Allozyme polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Apis mellifera subspecies selectively reared in Poland and Bulgaria

The genetic variability of honey bee populations of three subspecies selectively reared in Poland (A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica) and Bulgaria (A. m. macedonica-type rodopica) was studied using isoenzyme analysis of six enzyme systems (MDH-1, ME, EST-3, ALP, PGM and HK) corresponding to 6 loci. All loci were found to be polymorphic in the studied populations. Three alleles were detected at each locus: MHD-1 (MDH65, MDH80 and MDH100), Me (ME90, ME100 and ME106), EST-3 (EST94, EST100 and EST118), ALP (ALP80 ALP90 and ALP100), PGM (PGM80, PGM100 and PGM114) and HK (HK87, HK100 and HK110). The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) ranged from 0.196 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.265 (A. m. carnica MV) and from 0.224 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.273 (A. m. carnica GR), respectively. Allele frequencies of all loci were used to estimate Nei's (1972) genetic distance, which was found to range from 0.003 (between A. m. macedonica TR and SM and between A. m. carnica GR and MV populations) to 0.057 (between A. m. macedonica SM and A. m. caucasica populations). The estimated mean F(ST) value from allozyme data was 0.0364. A UPGMA dendrogram was obtained by genetic distance matrix methods; A. m. macedonica (type rodopica), A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica populations represented different clades.     

棉铃虫地理种群的等位酶变异

利用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的13种等位酶：α-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(α-GPDH)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACPH)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、醛氧化酶(AO)、酯酶(EST)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、己糖激酶(HEX)、亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH),染色采用双染法。对其中9种等位酶的遗传变异进行了分析,包括13个位点,6个位点表现出多态性,7个位点是单态的,其中多态性位点比例为46.15%。AO、GOT、LAP、LDH、ME和XDH计算出棉铃虫的平均杂合度为0.1160,南京、成都、武穴、衡阳和哈密5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.0008～0.0293,平均遗传相似度为0.9707～0.992。棉铃虫种群内存在很高的遗传多态性,而已测定的种群间遗传分化程度较小,种群间没有基因交流的障碍。迁飞阻碍了不同地理种群间的遗传分化。     

Genetic control of Silver fir isozymes (Abies alba Mill.) of the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains

Genetic control of GOT, GDH, DIA, MDH, ME, SOD, FDH, ADH, ACP, LAP enzymes has been studied in the seed megagametophytes of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) from four natural populations of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains. The distinct electrophoretic division has been obtained for the 21 loci products. The analysis of allele segregation in the heterozygous trees confirms monogenic inheritance of the revealed variants.     

Patterns of variation within and between Greek populations of Ceratitis capitata suggest extensive gene flow and latitudinal clines

Four natural Greek populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was studied for genetic variability at 25 enzyme loci. The comparison of polymorphism within and between populations shows two loci with high between-population heterozygosity (HT) and very high fixation index (F(ST)) values, suggesting the presence of balancing selection. The gradual decline of common allele frequency of the polymorphic loci tested indicated that latitudinal clines are present in Greece. Indirect estimates of gene flow based both on Wright's method (Nm*) and on the Slatkin's method (Nm*), which depends on the frequencies of rare alleles found in only one population, revealed a substantial amount of gene flow (Nm = 3.493 and Nm* = 3.197). These estimates of gene flow may well explain why the "introduced" Greek populations of C. capitata, in spite of their low genetic variability, display the same polymorphic loci. Gene flow in combination with natural selection and genetic drift may have played an important role to genetic differentiation in this species in Greece.     

马铃薯叶甲属六个种的等位基因酶变异

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了马铃薯叶甲属(Leptinotarsa)六个种:马铃薯叶甲(L. decemlinecta)、胡颓子叶茄叶甲(L. texana)、柔毛茄叶甲(L. rubiginosa)、膜苞菊叶甲(L. lineolata)、蒺藜叶甲(L. peninsularis)和蒺藜四条叶甲(L. tlascalana)的等位基因酶变异.分析了14种同工酶(ACPH、ADH、AMY、FUM、GDH、GOT、IDH、HBDH、LAP、MDH、ME、PGM、SORDH和XDH)的17个座位.其中单型座位有9个,多型座位有8个,后者占47.1%.六个种的平均杂合度为0.091.其中最高的是膜苞菊叶甲0.154;最低的是蒺藜四条叶甲0.042.六个种彼此之间的遗传距(D)在0.129—0.573之间,说明这六个种的亲缘关系是很密切的.     

Monomorphism of isoenzyme loci in natural and cultivated amaranth (Amaranthus L.) populations

Starch gel electrophoresis was used for isozyme analysis of ADH, GDH, MDH, IDH, and ME in populations of amaranth. Experiments were performed with 93 populations and 4 cultivars. Some populations proved to be polymorphic, and this fact allowed analysis of the genetic control of the enzymes listed. The populations examined showed poor allozyme variability. Monomorphism for all loci studied was observed in 73 populations and 4 varieties. Starch gel electrophoresis was used for isozyme analysis ofADH, GDH, MDH, IDH, and ME in populations of amaranth. Experiments were performed with 93 populations and 4 cultivars. Some populations proved to be polymorphic, and this fact allowed analysis of the genetic control of the enzymes listed. The populations examined showed poor allozyme variability. Monomorphism for all loci studied was observed in 73 populations and 4 varieties. Only some populations demonstrated rare polymorphism for a single locus each: Adh, Mdh 2, Gdh, Idh 1, Idh 2, or Mod 2. The results demonstrate genetic monomorphism of amaranth for the studied loci.     

青草鲢鳙四种鱼同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰氨垂直板状连续电泳方法,对青草鲢鳙６种组织、１０种同工酶和蛋白质进行了电泳研究,并结合作者以前做的工作,对所研究的共２１种同工酶和蛋白质在４种鱼中的组织分布,位点表达及活性作了分析和总结。结果表明：４种鱼同工酶的种内组织分布差异大于种间差异;ＡＤＨ、ＡＭＹ、ＣＡＴ、ＥＳＴ、ＭＥ、ＰＯＸ、ＳＤＨ存在不同程度的种间差异,可作为种类的遗传标记;４种鱼ＭＤＨ、ＧＯＴ、ＡＬＰ、ＡＯ、ＳＯＤ同工酶谱非常相似,只在活性上略有差异;ＬＤＨ、Ｇ６ＰＤＨ和ＣＯＸ的酶谱特征可作为青草和鲢鳙两个亚科的鉴别标记。     

Morphological and allozyme studies of small terrestrial snails (Opeas sp., Subulina sp. and Huttonella bicolor) collected from Peninsular Malaysia

Shell morphological characters and allozyme electrophoresis were used to study the relationships among six geographical populations of land snails collected from Peninsular Malaysia. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to study the genetic variations to complement the morphological features studied that included shell lengths, numbers of whorls and shell colour. Ten loci coding for six enzymes (MDH, LAP, ALP, PGM, G6PDH and EST) could be reliably scored in samples from the six populations studied. The dendrogram showed two major clusters with one cluster comprising Subulinidae populations from Perak, Selangor, Johor, Terengganu and Pahang while the other cluster included only the Streptaxidae Huttonella bicolor (red) population. The Subulinidae populations were grouped into two subclusters: one subcluster included the Subulina sp. populations from Perak, Selangor an Johor while the other subcluster included the Opeas sp. populations from Terengganu and Pahang. Morphological features can identify the different families and therefore they can complement the allozyme genetic studies on the land snail populations. Like other reports in the literature, our results also underline the importance of a genetic approach in conjunction with a morphological approach, for discriminating land snail species. The present results suggest that small land snails, which were similar in colour but different in sizes, were not of the same family/genus.     

Varying degrees of Apis mellifera ligustica introgression in protected populations of the black honeybee, Apis mellifera mellifera, in northwest Europe

The natural distribution of honeybee subspecies in Europe has been significantly affected by human activities during the last century. Non-native subspecies of honeybees have been introduced and propagated, so that native black honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera) populations lost their identity by gene-flow or went extinct. After previous studies investigated the remaining gene-pools of native honeybees in France and Spain, we here assess the genetic composition of eight northwest European populations of the black honeybee, using both mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the intergenic transfer RNAleu-COII region) and nuclear (11 microsatellite loci) markers. Both data sets show that A. m. mellifera populations still exist in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England, Scotland and Ireland, but that they are threatened by gene flow from commercial honeybees. Both Bayesian admixture analysis of the microsatellite data and DraI-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis of the intergenic region indicated that gene-flow had hardly occurred in some populations, whereas almost 10% introgression was observed in other populations. The most introgressed population was found on the Danish Island of Laeso, which is the last remaining native Danish population of A. m. mellifera and the only one of the eight investigated populations that is protected by law. We discuss how individual admixture analysis can be used to monitor the restoration of honeybee populations that suffer from unwanted hybridization with non-native subspecies.     

Genetic structure of populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from Ukrainian Carpathians

The genetic diversity, subdivision, and differentiation of nine populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Ukrainian Carpathians were studied using electrophoretic analysis of variability of enzyme systems in 346 trees aged from 80 to 150 years. Based on electrophoretic fractionation of enzymes extracted from seed endosperms in vertical slabs of 7.5% polyacrylamide gel, 20 loci of nine enzyme systems (ADH, ACP, DIA, GDH, GOT, MDH, LAP, FDH, SOD) were identified, and 71 allele variant were revealed. Each tree was heterozygous on average in 15.8% of its genes. The populations were characterized by low subdivision (F(ST) = 0.017) and differentiation (D(N)=0.005). The main contribution to heterogeneity of population genetic structure was made by loci Dia-3, Lap-1, and Sod-3. Clustering and multivariate analysis revealed no observed trends in geographical or altitudinal position of the populations.     

Relations between heterosis and enzymatic polymorphism in populations of cultivated sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)

Nine polymorphic isoenzymatic systems were studied in 39 cultivated sunflower populations originating from ten countries. Analysis of combining abilities with four tester lines was also performed on these populations for seed yield, seed moisture and seed oil content. The MDH, PGI, PGD and GOT systems appeared to provide the best discrimination of specific combining ability effects with the four testers. The MDH and GOT systems provided a between-population structure that was consistent with the country of origin.Abbreviations MDH Malate dehydrogenase - PGD phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - PGI phosphoglucoisomerase - PGM phosphoglucomutase - ACO aconitase hydratase - ADH2 alcohol dehydrogenase - GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - LAP leucine amino peptidase - EST esterases     

Monomorphism of isozyme loci in natural and cultivated amaranth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus</Emphasis> L.) populations

Electrophoretic spectra of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and malic enzyme (ME) in different amaranth populations has been studied using a starch gel electrophoresis. 93 populations and 4 cultivars of amaranth have been analyzed. Some populations have been proved to be polymorphic that provided a possibility of a genetic control of the above-mentioned enzymes. The isozyme variability of the studied amaranth populations is low; all studied loci are found to be monomorphic for 73 populations and 4 cultivars. Some populations demonstrate a polymorphism in separate loci (Adh, Mdh 2, Gdh, Idh 1, Idh 2, and Mod 2). The obtained results evidence the presence of a genetic monomorphism in amaranth concerning the loci studied.     

Microsatellite Variation in Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Populations: Hierarchical Genetic Structure and Test of the Infinite Allele and Stepwise Mutation Models

Samples from nine populations belonging to three African (intermissa, scutellata and capensis) and four European (mellifera, ligustica, carnica and cecropia) Apis mellifera subspecies were scored for seven microsatellite loci. A large amount of genetic variation (between seven and 30 alleles per locus) was detected. Average heterozygosity and average number of alleles were significantly higher in African than in European subspecies, in agreement with larger effective population sizes in Africa. Microsatellite analyses confirmed that A. mellifera evolved in three distinct and deeply differentiated lineages previously detected by morphological and mitochondrial DNA studies. Dendrogram analysis of workers from a given population indicated that super-sisters cluster together when using a sufficient number of microsatellite data whereas half-sisters do not. An index of classification was derived to summarize the clustering of different taxonomic levels in large phylogenetic trees based on individual genotypes. Finally, individual population X loci data were used to test the adequacy of the two alternative mutation models, the infinite allele model (IAM) and the stepwise mutation models. The better fit overall of the IAM probably results from the majority of the microsatellites used including repeats of two or three different length motifs (compound microsatellites).     

Genetic structure of two Turkish brown trout populations

The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu and Üzüm River in Antalya was determined by examining 15 enzyme coding loci ( AAT, ADH, LDH, MDH, MEP, GPI, PGM and SOD ) using starch gel electrophoresis. Population specific mobilities were observed for the fixed alleles of LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci. Polymorphisms in sAA T-4, GPI-B2 loci were observed within the populations. Average heterozygosity of Abant and Antalya populations was 0.0358 and 0.0224 respectively. For LDH-C which is the post glaciation marker locus, the ancestral allele * 105 was found to be fixed in both of the populations. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.2507 which is the level of genetic distance often found between different species. This difference seems to be due to the presence of unique alleles in the LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci of the Abant population, indicating that the conservation of the Abant population and its heterozygosity is of prime importance.     

Genetic control of isozymes in European spruces (Picea abies (L) Karst) of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains

Genetical control of the enzymes GOT, GDH, DIA, MDH, SOD, FDH, ADH, ACP and LAP has been studied in nine natural Carpathian populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) using polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis and analysis of isozyme variability in 346 trees. Seventy one allel products of 20 gene loci have been clearly established. Segregation analysis of the revealed allele variants confirms their monogenic inheritance.     

Genetic control of the isoenzymes in Cembra pine (Pinus cembra L.) in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains

Genetic control of GOT, GDH, DIA, MDH, SOD, FDH, ADH, ACP, and LAP enzymes was studied in the seed megagametophytes of cembra pine (Pinus cembra L.) from the natural population of the Ukrainian Carpa-thian mountains. Efficient electrophoretic separation was obtained for 21 loci products. The analysis of allele segregation in heterozygous trees confirms monogenic inheritance of the revealed variants.     

Turkish bush-crickets of the genus Eupholidoptera (Decticinae)

Abstract. The Turkish Eupholidoptera species are reviewed and a key to them provided. Five new species are described alongwith the previously unnknown male of E.excisa (Karabaĝ), and females of E.tauricola (Ramme) and E. werneri Ramme. Following examination of specimens from Cyprus the previously unknown male of E.cypria Ramme is described. A new subspecies of E.cypria is described from southern Turkey. Diagnostic characters of all species are given. A check-list and a distribution map are provided for the Turkish species of Eupholidoptera.     

Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis

Variability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. has been investigated by restriction and sequence analyses on a sample of 68 colonies from ten different subspecies. The 19 mtDNA types detected are clustered in three major phylogenetic lineages. These clades correspond well to three groups of populations with distinct geographical distributions: branch A for African subspecies (intermissa, monticola, scutellata, andansonii and capensis), branch C for North Mediterranean subspecies (caucasica, carnica and ligustica) and branch M for the West European populations (mellifera subspecies). These results partially confirm previous hypotheses based on morphometrical and allozymic studies, the main difference concerning North African populations, now assigned to branch A instead of branch M. The pattern of spatial structuring suggests the Middle East as the centre of dispersion of the species, in accordance with the geographic areas of the other species of the same genus. Based on a conservative 2% divergence rate per Myr, the separation of the three branches has been dated at about 1 Myr BP.     

Genetic variation in Ecballium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae): Breeding system and geographic distribution

Dioecy, the separation of sexes, has arisen independently many times in the course of angiosperm evolution. Avoidance of inbreeding is clearly involved in the evolution of dioecy, and as a consequence we predict that dioecious populations should maintain higher levels of genetic variation than closely related nondioecious populations. We tested that prediction by comparing allozymic variation in two closely related taxa, the monoecious and dioecious subspecies of the Mediterranean cucurbit, Ecballium elaterium. Thirteen polymorphic loci were screened for seeds sampled from 10 monoecious and 13 dioecious populations spanning the geographic ranges of the subspecies in Spain. The dioecious subspecies showed strikingly greater allelic diversity and heterozygosity than the monoecious subspecies. A hierarchical F-statistic analysis clearly demonstrated considerable genetic variation within populations for the dioecious populations, whereas for the monoecious populations almost all genetic variation resulted from differences among populations. The general pattern of homozygosity within monoecious populations suggests that they are highly inbred. In order to assess historical influences on current patterns of genetic variation, we conducted a genetic-distance analysis. The observed relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance between populations supports the hypothesis that the subspecies' current allopatric distributions on the Iberian Peninsula are the result of separate waves of colonization from the north (monoecious) and south (dioecious).