长江口附近海域大型底栖动物群落特征

利用2002年9月在长江口附近海域进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品,采用物种优势度计算方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER,研究了该海域大型底栖动物群落的优势种组成和物种多样性、生物量和丰度、群落等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量MDS标序以及群落受污染扰动情况。本次调查共获得长江口附近海域大型底栖动物154种,其中多毛类环节动物60种,甲壳动物30种,软体动物28种,棘皮动物25种,其它类群动物11种。群落中优势种的地位都不明显,只有虫(Listriolobussp.)、豆形短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pinnotheroidesWhite)、拟单指虫(Cossurella dimorphaHartman)为相对重要的种类。栖息种数、平均生物量和丰度以及3个多样性指数H′、D和J的空间分布无明显的规律,在122°E以东海域呈不连续的斑块或镶嵌状分布。群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,20个取样站的群落结构相似性程度都非常低,为10%-30%,仅有A12和E4两个站Bray-Curtis相似性系数达到50%。ABC曲线表明,近长江口的A4站和A14站的底栖动物群落已有受到一定程度的轻微污染扰动的趋势;而距长江口较远的P9和P5两站ABC曲线状况正常,表明该处的大型底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰。     

水体富营养化对大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的影响

在武汉东湖营养水平不同的四个湖区,对大型底栖动物的群落结构和物种多样性进行周年研究。大型底栖动物的物种多样性与营养水平呈相反趋势,富营养化导致多样性明显降低。研究还表明,霍甫水丝蚓的密度与水体营养水平呈正相关系,在超富营养水体中其密度最高,年平均350ind./m^2,最高可达1052ind./m^2,这与其能忍受由于富营养导致的低氧环境有关;而在中营养水体中平均密度仅2.7ind./m^2。首讨论了中国长足摇蚊与水体营养水平的关系,研究结果显示,中国长足摇蚊应属超营养水体的提示种,但其耐受性较霍甫水丝蚓差。     

安徽南漪湖大型底栖动物群落结构

2002年7月至2004年7月,对安徽南漪湖12个采样点的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,共获得大型底栖动物39种,隶属于3门28属。大型底栖动物的现存量在2003年冬季出现最高值,密度最低值出现在2004年夏季。软体动物的现存量占绝对优势,其优势种为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、铜锈环棱螺(B.aeruginosa)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数和Pielou指数的年均值分别为0.83、0.51和0.77。南漪湖西部物种数、物种多样性、现存量均较东部高。建闸蓄水后,南漪湖的环境发生了很大的改变,随水深增加,大型底栖动物的现存量呈明显下降的趋势。     

长江口北支大型底栖动物群落周年变化特征

分析了长江口北支滩涂大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性变化特征。共采集大型底栖动物78种,包括环节动物7种、软体动物23种、节肢动物28种、脊索动物18种、其它两种,全年优势种有8种。密度为0.08 ind/m^2（1月）-1.24 ind/m^2（7月）,生物量为0.006 g/m^2（2月）-0.58 g/m^2（5月）,Margalef丰富度指数（D）为0.82（1月）-3.88（7月）,Pielou均匀度指数（J）为0.60（9月）-0.86（1月）,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H＇）为1.59（2月）-2.76（10月）。底栖动物密度与环境因子进行相关性分析显示,北支潮间带的大型底栖动物群落按照盐度、沉积特征等不同可分为3组,盐度和温度是影响底栖动物群落分布的主导因子。     

太浦河大型底栖动物群落组成及时空分布特征

太浦河连接东太湖和黄浦江,是东太湖向下游行洪的主河道,也是黄浦江上游重要的引水水源。分别于2017年10月、12月和2018年3月、6月在太浦河沿程设置的5个站点开展了大型底栖动物季节频次的取样调研,分析了太浦河大型底栖动物群落的结构特征及其主要影响因子。调查期间共采集到大型底栖动物25种,隶属于3门6纲14科,其中以河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）为代表的双壳类和以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为代表的腹足类处优势地位。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的密度、生物量及多样性特征在不同站点间均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;而在不同季节间均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。聚类排序分析表明,太浦河大型底栖动物群落在空间上的差异较季节间的变化更为明显。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的物种组成特征与太浦河、东太湖的水文连通格局密切相关;而沿程不同程度人为干扰下的水体营养水平以及底质类型与生境异质性等生境条件对太浦河大型底栖动物群落的分布特征具有重要影响,其综合作用机理有待进一步研究。     

胶州湾潮下带大型底栖动物群落的季节变化

胶州湾位于山东半岛南岸, 是黄海深入内陆的半封闭天然海湾, 底栖动物种类丰富。本文根据2014年2、5、8和11月4个航次(冬、春、夏、秋)的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(NMDS)方法, 分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落的季节变化特点。各航次共采集大型底栖动物199种, 其中多毛类79种, 甲壳动物47种, 软体动物40种, 棘皮动物17种, 其他类群16种。各季度优势种有变化亦有重叠, 以多毛类为主。2014年度胶州湾大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为209.85 ind./m², 最高丰度出现在秋季, 最低出现在春季; 年平均生物量为79.22 g/m², 最高生物量出现在夏季, 最低出现在春季。物种多样性指数(H')变化范围为2.16-2.86, 物种丰富度指数(D)变化范围为2.79-3.72, 物种均匀度指数(J)变化范围为0.58-0.82。聚类分析结果显示, 4个航次的群落相似性系数均较低, 分布格局存在季节性变化。近年来, 伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 胶州湾底栖生境的稳定性受到一定的威胁, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 探索有效的综合治理措施, 使胶州湾海洋生态系统能够持续健康的发展。     

洋山港潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2009-2010年在洋山港海域大洋山岛和圣姑礁进行四个季度潮间带大型底栖动物生态学研究。共采集到大型底栖动物61种,以广布种为主,部分为河口低盐种,其中软体动物22种,环节动物16种,节肢动物12种,苔藓动物5种,腔肠动物4种,星虫动物和棘皮动物各1种。优势种为短滨螺(Littorina brevicula)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)、齿纹蜒螺(Nerita yoldii)和特异大权蟹(Macromedaeus distinguendus)。丰度和生物量在不同季节明显不同(P<0.05):丰度的最高值出现在春季,为(3204.9±837.84)个/m²,最低值出现在秋季,仅为(2213.2±731.27)个/m²;生物量的最高值则出现在夏季(2233.2±1493.42)g/m²,冬季最少,仅为(819.95±484.80) g/m²。大洋山岛和圣姑礁的丰度和生物量具有较大差异(P<0.05):年均丰度以大洋山断面较高,为(3090±742.74)个/m²,圣姑礁断面较低,为(2133±372.51)个/m²;而年均生物量则以圣姑礁断面较高,为(1711.1±1180.76) g/m²,大洋山断面较低,仅为(1028.5±627.61) g/m²。运用ABC曲线、等级聚类和MDS对大型底栖动物群落结构分析发现:大洋山潮带间大型底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰或干扰较轻,群落结构相对稳定;而圣姑礁断面的潮间带大型底栖动物群落受到了中度的干扰,群落结构稳定性下降。与15年前的研究相比,圣姑礁大型底栖动物的密度和生物量均有大幅度的降低,这与洋山港海域盐度的升高、生态环境变化和人为干扰强度增加等有关。     

南沙群岛渚碧礁大型底栖动物群落特征

利用2002年5月12日至5月21日在南沙群岛渚碧礁用轻潜水(SCUBA)方法于该礁盘不同位置设立的4个定量取样站采集的调查资料,采用IRI指数、ABC曲线方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER对渚碧礁大型底栖动物进行等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量MDS标序,研究群落结构格局以及用Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数分析物种多样性和群落种类组成的相似程度,对渚碧礁大型底栖动物的群落结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:调查获得渚碧礁调查站大型底栖动物总种数314种,平均栖息密度为357.94个/m2,平均生物量为64.85g/m2;群落中主要的重要种或优势种为粗糙毛壳蟹(Pilodius scabriculus)和鼓虾(Alpheus spp.),但IRI指数相对较低;群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,4个取样站的群落结构非常相似,Bray-Curtis相似性系数达到80%以上。     

乐清湾红树林和光滩大型底栖动物群落比较研究

2004年5月,对浙江乐清西门岛的人工红树林及周边滩涂进行大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物18种,隶属6门7纲15科;主要是软体动物,节肢动物和环节动物.底上生活类群(groupofsurface,GS)种类数少于底内生活类群(group of surface below,GSB)种类数.通过在红树林、幼红树林和光滩三种生境的调查发现,幼红树林群落结构组成介于红树林和光滩之间,三种生境的大型底栖动物密度分别为452ind·m^-2,310ind·m^-2,620ind·m^-2,生物量分别为40.53g·m^-2,44.80g·m^-2和42.75g·m^-2.红树林区底栖动物的优势种为可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta和难解不等蛤Enigmonia aenigmatica.三种生境中,红树林的生物多样性和均匀度最高,优势度最小,造成这个现象的原因可能与红树林生境的复杂化有关.     

南黄海两个水产种质资源保护区底拖网大型底栖动物群落组成及多样性

利用2019年8月—2020年4月的3个航次底拖网调查资料,对南黄海2个水产种质资源保护区大型底栖动物的种类组成、优势种组成、物种多样性及其季节变化进行研究,并分析了 2个保护区大型底栖动物的群落结构现状.结果表明:2个保护区3个季节调查共获得大型底栖动物78种,其中甲壳动物最多(30种),其次是鱼类25种,软体动物1...     

A study of the Werewilka Inlet of the saline Lake Wyara, Australia – a harbour of biodiversity for a sea of simplicity

Lake Wyara receives most of its water from Werewilka Creek, with the area between the two forming Werewilka Inlet which is highly variable in area, and salinity and has high habitat heterogeneity. Over 12 years, 84 species of macroinvertebrate were found in the inlet, but only 34 in the lake. Halobiont and halophilic species were the same in each, but there were many fewer salt-tolerant species in the lake and no freshwater species. The latter were excluded by salinity, but habitat homogeneity due to strong wave action in the lake seems to limit many salt-tolerant species to the inlet. Species richness in large saline lakes in inland Australia is limited by salinity, poor speciation opportunities engendered by their episodic nature, and habitat homogeneity.     

鄱阳湖湿地大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性对群落次级生产力及稳定性的影响

理解生物多样性对生态系统功能及稳定性的影响对于制定有效的保护管理策略有重要意义。然而,目前生物多样性与群落生产力、稳定性的关系仍存在争议。在鄱阳湖湿地布设30个采样点,于2019年秋季开展大型底栖无脊椎动物群落野外调查。基于底栖动物群落数据,采用广义加性模型分析物种、谱系、功能多样性对鄱阳湖湿地底栖动物群落次级生产力与稳定性的影响。结果表明：底栖动物群落的次级生产力与反映物种多样性的指数（Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数）、分类多样性指数、平均分类差异指数、功能丰富度指数等呈显著的负相关,其中Pielou均匀度指数与次级生产力的相关度最高（r²=0.33）。功能多样性对群落次级生产力的空间分异有最高的解释度（r²=0.75）。P/B值（次级生产力与生物量之比代表群落稳定性）与物种、谱系、功能多样性指数均呈正相关,其中功能丰富度与P/B值的相关度最高（r²=0.22）。反映物种多样性的三个指数总体上对P/B值的空间分异解释度最高（r²=0.37）。谱系多样性与次级生产力、P/B值的相关性相对较弱。生物多样性指数总体分别解释了次级生产力和群落稳定性中81.9%、54.8%的变异。上述研究结果表明,生物多样性与群落生产力、稳定性的关系可能因具体的生物群落而异。研究结果对于鄱阳湖湿地的底栖生物多样性保护有参考价值。     

Stream community structure in relation to spatial variation: the influence of mesohabitat characteristics

Community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates was studied in six first- through fourth-order streams in northeast France, to elucidate changes in richness, abundance, diversity and evenness of mesohabitat assemblages as a function of environmental conditions. Patch samples were subjected to multivariate analyses to determine: (i) relationships among seven indices describing community structure (structure parameters); (ii) relationships among seven environmental variables; (iii) the relationship between community structure and environmental characteristics of patches. Faunal data showed that indices measuring the distribution of individuals among taxa (evenness, dominance) and richness are prominent in describing the structure of macroinvertebrate communities of mesohabitats. The analysis of environmental data demonstrated a major differentiating ability of current velocity and strong inter-relations among in-stream hydraulic-dependent parameters in structuring the mesohabitat environment. The co-structure (= relationship) between community organization and environmental variables indicated that substrate may be a primary determinant of community structure. Current velocity and water depth emerged as secondary factors. Trends in community structure were closely related to the spatial variability of mesohabitats. Species richness increased with habitat heterogeneity. Total abundance increased with trophic potentialities of patches. Equitability and diversity seemed to increase with patch stability. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

How wide to cast the net? Cross‐taxon congruence of species richness,community similarity and indicator taxa in ponds

1. Broad‐scale assessments of biodiversity often rely on the use of surrogate taxa, whose reliability has rarely been tested, particularly in freshwater systems. Here we use data from 46 ponds in two regions of the U.K. to explore the performance of macroinvertebrate taxa as surrogates for the rapid assessment of pond biodiversity. For the four dominant taxonomic groups in these ponds (Chironomidae, Coleoptera, Gastropoda and Trichoptera) we explore cross‐taxon species richness relationships in each of the two regions, and also determine the degree of concordance between the different taxa in accurately representing the similarity relationships between pond assemblages. 2. Patterns of cross‐taxon congruence in species richness were highly variable among taxa and study sites, making the use of a single taxon as a predictor of overall macroinvertebrate species richness problematic. In contrast, all four taxa show >70% congruence with the pattern of community similarity between sites resulting from the entire macroinvertebrate dataset, this result being consistent within and between regions. Canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that all taxa were related in a similar manner to measured environmental parameters, meaning that limited additional ecological information is gained by including a wider range of pond taxa in rapid site assessment. 3. Single taxonomic groups can, therefore, perform consistently as indicators of community similarity between ponds, and no one taxon dramatically outperforms any other in this respect. The relative merits of the four focal taxa as surrogates for pond invertebrate assemblage composition are discussed with reference to ease of survey, ease of identification and ecological range occupied. 4. It is suggested that Coleoptera have a number of advantages as a surrogate taxon, being diverse, easily sampled, readily identified, taxonomically stable, ecologically well understood and occurring across a wide spectrum of pond types. They are therefore recommended for use as a focal group in rapid pond biodiversity assessments, employing an approach such as ours, which examines patterns of assemblage similarity, rather than species richness alone.     

Benthic macroinvertebrate distributions in the riffle-pool communities of two east Texas streams

The benthic macroinvertebrate riffle-pool communities of two east Texas streams were sampled monthly for a period of one year. In contrast to previous studies in primarily upland areas, pools in Alazan Creek and Bernaldo Bayou contained significantly higher densities and biomass, as well as a significantly higher diversity and number of taxa. The majority of taxa collected could be characterized as pool adapted organisms, with the Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata having greater numbers in pools. Perlesta, Baetis, and Cheumatopsyche were the only genera to have significant numbers in riffles at both sampling sites. A greater number of taxa were restricted to pools at both sampling locations, and although an unstable, sandy substrate was a factor in limiting colonization of riffles, riffles were not as productive as pools even in the presence of suitable substrate conditions. A cluster analysis based on similarity indices indicated that like habitats between streams were more similar to each other, than were adjacent riffle-pool complexes within streams.     

中国井冈山生态系统多样性

从不同尺度对井冈山生态系统进行了研究分析,并论述生态系统与生物物种多样性的关系,为井冈山生态环境保护与管理提供依据。研究发现,井冈山拥有IUCN/SSC一级生境类型9个,几乎涵盖了除海洋以外的所有生境类型,反映出井冈山生境类型非常丰富。井冈山一级生境中的面积最大的森林是井冈山自然生态系统类型及植被类型的重要基础;灌丛、草地及水域等次要的生境类型,提高了生态系统类型的复杂性和复合性。井冈山的一级生境类型是其生态系统分类的宏观基础,生境类型的丰富程度与生态系统类型的多样性密切相关。根据起源、地貌、生境和属性,以及结构和功能对井冈山生态系统类型进行逐级划分。调查发现,井冈山生态系统类型共有53类,其中自然生态系统21类(包括类型多样的森林生态系统、草地生态系统、静水生态系统等),人工生态系统14类(包括类型多样的人工湿地生态系统、人工林生态系统、农业自然复合生态系统等),复合生态系统18类(包括类型多样的人工复合生态系统、半自然复合生态系统等)。将生态系统只分到四级水平,四级以下还有丰富的生态系统类型。井冈山植物群落可分14个植被型,90个群系,180个群丛。与周围遗产地相比,井冈山的群系数量最多,与面积更大的三清山和武夷山相比,井冈山植被群系数量接近它们的3倍,表现出极其丰富的植被多样性。井冈山物种极其丰富,维管束植物和两栖动物最多,其昆虫数量仅次于武夷山,鸟类数量仅次于丹霞山。井冈山植物物种数最高。虽然井冈山总体空间(分布面积)有限,但这种分化出的丰富的生态位空间使井冈山在有限面积的植被上容纳更多的生物物种成为可能。     

不同生境条件与管理方式对茶园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性的影响

蜘蛛在茶园的生态控制和生物防治中起到重要的作用,为了解不同生境条件和管理方式的茶园蜘蛛群落结构差异和多样性变化,于2011年3月份—2011年10月份,运用振落承接和过筛法对3种不同类型茶园的蜘蛛群落组成与多样性进行了调查。结果表明:(1)3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落组成:3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落在科、属、种的组成及个体数量上,均表现为有机茶园高,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园低,且在物种数和个体数存在显著差异。管巢蛛科和狼蛛科是3种类型茶园的优势类群,球蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、皿蛛科的物种优势度大于10%。(2)蜘蛛群落物种多样性的多重分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落的个体数、物种数、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于无公害茶园和普通茶园,普通茶园最低,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)多元数据分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落组成与普通茶园差异较大,无公害茶园与普通茶园蜘蛛群落组成差异较小;3种类型茶园的茶丛蜘蛛群落个体数、物种数及物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于地表,且表现为机茶园多,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园最少。蜘蛛的功能群采集发现,在3种茶园中结网蜘蛛少,而主要是游猎蜘蛛。(4)不使用化学农药的茶园,因其周边生境结构复杂(竹林、小灌木及杂草),植被丰富,形成植被缓冲带,改善了茶园小气候环境,增加了茶园土表覆盖度,可明显提高茶丛和地表游猎蜘蛛的物种数和个体数量。综合研究结果表明,在生态条件好、干扰少的有机茶园中的蜘蛛物种数量、群落多样性明显高于受损生态系统和人为干扰强的普通茶园。     

Aquatic invertebrates in final void water bodies at an open-cut coal mine in central Queensland

Abstract  We describe the diversity of aquatic invertebrates colonising water-filled final voids produced by an open-cut coal mine near Moura, central Queensland. Ten disused pits that had been filled with water from <1 year to 22 years prior to the survey and three nearby 'natural' water bodies were sampled in December 1998 and again in March 1999. All invertebrates collected were identified to family with the exception of oligochaetes, cladocerans, ostracods and copepods, which were identified to these coarser taxonomic levels. Sixty-two taxa were recorded from >20 000 individuals. The greatest familial richness was displayed by the Insecta (33 families) followed by the mites (Acari) with 12 families. While natural water bodies held the greatest diversity, several mine pits were almost as rich in families. Classification analyses showed that natural sites tended to cluster together, but the groupings did not clearly exclude pit sites. Mining pits that supported higher diversity tended to be older and had lower salinity (<2000 µS/cm); however, salinity in all water bodies varied with rainfall conditions. We conclude that ponds formed in final voids at this mine have the potential to provide habitat for many invertebrate taxa typical of lentic inland water bodies in central Queensland.