长江口附近海域大型底栖动物群落特征

利用2002年9月在长江口附近海域进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品,采用物种优势度计算方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER,研究了该海域大型底栖动物群落的优势种组成和物种多样性、生物量和丰度、群落等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量MDS标序以及群落受污染扰动情况。本次调查共获得长江口附近海域大型底栖动物154种,其中多毛类环节动物60种,甲壳动物30种,软体动物28种,棘皮动物25种,其它类群动物11种。群落中优势种的地位都不明显,只有虫(Listriolobussp.)、豆形短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pinnotheroidesWhite)、拟单指虫(Cossurella dimorphaHartman)为相对重要的种类。栖息种数、平均生物量和丰度以及3个多样性指数H′、D和J的空间分布无明显的规律,在122°E以东海域呈不连续的斑块或镶嵌状分布。群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,20个取样站的群落结构相似性程度都非常低,为10%-30%,仅有A12和E4两个站Bray-Curtis相似性系数达到50%。ABC曲线表明,近长江口的A4站和A14站的底栖动物群落已有受到一定程度的轻微污染扰动的趋势;而距长江口较远的P9和P5两站ABC曲线状况正常,表明该处的大型底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰。     

水体富营养化对大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的影响

在武汉东湖营养水平不同的四个湖区,对大型底栖动物的群落结构和物种多样性进行周年研究。大型底栖动物的物种多样性与营养水平呈相反趋势,富营养化导致多样性明显降低。研究还表明,霍甫水丝蚓的密度与水体营养水平呈正相关系,在超富营养水体中其密度最高,年平均350ind./m^2,最高可达1052ind./m^2,这与其能忍受由于富营养导致的低氧环境有关;而在中营养水体中平均密度仅2.7ind./m^2。首讨论了中国长足摇蚊与水体营养水平的关系,研究结果显示,中国长足摇蚊应属超营养水体的提示种,但其耐受性较霍甫水丝蚓差。     

安徽南漪湖大型底栖动物群落结构

2002年7月至2004年7月,对安徽南漪湖12个采样点的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,共获得大型底栖动物39种,隶属于3门28属。大型底栖动物的现存量在2003年冬季出现最高值,密度最低值出现在2004年夏季。软体动物的现存量占绝对优势,其优势种为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、铜锈环棱螺(B.aeruginosa)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数和Pielou指数的年均值分别为0.83、0.51和0.77。南漪湖西部物种数、物种多样性、现存量均较东部高。建闸蓄水后,南漪湖的环境发生了很大的改变,随水深增加,大型底栖动物的现存量呈明显下降的趋势。     

太浦河大型底栖动物群落组成及时空分布特征

太浦河连接东太湖和黄浦江,是东太湖向下游行洪的主河道,也是黄浦江上游重要的引水水源。分别于2017年10月、12月和2018年3月、6月在太浦河沿程设置的5个站点开展了大型底栖动物季节频次的取样调研,分析了太浦河大型底栖动物群落的结构特征及其主要影响因子。调查期间共采集到大型底栖动物25种,隶属于3门6纲14科,其中以河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）为代表的双壳类和以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为代表的腹足类处优势地位。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的密度、生物量及多样性特征在不同站点间均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;而在不同季节间均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。聚类排序分析表明,太浦河大型底栖动物群落在空间上的差异较季节间的变化更为明显。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的物种组成特征与太浦河、东太湖的水文连通格局密切相关;而沿程不同程度人为干扰下的水体营养水平以及底质类型与生境异质性等生境条件对太浦河大型底栖动物群落的分布特征具有重要影响,其综合作用机理有待进一步研究。     

胶州湾潮下带大型底栖动物群落的季节变化

胶州湾位于山东半岛南岸, 是黄海深入内陆的半封闭天然海湾, 底栖动物种类丰富。本文根据2014年2、5、8和11月4个航次(冬、春、夏、秋)的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(NMDS)方法, 分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落的季节变化特点。各航次共采集大型底栖动物199种, 其中多毛类79种, 甲壳动物47种, 软体动物40种, 棘皮动物17种, 其他类群16种。各季度优势种有变化亦有重叠, 以多毛类为主。2014年度胶州湾大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为209.85 ind./m², 最高丰度出现在秋季, 最低出现在春季; 年平均生物量为79.22 g/m², 最高生物量出现在夏季, 最低出现在春季。物种多样性指数(H')变化范围为2.16-2.86, 物种丰富度指数(D)变化范围为2.79-3.72, 物种均匀度指数(J)变化范围为0.58-0.82。聚类分析结果显示, 4个航次的群落相似性系数均较低, 分布格局存在季节性变化。近年来, 伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 胶州湾底栖生境的稳定性受到一定的威胁, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 探索有效的综合治理措施, 使胶州湾海洋生态系统能够持续健康的发展。     

长江口北支大型底栖动物群落周年变化特征

分析了长江口北支滩涂大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性变化特征。共采集大型底栖动物78种,包括环节动物7种、软体动物23种、节肢动物28种、脊索动物18种、其它两种,全年优势种有8种。密度为0.08 ind/m^2（1月）-1.24 ind/m^2（7月）,生物量为0.006 g/m^2（2月）-0.58 g/m^2（5月）,Margalef丰富度指数（D）为0.82（1月）-3.88（7月）,Pielou均匀度指数（J）为0.60（9月）-0.86（1月）,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H＇）为1.59（2月）-2.76（10月）。底栖动物密度与环境因子进行相关性分析显示,北支潮间带的大型底栖动物群落按照盐度、沉积特征等不同可分为3组,盐度和温度是影响底栖动物群落分布的主导因子。     

洋山港潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2009-2010年在洋山港海域大洋山岛和圣姑礁进行四个季度潮间带大型底栖动物生态学研究。共采集到大型底栖动物61种,以广布种为主,部分为河口低盐种,其中软体动物22种,环节动物16种,节肢动物12种,苔藓动物5种,腔肠动物4种,星虫动物和棘皮动物各1种。优势种为短滨螺(Littorina brevicula)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)、齿纹蜒螺(Nerita yoldii)和特异大权蟹(Macromedaeus distinguendus)。丰度和生物量在不同季节明显不同(P<0.05):丰度的最高值出现在春季,为(3204.9±837.84)个/m²,最低值出现在秋季,仅为(2213.2±731.27)个/m²;生物量的最高值则出现在夏季(2233.2±1493.42)g/m²,冬季最少,仅为(819.95±484.80) g/m²。大洋山岛和圣姑礁的丰度和生物量具有较大差异(P<0.05):年均丰度以大洋山断面较高,为(3090±742.74)个/m²,圣姑礁断面较低,为(2133±372.51)个/m²;而年均生物量则以圣姑礁断面较高,为(1711.1±1180.76) g/m²,大洋山断面较低,仅为(1028.5±627.61) g/m²。运用ABC曲线、等级聚类和MDS对大型底栖动物群落结构分析发现:大洋山潮带间大型底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰或干扰较轻,群落结构相对稳定;而圣姑礁断面的潮间带大型底栖动物群落受到了中度的干扰,群落结构稳定性下降。与15年前的研究相比,圣姑礁大型底栖动物的密度和生物量均有大幅度的降低,这与洋山港海域盐度的升高、生态环境变化和人为干扰强度增加等有关。     

南沙群岛渚碧礁大型底栖动物群落特征

利用2002年5月12日至5月21日在南沙群岛渚碧礁用轻潜水(SCUBA)方法于该礁盘不同位置设立的4个定量取样站采集的调查资料,采用IRI指数、ABC曲线方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER对渚碧礁大型底栖动物进行等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量MDS标序,研究群落结构格局以及用Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数分析物种多样性和群落种类组成的相似程度,对渚碧礁大型底栖动物的群落结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:调查获得渚碧礁调查站大型底栖动物总种数314种,平均栖息密度为357.94个/m2,平均生物量为64.85g/m2;群落中主要的重要种或优势种为粗糙毛壳蟹(Pilodius scabriculus)和鼓虾(Alpheus spp.),但IRI指数相对较低;群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,4个取样站的群落结构非常相似,Bray-Curtis相似性系数达到80%以上。     

乐清湾红树林和光滩大型底栖动物群落比较研究

2004年5月,对浙江乐清西门岛的人工红树林及周边滩涂进行大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物18种,隶属6门7纲15科;主要是软体动物,节肢动物和环节动物.底上生活类群(groupofsurface,GS)种类数少于底内生活类群(group of surface below,GSB)种类数.通过在红树林、幼红树林和光滩三种生境的调查发现,幼红树林群落结构组成介于红树林和光滩之间,三种生境的大型底栖动物密度分别为452ind·m^-2,310ind·m^-2,620ind·m^-2,生物量分别为40.53g·m^-2,44.80g·m^-2和42.75g·m^-2.红树林区底栖动物的优势种为可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta和难解不等蛤Enigmonia aenigmatica.三种生境中,红树林的生物多样性和均匀度最高,优势度最小,造成这个现象的原因可能与红树林生境的复杂化有关.     

2011-2020年长江口大型底栖动物群落结构变化趋势

对2011—2020年夏季长江口48个站位的大型底栖动物定量监测数据进行统计分析,研究长江口海域底栖生物群落时空结构演变特征。结果表明,近10年长江口海域共鉴定大型底栖动物284种,其中多毛类128种,占总种数的45.1%,甲壳类64种占22.2%,软体动物56种占19.7%,棘皮动物16种占5.6%,其他类合计20种。平均生物密度为(79.5±45.9)个/m²(年份变幅14.7—195个/m²)。平均生物量为(5.20±3.25)g/m²(年份变幅1.01—10.11g/m²),多毛类、软体动物、甲壳类是生物密度和生物量组成的主要类群。十年期间种类数、生物密度和生物量均呈现明显上升趋势,口外区贡献最突出。四个监测区域(南支、北支、杭州湾、口外)的优势种差异大。丝异须虫Heteromastus filiformis在各年份的优势种中出现的频度显著最大。总体来看,长江口监测区域大型底栖动物群落自然演变趋势向好。三项多样性指数统计结果表明,口外区大型底栖动物种类组成多样性水平显著高于口内三个区。生物群...     

Benthic macroinvertebrate distributions in the riffle-pool communities of two east Texas streams

The benthic macroinvertebrate riffle-pool communities of two east Texas streams were sampled monthly for a period of one year. In contrast to previous studies in primarily upland areas, pools in Alazan Creek and Bernaldo Bayou contained significantly higher densities and biomass, as well as a significantly higher diversity and number of taxa. The majority of taxa collected could be characterized as pool adapted organisms, with the Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata having greater numbers in pools. Perlesta, Baetis, and Cheumatopsyche were the only genera to have significant numbers in riffles at both sampling sites. A greater number of taxa were restricted to pools at both sampling locations, and although an unstable, sandy substrate was a factor in limiting colonization of riffles, riffles were not as productive as pools even in the presence of suitable substrate conditions. A cluster analysis based on similarity indices indicated that like habitats between streams were more similar to each other, than were adjacent riffle-pool complexes within streams.     

The response of stream macroinvertebrates to substrate size and heterogeneity

Manipulations of substrate size and components of heterogeneity were designed to test their independent effects and interactions on the abundance and species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Two components of substrate heterogeneity, variation in size class proportions and number of size classes, had no independent effect on abundance or richness; and in general did not interact with median particle size. Median particle size, stream current, and detritus accounted for most of the significant variation in macroinvertebrates colonizing the experimental substrates. Rocks with high surface heterogeneity (roughness) were colonized by more individuals (but not taxa) than rocks with low surface heterogeneity.     

The stability–diversity relationship in stream macroinvertebrates: influences of sampling effects and habitat complexity

1. Theory predicts that the stability of a community should increase with diversity. However, despite increasing interest in the topic, most studies have focused on aggregate community properties (e.g. biomass, productivity) in small‐scale experiments, while studies using observational field data on realistic scales to examine the relationship between diversity and compositional stability are surprisingly rare. 2. We examined the diversity–stability relationship of stream invertebrate communities based on a 4‐year data set from boreal headwater streams, using among‐year similarity in community composition (Bray–Curtis coefficient) as our measure of compositional stability. We related stability to species richness and key environmental factors that may affect the diversity–stability relationship (stream size, habitat complexity, productivity and flow variability) using simple and partial regressions. 3. In simple regressions, compositional stability was positively related to species richness, stream size, productivity and habitat complexity, but only species richness and habitat complexity were significantly related to stability in partial regressions. There was, however, a strong relationship between species richness and abundance. When abundance was controlled for through re‐sampling, stability was unrelated to species richness, indicating that sampling effects were the predominant mechanism producing the positive stability–diversity relationship. By contrast, the relationship between stability and habitat complexity (macrophyte cover) became even stronger when the influence of community abundance was controlled for. Habitat complexity is thus a key factor enhancing community stability in headwater streams.     

The efficacy of DNA barcoding in the classification,genetic differentiation,and biodiversity assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates

Macroinvertebrates have been recognized as key ecological indicators of aquatic environment and are the most commonly used approaches for water quality assessment. However, species identification of macroinvertebrates (especially of aquatic insects) proves to be very difficult due to the lack of taxonomic expertise in some regions and can become time‐consuming. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of DNA barcoding for the classification of benthic macroinvertebrates and investigated the genetic differentiation in seven orders (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata) from four large transboundary rivers of northwest China and further explored its potential application to biodiversity assessment. A total of 1,144 COI sequences, belonging to 176 species, 112 genera, and 53 families were obtained and analyzed. The barcoding gap analysis showed that COI gene fragment yielded significant intra‐ and interspecific divergences and obvious barcoding gaps. NJ phylogenetic trees showed that all species group into monophyletic species clusters whether from the same population or not, except two species (Polypedilum. laetum and Polypedilum. bullum). The distance‐based (ABGD) and tree‐based (PTP and MPTP) methods were utilized for grouping specimens into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and delimiting species. The ABGD, PTP, and MPTP analysis were divided into 177 (p = .0599), 197, and 195 OTUs, respectively. The BIN analysis generated 186 different BINs. Overall, our study showed that DNA barcoding offers an effective framework for macroinvertebrate species identification and sheds new light on the biodiversity assessment of local macroinvertebrates. Also, the construction of DNA barcode reference library of benthic macroinvertebrates in Eurasian transboundary rivers provides a solid backup for bioassessment studies of freshwater habitats using modern high‐throughput technologies in the near future.     

Spatial heterogeneity reduces temporal variability in stream insect communities

Although all natural systems are heterogeneous, the direct influence of spatial heterogeneity on most ecological variables is unknown. In many systems, spatial heterogeneity is positively correlated with both microhabitat refugia and species richness. Both an increased number of microhabitat refugia and the effects of statistical averaging via increased species richness should lead to an inverse relationship between spatial heterogeneity and variability in community composition. To test this prediction, I measured diversity and temporal variability of invertebrate communities in a northern New Hampshire stream along a natural gradient of spatial heterogeneity formed by variation in stream substrates. On average, there was a 42% decrease in community variability along a gradient of increasing heterogeneity. This pattern was robust to changes in metrics of both heterogeneity and community variability. There was also a significant positive relationship between taxon richness and spatial heterogeneity with predicted taxon richness increasing c. 1.5× along the heterogeneity gradient. By resampling community abundance data, I estimated that statistical averaging accounted for only 4% of the observed decrease in community variability in this study. I concluded that the remaining decrease was very likely explained by a greater number of refugia from predation and/or flooding in high‐heterogeneity habitats. The results of this study suggest that maximizing heterogeneity in ecological restoration programmes may promote temporally stable and diverse communities and may aid in responsible management of aquatic resources.     

Relationships between stream macroinvertebrates and environmental variables at multiple spatial scales

1. Aquatic communities are structured by multiple forces, and identifying the driving factors over multispatial scales is an important research issue. The East Asian monsoon region is globally one of the richest environments in terms of biodiversity, and is undergoing rapid human development, yet the river ecosystems in this region have not been well studied. We applied a hierarchical framework to incorporate regional and local environmental effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities in this region. The knowledge gained is expected to improve the understanding of the importance of spatial scale on regional and local diversity in the East Asian monsoon region. 2. A national data set of benthic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables (geographical, land‐use, hydrological, substratum and physicochemical elements) in Korean rivers was used to determine the habitat preferences of macroinvertebrates. 3. Latitude, proportion of forest coverage, riffle habitat, silt substratum and temperature were the most important determinants for the ordinations of macroinvertebrate communities in each category evaluated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The optimal habitats for stream macroinvertebrates are not the same for all species, and overall community metrics and abundance of sensitive species tended to be lower in open agricultural and urban streams than in forested streams. The sensitivity of mayflies and stoneflies to anthropogenic disturbances implicated them as good indicators to assess the effects of urban and agricultural activities. 4. A partial CCA was used to evaluate the relative importance of macrohabitat and microhabitat variables on community composition at three spatial scales (whole country, the large Han River basin and two small sub‐basins in the lowlands and highlands). The majority of community variation (17–22% for each environmental element) was explained by macrohabitat variables at the regional spatial scale. In contrast, large proportions (15–18%) were explained by microhabitat variables at the local spatial scale. 5. Our findings indicate that the relative importance of habitat scales should be determined by geographical size and that comprehensive understanding of multispatial scale patterns can be important for implementing sound biodiversity conservation programmes.     

Biological traits of stream macroinvertebrates from a semi-arid catchment: patterns along complex environmental gradients

1. The relationships between biological traits of macroinvertebrates and environmental characteristics were investigated in streams with contrasting physical, chemical or landscape level attributes. We used an ordination technique, RLQ analysis, which links an environmental table (R) with traits table (Q) through an abundance table (L) to investigate the relationship between habitat characteristics and biological traits.
2. A major environmental axis explaining the distribution of species and their distinctive biological features was obtained. This axis included variables of anthropogenic pressure (agricultural and urban uses) and natural variability (climatic and geologic) that are strongly intercorrelated in the study area, with a clear spatial component.
3. The attributes of species from frequently disturbed systems (small size, multivoltinism, diapause, ovoviviparity, etc.) were associated with semi-arid areas whereas traits common in more stable and favourable environments (large body size, semi-voltinism, isolated eggs, etc.) were found in upland forested areas.
4. The natural climatic variation was proposed as a disturbance axis of a theoretical habitat templet (driven by the intense hydrological disturbances typical of semi-arid streams), while anthropogenic pressure (mainly intensive agriculture) and high salinity, a natural consequence of geology, was proposed as an adversity axis. Different life-histories associated with contrasting environmental features were superimposed in this habitat templet.
5. The ecological–evolutionary scenario in which stream macroinvertebrates have evolved and by which their communities are organized, is closely linked to disturbance, environmental harshness and human pressure.     

Proficiencies of two artificial substrates in collecting stream macroinvertebrates

Proficiencies in collecting stream macroinvertebrates by two types of artificial substrates, #200 3M conservation webbing and cone-shaped concrete blocks, were compared with bottom net collections. Conservation webbing collected more individuals than cone substrates, but fewer taxa than either cone substrates or bottom nets. Diversity indices calculated for collections made with the three techniques were lowest for webbing collections, highest for net collections and intermediate for cone collections. It was concluded that collections made with webbing substrates gave an extremely distorted view of macroinvertebrate community balance due to a preponderance of net spinning and case building forms, and that cone substrates were better suited for use in the particular situation studied.Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.     

扬州宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物的生物多样性及其变化

底栖大型无脊椎动物作为水环境监测的重要指示生物, 其群落结构和多样性能够有效地反映水环境的健康状况。为了更好地了解扬州宝应湖大型底栖动物的群落多样性, 本文于2015-2019年对扬州宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物进行野外调查和采样, 联合经典形态学和高通量测定DNA条形码方法进行物种鉴定, 进一步分析了这些大型无脊椎动物群落结构和多样性的年度变化, 并应用Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)和污染生物指数(biotic index, BI)对水质状况进行生物评价。结果显示: 共记录大型底栖动物3门5纲57种, 其中软体动物门23种, 隶属2纲9科(腹足纲7科15种, 双壳纲2科8种); 环节动物门寡毛纲12种, 隶属2科; 节肢动物门22种, 隶属2纲6科(软甲纲4科5种, 昆虫纲2科17种)。腹足纲是优势类群, 5年间的密度占比均在65%以上。优势种是赤豆螺(Bithynia fuchsiana)、槲豆螺(B. misella)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。Margalef丰富度指数(2.27 ± 0.28)、Simpson优势度指数(0.82 ± 0.02)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.78 ± 0.08)在5年间呈现明显的波动变化。对水质状况的生物评价结果表明, 湖区水体环境在5年间均呈现不同程度的污染状态, 这与过度围湖水产养殖等经济活动引起水体富营养化有一定关系。     

不同生境条件与管理方式对茶园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性的影响

蜘蛛在茶园的生态控制和生物防治中起到重要的作用,为了解不同生境条件和管理方式的茶园蜘蛛群落结构差异和多样性变化,于2011年3月份—2011年10月份,运用振落承接和过筛法对3种不同类型茶园的蜘蛛群落组成与多样性进行了调查。结果表明:(1)3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落组成:3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落在科、属、种的组成及个体数量上,均表现为有机茶园高,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园低,且在物种数和个体数存在显著差异。管巢蛛科和狼蛛科是3种类型茶园的优势类群,球蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、皿蛛科的物种优势度大于10%。(2)蜘蛛群落物种多样性的多重分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落的个体数、物种数、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于无公害茶园和普通茶园,普通茶园最低,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)多元数据分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落组成与普通茶园差异较大,无公害茶园与普通茶园蜘蛛群落组成差异较小;3种类型茶园的茶丛蜘蛛群落个体数、物种数及物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于地表,且表现为机茶园多,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园最少。蜘蛛的功能群采集发现,在3种茶园中结网蜘蛛少,而主要是游猎蜘蛛。(4)不使用化学农药的茶园,因其周边生境结构复杂(竹林、小灌木及杂草),植被丰富,形成植被缓冲带,改善了茶园小气候环境,增加了茶园土表覆盖度,可明显提高茶丛和地表游猎蜘蛛的物种数和个体数量。综合研究结果表明,在生态条件好、干扰少的有机茶园中的蜘蛛物种数量、群落多样性明显高于受损生态系统和人为干扰强的普通茶园。