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1.
Maternal responses to dead and dying infants in wild troops of ring-tailed lemurs at the Berenty Reserve,Madagascar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masayuki Nakamichi Naoki Koyama Alison Jolly 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(4):505-523
We describe responses of seven mothers and other troop members to dead and dying infants in several troops of ring-tailed
lemurs(Lemur catta) at the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. In contrast to mothers in simian species, ring-tailed lemur mothers rarely carried their
dying, immobile or dead infants. However, they sniffed, licked, and touched them even after they had died. While the dying
infants were still peeping, their mothers remained near them, and 15 to 76 min after the infants ceased to peep, they were
left by their mothers. Six of the seven mothers returned to their dead infants several times within the first few hours after
they had left them. All seven mothers gave repeated calls, such as “mew” and “pyaa,” when they were separated from either
their dead infants or other troop members or both. Thus, each mother exhibited some form of maternal behavior toward her dead
infant for hours after its death. These results indicate that there may not be a great gap in terms of maternal affection
between simian and prosimian mothers. We also discuss visuospatial memory ability in ring-tailed lemurs and the causes of
the infants’ deaths. 相似文献
2.
Two rhesus monkey males and two females, born to females caged singly, were exchanged with same-sex infants born to females
in a large troop which was held in an enclosure in a different building. The ages of the infants were between 24 and 120 hr.
The selected foster mothers (FMs) immediately accepted the foreign infants, allowed them to suckle and treated them as their
own offspring. Compared with interactions with previous offspring, the FMs initially tended to be more possessive and restrictive
of their foster infants: generally they took longer before they allowed the infants to sit at a distance from them and more
readily retrieved them. The foster infants tended to be more active (‘fidgety’) than natural (control) offspring born to the
troop. Non-related members of the troop, differentiated between foster and control groups. These troop animals more frequently
approached and sat in proximity, often in fur-contact with, touched, groomed, and lipsmacked to, foster infants than control
infants. The attractiveness of the fostered infants seemed to be slightly associated with the FMs' dominance rank. The foster
infants were therefore viewed by others as having assumed the role afforded by the FMs' rank. Thus both FMs and other troop
members recognized the unfamiliarity and novelty of the foster infant but the infants were still accepted into the group.
We suggest that the different treatment of the foster infants by the troop may have consequences on the infants' future social
development. 相似文献
3.
Ramon J. Rhine Guy W. Norton William J. Roertgen Henry D. Klein 《International journal of primatology》1980,1(4):401-409
The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of
two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured
infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of
adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be
fatal. 相似文献
4.
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(2):225-238
I studied the process of adult male replacement and social change in two one- male troops (B20 and B21) of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)at Jodhpur, India. Male-male competition lasted for about 6 months before the successful takeover of one troop (B20). During
that period, five adult males from three neighboring bands (AMB7, AMB9, and AMB10) and a resident male of a neighboring troop
(B21) were involved in taking over the troop. The latter male also copulated with six females during his interim residency,
which suggests that he may have opportunistically maximized his mating chances with females of a neighboring group. During
an intertroop interaction, a 14-month-old female infant of the other troop (B21) was fatally attacked by an adult female of
the first troop and the infant eventually died. The attacker may have taken advantage of the disorganization created by male-male
competition, perhaps to eliminate a future food competitor. In addition, the first troop gained an additional feeding area
from the other troop’s range; it included a sleeping site and a waterhole, indicating that territorial fights during social
instability may have led to the expansion of the winner’s resource area. 相似文献
5.
We studied Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) of the Shiga A1 troop at their sleeping sites in Shiga Heights, Japan, for 41 nights during 3 winters. Monkeys chose their sleeping sites
in Japanese cedars and in deciduous broad-leaved forests on non-snowing nights and in Japanese cedar forests on snowing nights.
We counted 399 sleeping clusters in which 2 or more monkeys remained in physical contact through the night and 43 solitary
sleeping monkeys, though monkeys did not maintain physical contact with others in the daytime. We found 397 clusters on tree
branches and 2 clusters on rocks. The mean size of huddling clusters was 3.06±1.22 SD. The cluster size (3.17±1.26 SD) at
lower ambient temperatures between −7 and −4°C was larger than that at higher temperatures between −2 and 4°C (cluster size
2.88±1.13 SD). Most clusters were composed of kin. Females kept close to related females in the daytime and huddled with them
at night. The highest-ranking male mainly huddled with his kin and his familiar females. Other males kept farther apart from
each other in the daytime, probably to avoid social conflicts. Through cold winter nights, however, such males reduced inter-individual
distances and huddled with other males. Japanese monkeys appear to recognize three types of inter-individual distances: an
intimate distance less than 1 m, a personal distance of 1–3 m and a social distance of 3–20 m; they change their inter-individual
distances according to social and ecological circumstances. 相似文献
6.
A. Camperio Ciani 《Human Evolution》1997,12(3):139-146
We investigated longterm socio-spatial relationships between adult males and immatures in a colony of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata), housed in a 1200 m2 indoor-outdoor enclosure at Cavriglia Natural Park (Arezzo, Italy). Using focal animal observations together with scan sampling,
we found that the immatures between six months and one year of age showed particularly high frequency of proximity and vicinity
to the male troop leader. The immatures-actively sought proximity to this individual, even if social interaction with him
was minimal compared to other males with which high frequency of play occurred. Proximity to the leader (even) caused some
mild aggressive response by him, showing that this individual tolerated, rather than sought, proximity to the immatures. Their
behaviour was not mediated by the mothers, who might be expected to profit from their offsprings’ proximity to the leader.
The leader seemed to support the immatures during aggressive interactions with a significantly high frequency due to their
spatial proximity to him. This behaviour decreased during the following year. We interpreted the immatures’ behaviour as a
social strategy expressed during an early phase of individual ontogeny to manipulate the leader’s “control” role and to explore
the physical and social environment from a relatively secure position. 相似文献
7.
Although there is a general understanding of Montagu’s harriers migration routes and wintering areas, detailed information
on the species’ migration is still lacking. However, improvements in satellite tracking technology in recent years, have enabled
the study of medium-sized species by means of satellite telemetry. In 2006, ten adult Montagu’s harriers were fitted with
satellite transmitters in northeastern Spain and tracked during their autumn migration to their wintering grounds in sub-Saharan
Africa. The migration took between 10 and 30 days, and the end point was determined using breakpoint regressions. Whereas
some birds had stopovers of more than a week, others stayed at the same site for only 1 or 2 days at the most. The tagged
birds ultimately established at wintering grounds located along the border of Mauritania with Mali and Senegal, a distance
of nearly 3000 km from the breeding sites. These sites are situated within a small range of latitudes (14° and 17°N), although
distributed over a wider range of longitudes (−15°E and −4°E), with some birds occupying sites more than 1000 km apart. The
distance covered in 1 day during the migration ranged between 93 and 219 km, with peaks of traveling speed of up to 65 km/h.
Harriers were recorded traveling only during daytime, covering the longest distances in the late afternoon, suggesting that
they are daytime migrants. Most of the distance was covered between 1500 and 2000 hours, and no traveling was recorded between
2000 and 0500 hours. During migration, harriers flew close to the ground (40–100 m on average). Improved knowledge of the
harriers’ exact wintering sites may provide insights on the problems Montagu’s harriers face during the winter, highlighting
the need to take into account what happens in both the breeding and wintering grounds to implement successful conservation
measures. 相似文献
8.
We report here that in a large captive group of monkeys, Macaca mulatta,sudden sex-related changes occur in social interactions in one short phase of an infant’s development. Social interactions
of 1-year-old animals (males, N =12; females, N =8) 6 weeks before the birth of siblings were compared with interactions occurring 6 weeks after the birth. On the day of the
siblings’ birth, depression-like postures were seen in two yearling males (YMs); 10 YMs showed hyperactivity. In the postbirth
period, YMs refocused their attentions away from their mother and toward other, often unrelated members of the group. Although
YMs initiated disengagement of interactions with their mothers, there was evidence that mothers attempted to lessen this disengagement.
The YMs had close relationships with specific (“preferred”) male individuals. These relationships (particularly those with
adult males) became more pronounced following the birth of the sibling. The adult-male group also took an active role in maintaining
interactions with YMs. The preferred partners in the YM-other male relationship before the birth of the sibling were, however,
not always the same as those in the period after the birth. Dominance relationships and probably genetic factors determined
patterns of interaction between YMs and their preferred male partners. Among yearling females (YFs), no dramatic changes in
interactions with their mothers or with other group members were detected after their mothers gave birth. Relationships in
YF-mother and YF-other-individual pairs (especially when the other individual was kin) seemed to be consolidated during the
postbirth interval. There was little evidence of jealousy between the YFs and their younger siblings. Thus, sibling birth
acted as a stimulus for the occurrence of sexually dimorphic interactions in yearlings. We suggest that in natural environments,
social interactions in YFs promote relationships that will serve to integrate them into the matrilineal social structure,
whereas comparable behavior in YMs encourages relationships with males that they may emigrate with into, or meet again in,
nonnatal troops. 相似文献
9.
Troop desertions by females which were observed in Japanese macaque troops at Ryozenyama between 1969 and 1978 are described
and the factors which drive females out from the troop are discussed with reference to the troop desertion by males and to
the social structure of Japanese macaques. There were 14 cases and altogether 22 female deserters of 5 or more years old;
ratio(%) of frequency of the female desertion to the total number of females was 9.48 a year. Female deserters of less than
10 years old had no mother in the troop and belonged to rather isolated kin-groups on the periphery of the troop prior to
desertion except for those who deserted it with their mothers. Old deserters were not always very peripheral ones and some
of them cut kinship bonds when doing so.
Many female deserters were found in or near the moving range of the original troop and some came back to it. They were easily
accepted without antagonism and they were expected to retain the potential membership of their natal troop. From these facts
it is clear that the basic organization of the troop of Japanese macaques is the kin-group and the animals are bound by the
head of the kin-group or elder mothers but that intra-kinship social bonds as well as inter-kinship bonds gradually weaken
in old females.
A part of the field work was financed by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Mombusho (Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture, Japan), Nos. 854144, 054152, 354242, 948255 and 248030. The preliminary report of this study is seen in “The
Population Genetics of Japanese Monkeys” K. Nozawa (ed.), Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, pp. 41–54, which was
written in Japanese. 相似文献
10.
Little is known about the fate of adult male residents after they are ousted from bisexual one-male troops of Hanuman langurs
(Presbytis entellus) in the course of adult male replacements. In a long term study at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, it was possible to reconstruct partial
life histories of several ousted residents. One resident was killed during the male change. Ousted residents did not regain
residency despite their continued invasions into bisexual troops. It is assumed that the males' chances to take over and to
defend a troop are restricted to an age of 9–14 years, when the males are in prime physical condition. One male became solitary
for some months while trying to regain residency of his old troop, before joining some “alien” males. As a rule, males are
likely to rejoin their own male bands if they are ousted after short periods of residency. If the residency exceeds 3 months
then the ongoing structural change in the former band may prevent their reintegration. However, in such cases, ousted residents
which belonged to the same band may reunite and mingle with another male band which lacks prime males. Weaned sons may follow
their fathers after ousting. In the case of numerous weaned offspring, fathers and sons may together form at least temporary
new male bands. 相似文献
11.
Juichi Yamagiwa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(2):105-120
The troop fissions which occurred in a wild population of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) were observed from 1977 to 1979 on Yakushima Island. The fissions were initiated in the breeding season by non-troop males
who established a consort relation with estrous females. In order to analyze the socio-sexual factors which accelerated the
fissions, the male emigrations and immigrations before and after two successive fissions, and the copulation frequencies,
competition among males and preferences of mating partners in both sexes in the 1977–78 breeding season after the first fission
were examined. The results indicated that three factors (a large number of non-troop males, a shortage of troop males and
the females' choice of mating partners) effectively influenced on the establishment of consort relationships between non-troop
males and estrous females. It is suggested that these factors may exert different effects on the troop disorganization in
relation to troop size. In small-sized troops, a large number of non-troop males and a shortage of troop males may lead to
stronger competition between them, and the females' choice affected by prolonged intimate relations with the dominant TMs
may reduce their priority of access to estrous females. This situation possibly stimulates fission or male emigration in small-sized
troops under the natural conditions on Yakushima Island. In contrast, in large-sized troops under isolated conditions, a surplus
rather than a shortage of troop males may contribute to troop disorganization, as most former studies have suggested. A higher
socionomic sex ratio may decrease the mating activities of subordinate troop males and increase the competition among them.
This situation possibly accelerates the fission of large-sized troops through prolonged interactions between females and subordinate
or peripheral troop males. A lower ratio and the females' choice, however, raise the mating chances of subordinate troop males
and may not promote the fission of large-sized troops under isolated conditions.
This study was financed in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Special Project Research on Biological Aspects of Optimal Strategy and
Social Structure from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and by the Cooperative Research Fund of the Primate
Research Institute, Kyoto University. 相似文献
12.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
13.
Carolyn L. Ehardt 《International journal of primatology》1987,8(3):245-259
The affiliative interactions of 11 adult female Japanese macaques that did not deliver an infant during the 1981 birth season
of the Arashiyama West troop were examined. Consideration was given to the effects of kinship as a structuring element in
these birth-season interactions and to the degree of association with various categories of troop members based on age, sex,
and (in the case of adult females) whether or not the females were new mothers. Females without infants interacted predominantly
with their yearling off-spring, although it was the behavior of the offspring that precipitated the interaction. These females
were active in soliciting affiliation with nonkin new mothers, whereas female matrilineal relatives with new infants approached
and remained in proximity to them more than did nonrelated new mothers. Females without newborns groomed and approached nonkin
infants more than infants within their own matriline, and these infants were predominantly those of females in the highest-ranking
matriline of the troop. Adult males were responsible for 40% of all grooming received from nonkin by the females without newborns,
and these males approached them significantly more than did other adult females without infants. These patterns demonstrate
that the structure of social relationships is influenced by the particular dynamics of troop contexts such as birth seasons,
as well as by enduring, broad-based affinities which are less affected by cyclic changes in troop context. 相似文献
14.
Paul Newton 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(3):245-285
The feeding and ranging patterns of a troop of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) were studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, central Indian Highlands for 1850 hr (1981–1982), in a mosaic of moist deciduous
forest and anthropogenic meadow. The location, size, and species of each tree within the 74.5-ha troop annual range was known
and the phenology of all tree species was sampled. According to scan sampling, the troop spent 25.7% of the daytime feeding,
with range use concentrated on an island of dry deciduous forest. Whereas adjacent troops occupied only the periphery of the
focal troop's range, all-male bands occupied its center, especially during takeover and infanticidal attacks. The troop consumed
items from 60 of the 67 species of trees and woody climbers available; mature leaves (34.9% of feeding time), fruits (24.4%),
leaf buds (10.6%), flowers and flower buds (9.5%), young leaves (3.6%), insects (3.0%), and gum (1%). The monthly utilization
of fruit, open leaf buds, and flower buds is correlated significantly with their abundance, and the troop spent significantly
more time feeding and less time moving when consuming mature leaves. Comparison of tree dispersion and langur ranging patterns
suggests that the distribution of the most important food trees is a major influence on their range use. 相似文献
15.
Carola Borries Volker Sommer Arun Srivastava 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(3):421-443
We studied grooming among adults of a one-male multifemale troop of free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)living near Jodhpur, India, for 9 years. The 11–13 females devoted about 6% of their day to allogrooming. Adult males, whose
tenures averaged 2.2 years, were transient figures in the troop's history, as reflected by their rather peripheral role in
the grooming network. Females groomed males 4–40 times more frequently (1006 episodes) than vice versa- (176 episodes). Adult
females received 97% of all grooming from other adult females (6655 episodes). Although females exhibited an age- inversed
dominance hierarchy, they did not compete for grooming access to particular troop mates. Dyads of all possible rank differences
occurred as frequently as expected: 51% of grooming was directed up the hierarchy and 49% down it. Young, high- ranking individuals
gave and received significantly more grooming than the oldest, low- ranking females did. The pattern seemed to be influenced
by kin selection because of the presumably high degree of female relatedness. They invested most in troopmates with the highest
reproductive value, i.e., the youngest individuals. This trend was coupled with a preference of closest kin (mothers and daughters).
Reciprocity was the outstanding feature since all adult females groomed and were groomed by all others. Such a tight social
net might establish the necessary cohesion during frequent territorial disputes with neighboring troops. 相似文献
16.
Maree Porter Ian H. Kerridge Christopher F. C. Jordens 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2012,9(1):41-47
Umbilical cord blood banking is one of many biomedical innovations that confront pregnant women with new choices about what
they should do to secure their own and their child’s best interests. Many mothers can now choose to donate their baby’s umbilical
cord blood (UCB) to a public cord blood bank or pay to store it in a private cord blood bank. Donation to a public bank is
widely regarded as an altruistic act of civic responsibility. Paying to store UCB may be regarded as a “unique opportunity”
to provide “insurance” for the child’s future. This paper reports findings from a survey of Australian women that investigated
the decision to either donate or store UCB. We conclude that mothers are faced with competing discourses that force them to
choose between being a “good mother” and fulfilling their role as a “good citizen.” We discuss this finding with reference
to the concept of value pluralism. 相似文献
17.
Dietz M Kalko EK 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2006,176(3):223-231
Daily torpor can provide significant energy and water savings in bats during cold ambient temperatures and food scarcity.
However, it may reduce rates of foetal and juvenile development. Therefore, reproductive females should optimize development
by minimizing times in torpor. To test this hypothesis, the use of torpor by female and male free-ranging Daubenton’s bats
(Myotis daubentonii) during reproduction (gestation, lactation, and post-lactation period) was investigated in 1998 and 1999. Temperature-sensitive
radio transmitters were attached to the bats to measure skin temperature. Simultaneously, ambient temperature was recorded.
While both sexes became torpid during daytime, male bats used daily torpor (>6°C below individual active temperature) significantly
more often during reproductive period (mean: 78.4 % of day time in May and 43 % in June) than females. Female bats went into
daily torpor, particularly in late summer when juveniles were weaned (mean: 66.6 % of daytime). Lowest skin temperatures occurred
in a female bat with 21.0°C during post-lactation. Skin temperatures of male bats fluctuated from 16.8°C in torpor to 37.2°C
during times of activity. There was a significant effect of reproductive period on skin temperature in females whereas mean
ambient temperature had no significant effect. However, mean ambient temperature affected mean skin temperatures in males.
Our findings indicate that female Daubenton’s bats adopt their thermoregulatory behaviour in particular to optimize the juvenile
development. 相似文献
18.
Koichi Negayama Takako Negayama Kiyomi Kondo 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(4):365-378
Parturitional behavior in 12 caged Macaca fuscatawas analyzed. Wild-caught mothers showed adequate maternal behaviors immediately following the neonate’s expulsion. Parity
differences existed in the behaviors; primiparae were more idiosyncratic than were multiparae. Among multiparae, those with
two or more offspring were uniformly adequate, but those with a single birth experience varied in the adequacy of the maternal
care they provided at parturition. Mothers embraced and licked their neonates and had ventroventral contact with them frequently
immediately after parturition but decreased these behaviors after expulsion of the placenta. In contrast, mothers showed allogrooming
after consuming the placenta. Placentophagy was correlated with the level of orality represented by maternal licking behaviors.
An isolation-reared primipara reacted to her newborn in a basically negative manner, although she showed little actual aggression.
She showed a rapid shift in her negative behavior during the immediate postpartum period. This mother’s newborn sought contact
with her, indicating the neonate’s active role in establishing a stable mother-neonate bond. 相似文献
19.
The average time lag between the last parturition and the disappearance/death was 6.0 years for the Japanese macaque females
that survived at least to the age of 20 years in the Arashiyama B troop. Since it may take 1.5 years for the last offspring
to become able to survive without the mother, 4.5 years may correspond to the “post-reproductive life span (PRLS),” which
occupied about 16% of the average span of their lives (27.3 years).
During the PRLSs, the females continued to become estrous and mate with the males for at least several years. On the other
hand, one of the oldest females showed neither estrus nor copulatory behaviors. There may be several causes for the lack of
reproductive success among old aged females: (1) in spite of ovulation, other physiological functions related to conception
may have declined; (2) the old aged females may not have been able to maintain pregnancy, and may have aborted; or (3) the
old aged females may have exhibited estrus without ovulation, and may be considered to have been in menopause.
In the Arashiyama B troop, PRLS may not be an unusual phenomenon, because, out of the 32 females born from 1954 to 1963, 13
females (41%) survived to the age of 20 yrs and most of them exhibited conspicuous PRLSs. Similar PRLSs were found in a non-provisioned
population of the Japanese macaque of Yakushima Island, and in a wild population of the chimpanzee of the Mahale Mountains
National Park, Tanzania. 相似文献
20.
Fumio Fukuda 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(4):477-492
A free-ranging troop of Japanese monkeys was observed for seven years from April 1971 to March 1978 in the Hakone area, Kanagawa
Prefecture, Japan. This troop was fed artificially between 1956 and 1977. The artificial food supply was reduced by about
half after 1974. The troop-size fluctuated around 100 between 1971 and 1974, but fell drastically from 91 in 1975 to 58 in
1978. Population parameters were compared between the two periods of 1971–1974 and 1975–1977. Clear differences between the
two periods were found in primiparous age, ratio of non-natal resident males to all resident males, ratio of newcomers to
non-natal resident males, age-specific disappearance rate, and proportion of deserters observed in the study area. A correlation
existed between the number of males and females of 5 or more years of age in the troop. The numbers in the three age-sex groups
(natal males, non-natal males, and females of 5 or more years of age in the troop) were closely connected with one another.
The scarcity of food supply may have caused not only males but also females to disperse. The drastic decrease in troop-size
after 1974 could be based on the disappearance of adult females. The cause of the dispersal of young males and adult females
could have been mutual competition among the troop members for food, and that in adult males could have been competition for
females. 相似文献