear-correlated two-dimensional NMR. The known 13C chemical shifts of these compounds were used to make the proton resonance assignments, and consistency of the carbon and proton assignments was verified by expected changes due to substituent effects. This has led to clarification of previously published 13C NMR resonance assignments. Addition of the 3 alpha, 7 alpha, and 12 alpha hydroxyl substituent effects derived from the mono- and dihydroxycholanoic acids yielded predicted values for proton chemical shifts of the trihydroxy-substituted 5 beta-cholanoic acid, cholic acid, that agreed well with experimental values. It is suggested that the individual substituent effects can be used to predict proton chemical shifts for hydroxycholanic acids containing other combinations of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 7 beta, and 12 alpha hydroxyl groups.     

Ingestion of difructose anhydride III partially suppresses the deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation of bile acids in rats fed with a cholic acid-supplemented diet

Difructose anhydride III (DFAIII) is a prebiotic involved in the reduction of secondary bile acids (BAs). We investigated whether DFAIII modulates BA metabolism, including enterohepatic circulation, in the rats fed with a diet supplemented with cholic acid (CA), one of the 12α-hydroxylated BAs. After acclimation, the rats were fed with a control diet or a diet supplemented with DFAIII. After 2 weeks, each group was further divided into two groups and was fed diet with or without CA supplementation at 0.5 g/kg diet. BA levels were analyzed in aortic and portal plasma, liver, intestinal content, and feces. As a result, DFAIII ingestion reduced the fecal deoxycholic acid level via the partial suppression of deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation of BAs following CA supplementation. These results suggest that DFAIII suppresses production of deoxycholic acid in conditions of high concentrations of 12α-hydroxylated BAs in enterohepatic circulation, such as obesity or excess energy intake.

Abbreviation: BA: bile acid; BSH: bile salt hydrolase; CA: cholic acid; DCA: deoxycholic acid; DFAIII: difructose anhydride III; MCA: muricholic acid; MS: mass spectrometry; NCDs: non-communicable diseases; LC: liquid chromatography; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; TCA: taurocholic acid; TCDCA: taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA: taurodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: tauroursodeoxychlic acid; TαMCA: tauro-α-muricholic acid; TβMCA: tauro-β-muricholic acid; TωMCA: tauro-ω-muricholic acid