西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤铵态氮和硝态氨动态研究

用顶盖埋管法(Close-Top Tube Incubations)就西双版纳3种热带森林（热带季节雨林、片断热带雨林、橡胶林）研究了土壤铵态氮（NH     

西双版纳不同热带森林土壤氮矿化和硝化作用研究

1998年7月,用埋袋法对西双版纳热带季节雨林、崖豆藤（Mellettialeptobotrya）次生林、季节雨林内林窗和轮歇地土壤的氮矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。研究结果表明季节雨林和崖豆藤次生林的格局基本相同,氮净矿化速率分别为6．55mgN·kg－1·30d-1和6．37mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为16．28mgN·kg－1·30d-1和16．38mgN·kg-1·30d-1。而林窗下和轮歇地土壤的氮净矿化速率和硝化速率均为负值,氮净矿化速率分别为-7.85mgN·ks-1·30d-1和-10．69mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为-2．78N·kg-1·30d-1和-3．69mgN·kg-1·30d-1。从实验结果看,在30d的培养过程中,NH4－N消耗较多,导致硝化速率大于氮净矿化速率。     

西双版纳地区六种林型地表蜘蛛多样性比较研究

为探索地表蜘蛛多样性及其变化与森林类型和管理方式的关系, 在西双版纳勐仑自然保护区选择热带季节雨林、石灰山季节雨林和山地常绿阔叶林, 在自然保护区附近选择人工纯林、胶茶群落和橡胶林, 共6种林型, 每种林型选择3块样带, 共设置研究样地18块, 分别于2006年12月上旬（雾凉季）、2007年3月下旬（干热季）和2007年7月上旬（雨季）, 以单位地表面积法收集地表蜘蛛的物种组成和数量数据, 并以蜘蛛种类和数量分布为属性进行典范对应分析（CCA）, 探讨不同类型植被与地表蜘蛛多样性的关系。共采集蜘蛛标本9 849头, 用于统计分析的成熟蜘蛛3 119头, 归属于30科, 其中幽灵蛛科、皿蛛科、球蛛科和小密蛛科是地表蜘蛛的优势类群。各林型科的数量为: 热带季节雨林24科, 石灰山季节雨林22科, 山地常绿阔叶林22科, 人工纯林20科, 胶茶群落21科, 橡胶林19科; 各林型特有科数量: 热带季节雨林2科, 山地常绿阔叶林2科, 橡胶林1科; 而仅在雨林中分布的科4个（占全部30个科的13.3%）, 仅在自然林中分布的科6个（20.0%）, 仅在人工林中分布的科1个（3.3%）。从蜘蛛的数量分布看, 个体密度在热带季节雨林显著高于其他5种林型; 橡胶林多样性指数和丰富度指数显著低于3种自然林, 而均匀度指数的最低值也同样在橡胶林出现。CCA分析和聚类分析的结果表明, 6种林型趋于分成2组, 即: 自然林和人工林; 在自然林中两种次生林的相似程度更高; 人工林中人工纯林（非橡胶林）与胶茶群落的相似程度更高。以上结果表明: （1）森林砍伐后种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表蜘蛛群落的物种分布格局; （2）蜘蛛多样性随着人为干扰程度增加有减少的趋势; （3）减少人为干扰和增加植被群落多样性（橡胶林中种植茶树）对保护和恢复物种多样性有重要意义。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林土壤呼吸的季节变化

采用挖壕沟法与红外气体分析法,研究了西双版纳热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林内土壤呼吸包括根系呼吸、异养呼吸的干湿季动态变化.结果表明：季节雨林内土壤呼吸和异养呼吸速率均显著大于橡胶林(P＜0.01),但根系呼吸差异不显著;土壤温湿度是呼吸速率变化的主要影响因子,季节雨林和橡胶林内土壤呼吸和异养呼吸速率均为雨季＞干热季＞雾凉季,但季节雨林内根系呼吸为雨季＞雾凉季＞干热季,而橡胶林内为雾凉季＞雨季＞干热季;季节雨林内根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率(29%)小于橡胶林(42%,P＜0.01),而季节雨林内异养呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率为71%、橡胶林为58%;当5 cm土壤温度在12 ℃～32 ℃范围内变化时,季节雨林内土壤呼吸及根系呼吸、异养呼吸的Q₁₀值均大于橡胶林,且异养呼吸的Q₁₀值最大而根系呼吸的Q₁₀值最小.     

西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤氮矿化和硝化作用研究

 1998年7月,用埋袋法对西双版纳热带季节雨林、崖豆藤(Mellettia leptobotrya)次生林、季节雨林内林窗和轮歇地土壤的氮矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。研究结果表明季节雨林和崖豆藤次生林的格局基本相同,氮净矿化速率分别为6.55mgN·kg-1·30d-1和6.37mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为16.28mgN·kg-1·30d-1和16.38mgN·kg-1·30d-1。而林窗下和轮歇地土壤的氮净矿化速率和硝化速率均为负值,氮净矿化速率分别为–7.85mgN·kg-1·30d-1和–10.69mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为–2.78N·kg-1·30d-1和–3.69mg N·kg-1·30d-1。从实验结果看,在30d的培养过程中,NH4–N消耗较多,导致硝化速率大于氮净矿化速率。     

滇南热带季节雨林和橡胶林对降雨侵蚀力的减缓效应

降雨是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素,降雨侵蚀力通常用降雨动能和一段时间的最大雨强的乘积表示,简化的计算也可用日降雨量估算。本文选取昆-曼国际大通道滇南段旷地4个气象站(勐腊、勐仑、景洪、思茅)以及1个人工林(橡胶林)和1个热带季节雨林的日降雨量资料,计算了降雨侵蚀力以及随季节变化的规律,比较了森林破坏对降雨侵蚀力的影响。结果表明,昆-曼国际大通道滇南段旷地的降雨侵蚀力干季均较小,雨季逐渐增大,在7、8月达最大;旷地的降雨侵蚀力明显大于橡胶林和热带季节雨林,其差值在干季较小,雨季显著;旷地的年降雨侵蚀力可达到橡胶林的1.8倍以上,是热带季节雨林的2.3倍以上;而月降雨侵蚀力差异最大可达6~7倍;此外橡胶林和热带季节雨林降雨侵蚀力干季相差不大,而雨季橡胶林降雨侵蚀力明显大于热带季节雨林。说明了水土保持效果橡胶林和热带季节雨林比旷地要好,而热带季节雨林的效果要比橡胶林好;森林破坏将极大地增加降雨侵蚀力,加速水土流失。     

西双版纳地区热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠水文效应比较研究

季节雨林和橡胶林是西双版纳热带森林系统中可以代表原始林和大面积种植的人工林两种林型,采用水量平衡法,利用对以上两种林分林冠水文各分量1996～2001年的观测结果,初步分析其林冠水文效应,结果表明：一年内,季节雨林林冠截留量660．6mm,树干径流量80．7mm,穿透降雨量,853．2mm,分别占同期降雨总量的41．43％、5．24％、53．74％;橡胶林林冠截留量393．5mm,树干径流量104．1mm,穿透降雨量1096．8mm,分别占同期降雨总量的24．68％、6．68％、67．85％;两种林分森林水文各分量干、雨季差异显著,在研究中还发现,季节雨林中树干径流量随径级的增大而减小,干季出现密林(季节雨林)的穿透降雨量大于疏林(橡胶林)的反常现象;与我国其他地区相比,季节雨林和橡胶林有较大的林冠截留率及干流率。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林土壤呼吸

季节雨林和橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林是西双版纳热带森林生态系统中原始林和大面积种植人工林的两种代表类型。热带季节雨林层次结构复杂,多样性丰富,而橡胶林结构简单,乔木层只有橡胶树1种。应用碱吸收法,研究了这两种植被类型土壤呼吸速率、地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的季节变化规律,以及土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的关系。结果表明:1)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率都有明显的季节变化,而且两种林型的变化趋势基本一致;2)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度和气温之间具有显著的指数相关关系,显著水平达1%,与地下5 cm温度的相关性(r²分别为0.87和0.82)明显高于与气温的相关性(r²分别是0.80和0.72);3)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率具有显著的线性相关(r²分别是0.73和0.63),显著水平达1%;4)橡胶林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于季节雨林,这与两种林型的结构有关;5)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸的Q₁₀分别为2.16和2.18,比文献报道的热带土壤的Q₁₀(1.96)稍高。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠的持水能力

基于2003～2004年的实验室和野外实测数据,采用尺度上推法对西双版纳地区热带季节雨林和橡胶林林冠持水能力进行了研究.结果表明,热带季节雨林林冠持水 能力为0.45～0.79 mm、橡胶林为0.48～0.71 mm,其中林冠木质部分（枝和树皮）的持水能力占较大优势;雾凉季（11月至翌年2月）和干热季（3～4月）的 林冠持水能力高于雨季（5～10月）;林冠各部分达到饱和所需的时间为叶（5 min）＜树皮（2～3 h）＜枝（2.5～4 h）.对两种林分林冠各部分在浸水/风干过程 的分析结果表明,叶易吸水和风干,在历时较短的降雨事件中是林冠截留的主体,在林地中,面积指数较大的枝和树皮吸水和风干较难,在强度大、历时长的降雨事件中可 以较好地发挥截留作用.与橡胶林相比,热带季节雨林林冠持水能力虽较小,但是其多层林冠结构林冠持水能力较强.     

热带季节雨林与人工橡胶林土壤碳氮比较

选取我国西南部西双版纳地区的热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林为对象,比较了2006—2007年两种土地利用方式下凋落物输入、土壤总碳氮含量及活性碳、氮的季节性变化.结果表明:与热带季节雨林相比,橡胶林的地上年凋落物量较低,而地面凋落物残留量较高,反映了橡胶林凋落物分解速率(凋落物消失率常数值,K )较低;橡胶林凋落物和土壤的C/N比值较高,暗示了其林内有机物的可降解性较热带季节雨林弱;橡胶林表层土壤总有机碳、生物活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量只有热带季节雨林土壤的60%～70%,硝态氮含量较少,pH 值则比热带季节雨林土壤低1.1.说明热带季节雨林转变为橡胶林后,林内地上凋落物向土壤输入的碳、氮量减少,土壤碳、氮含量和有效性降低,并且土壤呈现酸化倾向.应制定合理的橡胶林土壤管理措施,阻止土壤质量的下降趋势,以维持橡胶林的生产可持续性.     

不同土地利用类型对丹江口库区土壤氮矿化的影响

氮(N)素是陆地生态系统净初级生产力的重要限制因子, 土地利用类型的变化对生态系统氮循环过程有着重要的影响。采用PVC顶盖埋管原位培养的方法, 对丹江口库区清塘河流域相邻的侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林、人工种植灌木林地和农田3种土地利用类型的氮素矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。结果表明, 侧柏人工林、灌木林地和农田的NH₄⁺-N浓度(mg·kg^-1)依次为1.33 ± 0.20、1.67 ± 0.17和1.62 ± 0.13, 不同土地利用类型间的NH₄⁺-N浓度无显著性差异; 而3种土地利用类型下土壤NO₃^--N浓度(mg·kg^-1)差异显著, 农田NO₃^--N浓度(9.00 ± 0.73)显著高于侧柏人工林(1.27 ± 0.18)和灌木林地(3.51 ± 0.11)。NO₃^--N在灌木林地和农田中分别占土壤无机氮库的67.8%和84.8%, 是土壤无机氮库的主要存在形式; 而侧柏人工林中NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度则基本相等。土壤硝化速率(mg·kg^-1·30 d^-1)从农田(7.13 ± 2.19)、灌木林地(2.56 ± 1.07)到侧柏人工林(0.85 ± 0.10)显著性降低。侧柏人工林、灌木林地和农田的矿化速率(mg·kg^-1·30 d^-1)依次为0.98 ± 0.12、2.52 ± 1.25和6.58 ± 2.29。矿化速率和硝化速率显著正相关, 但是矿化速率在不同的土地利用类型间差异不显著。培养过程中灌木林地和农田NH₄⁺-N的消耗大于积累, 氨化速率为负值, 导致灌木林地和农田矿化速率小于硝化速率。氮素的矿化和硝化作用受土壤含水量和土壤温度的影响, 并对土壤含水量更为敏感。土壤C:N与土壤矿化和硝化速率显著负相关。研究结果表明: 土地利用类型的变化会改变土壤微环境和土壤C:N, 进而会影响到土壤氮循环过程。     

退化草地恢复过程中土壤氮素状况以及与植被地上绿色生物量形成关系的研究

 研究了在不同放牧率下形成的不同退化阶段的草地各形态氮素（全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮和微生物氮）的变化情况,同时也研究了植被地上绿色生物量与各形态氮素季节变化的同步性关系。土壤全氮含量相对稳定,随草地植被状况和植物生长时期变化不大,说明土壤总氮库有相当的弹性。土壤硝态氮（NO－3-N）、铵态氮（NH+4-N）、无机氮（IN）和微生物氮（Micro-N）季节变化明显。土壤Micro-N和NO-3-N含量随植物生长逐渐降低,到植物枯黄期含量又回复到较高的水平;土壤NH+4-N含量随植物生长有逐渐升高的趋势;IN则随着植物的生长出现低-高-低-高的特点,且与植被地上绿色生物量呈显著负相关（R=-0.247, p<0.01）。在放牧条件下草原植物优先利用NO－3-N,NO－3-N与植被地上绿色生物量有显著的负相关性,是形成草原植被地上绿色生物量的有效性氮素。Micro-N能解释土壤IN 22.3%的变异（R2=0.223, p<0.01）,Micro-N是土壤无机氮的重要来源。土壤NH+4-N与Micro-N呈显著负相关（R=-0.222, p<0.01）,说明土壤微生物对土壤NH+4-N有偏好吸收。总体上,不同形态的氮素在各土壤层次间差异显著,随土壤层次的加深含量逐步降低。连续放牧11年恢复两年后,各氮素组分对放牧压力消除的响应并不一致。土壤全氮含量与停止放牧前相比变化差异不显著;而Micro-N对放牧压力消失的响应在不同处理下整个生长季的结果比较一致,即以前过度和中度放牧处理的Micro-N含量较高,无牧和轻牧含量较低;IN、NH+4-N和NO－3-N变化比较复杂,在不同放牧恢复处理上结果并不一致。总的来看,以前中度和过度放牧的IN、NH+4-N和NO－3-N含量较高,存在潜在损失的可能。经过两年的恢复,植被地上绿色生物量（8月）过牧处理与无牧处理差异不显著。     

鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氨动态研究

 本文用离子交换树脂袋法(lon exchange resin bag method),测定了鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态情况。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮均具有明显的季节性变化,以春季最高和夏季最低。硝态氮在0～10cm和10～20cm两土层的年平均值分别为1.722和1.429μg．d-1·g-1干树脂,铵态氮在0～10cm和10～20cm的年平均值则分别为19.137和14.696μg·d-1·g-1干树脂。硝态氮和铵态氮在试验的大部分季节表现出显著的直线相关关系(P<0.05),表明了铵态氮供应是调节硝化速率的一个重要因子。     

赣中亚热带森林转换对土壤氮素矿化及有效性的影响

采用原位培养法和时空替代法,对江西中部亚热带常绿阔叶林、天然马尾松林、人工杉木林、人工马褂木林的土壤氮素矿化速率及其有效性进行了比较研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤氮素矿化作用的影响。结果表明：转换前后各森林土壤无机氮库（NH4 -N、NO3--N）及氮素矿化速率(氨化速率、硝化速率)均呈现明显的季节动态,NH4 -N库冬春较大,NO3--N库夏秋较大,氨化速率与硝化速率均以夏秋强烈。森林转换改变了土壤氮素矿化格局,常绿阔叶林转变成马尾松林、杉木林、马褂木林后,土壤年均氨化速率分别降低了110.67%、100.76%、96.20%,而硝化速率提高了54.92%、24.19%、 24.46%;马尾松林年均总净矿化速率与常绿阔叶林相近,杉木林、马褂木林分别降低了24.68%、26.01%;另外,除常绿阔叶林外,马尾松林、杉木林、马褂木林的土壤氮素矿化量都小于植被吸收量。这些研究结果说明亚热带地区常绿阔叶林转换成其它次生林会增加氮素流失的危险性,氮素缺乏会成为这些森林生长的限制因子。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of broiler litter nitrogen mineralization

Two studies were conducted for this research. First, a laboratory incubation to quantify broiler litter N mineralization with the following treatments: two soil moisture regimes, constant at 60% water fill pore space (WFPS) and fluctuating (60-30% WFPS), three soil types, Brooksville silty clay loam, Ruston sandy loam from Mississippi, and Catlin silt loam from Illinois. Second, a field incubation study to quantify broiler litter N mineralization using similar soils and litter application rates as the laboratory incubation. Broiler litter was applied at an equivalent rate of 350 kg total N ha(-1) for both studies except for control treatments. Subsamples were taken at different timing for both experiments for NO3-N and NH4-N determinations. In the laboratory experiment, soil moisture regimes had no significant impact on litter-derived inorganic N. Total litter-derived inorganic N across all treatments increased from 23 mg kg(-1) at time 0, to 159 mg kg(-1) at 93 d after litter application. Significant differences were observed among the soil types. Net litter-derived inorganic N was greater for Brooksville followed by Ruston and Catlin soils. For both studies and all soils, NH4-N content decreased while NO3-N content increased indicating a rapid nitrification of the mineralized litter N. Litter mineralization in the field study followed the same trend as the laboratory study but resulted in much lower net inorganic N, presumably due to environmental conditions such as precipitation and temperature, which may have resulted in more denitrification and immobilization of mineralized litter N. Litter-derived inorganic N from the field study was greater for Ruston than Brooksville. Due to no impact by soil moisture regimes, additional studies are warranted in order to develop predictive relationships to quantify broiler litter N availability.     

Is there synchronicity in nitrogen input and output fluxes at the Noland Divide Watershed,a small N-saturated forested catchment in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park?

High-elevation red spruce [Picea rubens Sarg.]-Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir] forests in the Southern Appalachians currently receive large nitrogen (N) inputs via atmospheric deposition (30 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) but have limited N retention capacity due to a combination of stand age, heavy fir mortality caused by exotic insect infestations, and numerous gaps caused by windfalls and ice storms. This study examined the magnitude and timing of the N fluxes into, through, and out of a small, first-order catchment in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It also examined the role of climatic conditions in causing interannual variations in the N output signal. About half of the atmospheric N input was exported annually in the streamwater, primarily as nitrate (NO3-N). While most incoming ammonium (NH4-N) was retained in the canopy and the forest floor, the NO3-N fluxes were very dynamic in space as well as in time. There was a clear decoupling between NO3-N input and output fluxes. Atmospheric N input was greatest in the growing season while largest NO3-N losses typically occurred in the dormant season. Also, as water passed through the various catchment compartments, the NO3-N flux declined below the canopy, increased in the upper soil due to internal N mineralization and nitrification, and declined again deeper in the mineral soil due to plant uptake and microbial processing. Temperature control on N production and hydrologic control on NO3-N leaching during the growing season likely caused the observed inter-annual variation in fall peak NO3-N concentrations and N discharge rates in the stream.     

Rainfall and labile carbon availability control litter nitrogen dynamics in a tropical dry forest

N cycling in tropical dry forests is driven by rainfall seasonality but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. We studied the seasonal variation in N dynamics and microbial biomass in the surface litter of a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Mexico over a 2-year period. Litter was collected at 4 different times of the year to determine changes in total, soluble, and microbial C and N concentrations. Additionally, litter from each sampling date was incubated under laboratory conditions to determine potential C mineralization rate, net N mineralization, net C and N microbial immobilization, and net nitrification. Litter C concentrations were highest in the early-dry season and lowest in the rainy season, while the seasonal changes in N concentrations varied between years. Litter P was higher in the rainy than in the early-dry season. Water-soluble organic C (WSOC) and water-soluble N concentrations were highest during the early- and late-dry seasons and represented up to 4.1 and 5.9% of the total C and N, respectively. NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ showed different seasonal and annual variations. They represented an average 23% of soluble N. Microbial C was generally higher in the dry than in the wet seasons, while microbial N was lowest in the late-dry and highest in the early-rainy seasons. Incubations showed that lowest potential C mineralization rates and C and N microbial immobilization occurred in rainy season litter, and were positively correlated to WSOC. Net nitrification was highest in rainy season litter. Our results showed that the seasonal pattern in N dynamics was influenced by rainfall seasonality and labile C availability, and not by microbial biomass. We propose a conceptual model to hypothesize how N dynamics in the litter layer of the Chamela tropical dry forest respond to the seasonal variation in rainfall.