元宝枫生长旺季树干液流动态及影响因素

利用热扩散式边材液流探针和多种气象、土壤因子传感器组成的全自动数据采集系统和美国产Licor-6400光合测定系统,于夏秋季节对北京西山地区低山成林元宝枫单株边材液流动态和叶片蒸腾作用进行了系统观测。元宝枫树干边材液流变化受天气的影响,环境胁迫或环境的改善都能改变边材液流的波动特征。在正常情况下,边材液流的日变化呈单峰曲线:日出后树干液流迅速上升,峰值在中午前后出现,然后下降,在次日早晨前达到坡谷。最热月7月液流启动和进入坡谷的时间比其他各月早1~4 h。6月树干上位液流速率大于中位和下位,其他各月树干下位液流速率大于上位和中位,这种差距在7月达2~3倍。多元回归分析表明,在整个生长旺季,元宝枫边材液流变化深受气温、太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、土壤温度和风速等环境因子的影响,但在不同的观测时段和观测部位其影响的主导因子不完全相同,只有空气温度在任何情况下都是影响液流的主导因子;元宝枫边材液流的变异规律较好地说明了其耐旱的生态策略。     

喀斯特区天峨槭(Acer wangchii)树干液流特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

采用TDP(Thermal Dissipation Probe)热扩散探针法,于2012年2月—2014年3月,对喀斯特地区天峨槭(Acer wangchii)树干液流速率进行了长期连续的监测,并同步监测了林分空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、太阳辐射(Solar)、风速(WS)、降雨量(Rainfall)、土壤含水量(SWC)等环境因子,探讨了不同时间尺度下天峨槭树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)不同天气条件下的树干液流为晴天阴天雨天,且均呈明显的"昼高夜低"变化规律;2)天峨槭树干的日平均液流量为5.08kg/d,不同季节表现为夏季((8.38±5.32)kg/d)秋季((5.16±3.99)kg/d)春季((4.86±3.77)kg/d)冬季((1.94±1.40)kg/d);3)月平均液流量为153.64 kg,年平均液流量达1838.40 kg;4)小时尺度下,影响晴天、阴天、雨天全天树干液流的主要环境因子都是Solar,但各环境因子对树干液流的影响程度又因昼夜、季节及降雨量的不同而存在差异;5)从年度范围来看:小时尺度下,Solar、Ta、RH、SWC_(10cm)和WS可以共同解释树干液流的63.50%;日尺度下,Solar、Ta、SWC_(10cm)和Rainfall可共同解释其68.50%;月尺度下,单个因子Ta就能解释其74.80%;且随着时间尺度的缩小,各环境因子入选回归方程的个数有增加的趋势,而对树干液流的解释程度(R2)则有降低的趋势。对比其他地区研究结果,其环境因子对树干液流的影响差异都很大;但总的来说,无论在何种时间尺度上,Solar(或光合有效辐射(PAR))和Ta基本上都是影响树干液流的主要环境因子,且各环境因子对雨天树干液流的解释程度都不高,本研究亦如此;因此,以环境因子对雨天树干液流进行预测的时候可能会存在误差,应特别注意土壤含水量对其的影响。     

祁连山青海云杉树干液流密度的优势度差异

以祁连山排露沟小流域青海云杉林为研究对象,选取有代表性的优势木、亚优势木、中等木和被压木各3—5株,2015年6月16日至10月14日应用热扩散技术对不同优势度青海云杉树干液流密度进行测定,并同步测定相关的林外气象因子。结果表明:(1)青海云杉液流密度呈昼高夜低趋势,晴天液流密度变化幅度较大,而阴雨天变化幅度较小。(2)晴天树木优势度越大,其液流在日内的启动越早,结束越晚,峰值也越大;优势木的平均液流密度为(0.0758±0.0475)m L cm~(-2)min~(-1),是亚优势木的1.5倍,是中等木和被压木的1.68倍。(3)青海云杉平均液流密度基本呈现6月份最大,其次是8月份,9、10月份明显减小,且优势木亚优势木中等木被压木。(4)相关性分析和逐步回归表明,青海云杉日均液流密度与太阳辐射强度、饱和水气压差和空气温度呈正相关关系,与空气相对湿度和降雨量呈负相关关系。影响优势木、亚优势木和中等木液流密度的主要气象因子是太阳辐射强度,被压木液流密度主要受空气相对湿度的影响。     

Diurnal changes in the radius of a subalpine Norway spruce stem: their relation to the sap flow and their use to estimate transpiration

Diurnal changes in the stem radius of a subalpine mature Norway spruce were measured simultaneously with the flow of sap in xylem. Matric potentials in the soil were > -35 kPa. The kinetics of the flow were closely related to the changes in the radius of the stem resulting from depletion of its extensible tissues. The radius of the stem oscillated daily and, fairly independently of this, fluctuated over several days. The daily shrinkage (_d) was correlated with the daily flow through its base (Q_d). When the crown transpired little and was nearly saturated during rainy days, ASd tended to increase relative to Q_d. Using a linear relation, the estimates of flow by _d deviated less than ± 10% from the values measured by heat balance, provided that the periods of calibration in their ratio of dry to rainy days were comparable to those estimated. If the two periods differed in this respect, the estimates of flow deviated up to 42%. A quadratic relation yielded estimates that depended less on weather. It reduced maximal deviations to ±22%. Since _d additionally may represent the time pattern of the daily transpiration better than Q_d, analysing changes in the radius of stems may supplement or partly replace measurements of sap flow in stems.     

Evaluation of the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on the growth of cassava storage roots by destructive harvests and ground penetrating radar scanning approaches

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production will need to be improved to meet future food demands in Sub-Saharan Africa. The selection of high-yielding cassava cultivars requires a better understanding of storage root development. Additionally, since future production will happen under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]), cultivar selection should include responsiveness to elevated [CO₂]. Five farmer-preferred African cassava cultivars were grown for three and a half months in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment in central Illinois. Compared to ambient [CO₂] (~400 ppm), cassava storage roots grown under elevated [CO₂] (~600 ppm) had a higher biomass with some cultivars having lower storage root water content. The elevated [CO₂] stimulation in storage root biomass ranged from 33% to 86% across the five cultivars tested documenting the importance of this trait in developing new cultivars. In addition to the destructive harvests to obtain storage root parameters, we explored ground penetrating radar as a nondestructive method to determine storage root growth across the growing season.     

晋西黄土区辽东栎、山杨树干液流比较研究

于2009年生长季(4—10月),应用TDP (Thermal Dissipation Probe) 热扩散探针技术,并结合同步测定的太阳辐射、大气温度、空气饱和水汽压差及大气相对湿度等气象因子,分析了晋西黄土区15年生辽东栎、山杨树干液流的昼夜变化及季节变化规律,建立了液流速率与气象因子的关系模型。结果表明：辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率昼夜变化显著,4月份和7月份峰值出现的时间不一致。4月份两个树种的峰值出现在清晨或夜间,而7月份树种树干液流速率于中午前后达到高峰。4月份两个树种夜间的树干液流速率明显大于白天,山杨的树干液流于中午前后接近于零。4月份,辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的峰值分别为2.808 cm/h和1.188 cm/h,最小值为0.218 cm/h和0 cm/h,日平均液流速率为1.440 cm/h 和0.516 cm/h; 7月份,辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的峰值分别为12.276 cm/h和 20.448 cm/h,最小值为0.144 cm/h和0.288 cm/h,日平均液流速率为3.656 cm/h 和6.328 cm/h。7月份阴雨天时,辽东栎的液流速率峰值较晴天小,日平均液流速率是晴天的0.95倍,对山杨是0.75倍。4月份两树种树干液流速率的月平均值最低,只有1.106 cm/h和0.626 cm/h;6月份达最高值5.112 cm/h和8.214 cm/h,分别是4月份的4.62倍和13.12倍。生长季(4—10月)的林分林木总蒸腾耗水量对于辽东栎林为201.14 mm,山杨林为56.43 mm,辽东栎林为山杨林的3.56倍。统计分析表明,影响树干液流速率的主要因子对辽东栎是大气温度和太阳辐射,对山杨是太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差。     

新疆杨树干液流的径向变化及时滞特征

利用热扩散技术,对绿洲农田防护林新疆杨(Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis)大树边材5个深度处(1、2、3、5 cm和8 cm)的液流速率(Js)开展了连续两年的监测,结果表明:(1)以标准长度2 cm的探针测得的液流速率(Js-2)为参照,形成层下1、3、5、8 cm处的液流速率(Js-1,Js-3,Js-5,Js-8)与Js-2间具有显著的相关性,回归系数分别为0.24—0.27、1.18—1.61、0.81—1.64和0.38—0.75,液流速率最大的位点在形成层下3—5 cm处,液流速率最小的位点在最外侧(1 cm)或最内侧(8 cm)处,径向差异明显。边材不同深处的液流传输具有较一致的日变化过程。(2)在同步观测的5项气象要素中,大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)和太阳辐射(Ra)与Js的回归系数均较大,是驱动液流进程的主导气象要素。大气蒸发潜力(ET0)集合了多种气象要素的信息,具有与Ra一致的日变化进程(启动、峰值时刻相同),可作为分析液流昼、夜过程的综合气象变量。(3)新疆杨边材中五个深度处Js的峰值时刻基本相同(Js-1的峰值较其它层次提前4—123 min),均明显滞后于Ra(时滞)并提前于VPD,在7月份的晴天,ET0、Js和VPD峰值出现的时刻分别大致在12:30、14:00和15:00。新疆杨时滞的大小存在有规律的季节变化,从6到10月份,Js与ET0峰值的时滞(ΔJ-E)逐渐增加,变化在70—110 min(2011)、70—128 min(2012)之间,但VPD与Js峰值的时滞(ΔJ-V)逐渐降低,变化在73—20 min(2011)、63—8 min(2012)之间,这表明在生长季的早期,热量因子(Ra)对新疆杨液流变化的驱动较强,而在生长季的末期,大气水汽因子VPD的驱动效应更突出。     

In situ measurement of fine root water absorption in three temperate tree species—Temporal variability and control by soil and atmospheric factors

Miniature heat balance-sap flow gauges were used to measure water flows in small-diameter roots (3–4 mm) in the undisturbed soil of a mature beech–oak–spruce mixed stand. By relating sap flow to the surface area of all branch fine roots distal to the gauge, we were able to calculate real time water uptake rates per root surface area (J_s) for individual fine root systems of 0.5–1.0 m in length. Study aims were (i) to quantify root water uptake of mature trees under field conditions with respect to average rates, and diurnal and seasonal changes of J_s, and (ii) to investigate the relationship between uptake and soil moisture θ, atmospheric saturation deficit D, and radiation I. On most days, water uptake followed the diurnal course of D with a mid-day peak and low night flow. Neighbouring roots of the same species differed up to 10-fold in their daily totals of J_s (<100–2000 g m⁻² d⁻¹) indicating a large spatial heterogeneity in uptake. Beech, oak and spruce roots revealed different seasonal patterns of water uptake although they were extracting water from the same soil volume. Multiple regression analyses on the influence of D, I and θ on root water uptake showed that D was the single most influential environmental factor in beech and oak (variable selection in 77% and 79% of the investigated roots), whereas D was less important in spruce roots (50% variable selection). A comparison of root water uptake with synchronous leaf transpiration (porometer data) indicated that average water fluxes per surface area in the beech and oak trees were about 2.5 and 5.5 times smaller on the uptake side (roots) than on the loss side (leaves) given that all branch roots <2 mm were equally participating in uptake. Beech fine roots showed maximal uptake rates on mid-summer days in the range of 48–205 g m⁻² h⁻¹ (i.e. 0.7–3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹), oak of 12–160 g m⁻² h⁻¹ (0.2–2.5 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Maximal transpiration rates ranged from 3 to 5 and from 5 to 6 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for sun canopy leaves of beech and oak, respectively. We conclude that instantaneous rates of root water uptake in beech, oak and spruce trees are above all controlled by atmospheric factors. The effects of different root conductivities, soil moisture, and soil hydraulic properties become increasingly important if time spans longer than a week are considered.     

基于热扩散技术的三倍体毛白杨单木及林分蒸腾耗水研究

定量分析单木及林分的蒸腾耗水特征,是林木水分管理的关键环节。采用热扩散式边材液流检测技术,结合自动气象站,对三倍体毛白杨树干边材液流及环境因子进行了连续2年的动态观测。结果表明:(1)单株尺度上,三倍体毛白杨边材液流速率日变化在晴天表现为"单峰型",关键影响因子为水汽压亏缺(VPD)和太阳辐射(Qs),日平均液流速率在4—10月分别为0.65×10-3、2.12×10-3、2.09×10-3、1.78×10-3、1.84×10-3、1.76×10-3、1.04×10-3cm/s;(2)林分尺度上,三倍体毛白杨在2008、2009年(栽植第4年和第5年)的蒸腾耗水量分别为339.52和410.62 mm,主要影响因素为气孔导度(Gc)、相对湿度(RH),以及VPD;(3)多元线性回归模型可以较好的模拟三倍体毛白杨边材液流速率对环境因子的响应特征(P0.01,2008年),模型预测值较实测值偏大6.39%(2009年),二者极显著线性相关(R2=0.910,Sig.=0.00054,n=1008)。     

The concentration and efflux of tree stem CO2 and the role of xylem sap flow

The accurate assessment of actual tree stem respiration and its relation with temperature plays a considerable role in investigating the forest carbon cycle. An increasing number of research reports have indicated that tree stem respiration determined with the commonlyapplied chamber gas exchange measuring system does not follow expectations regarding temperature relationships. This method is based on the nowadays widely-accepted theory that the respired CO₂ in a tree stem would all diffuse outward into the atmosphere. However, it neglects partial CO₂ that is dissolved in the xylem sap and is carried away by the transpirational stream. Scientists have started to realize that the respired CO₂ measured with the chamber gas exchange method is only a portion of the total stem respiration (CO₂ efflux), while the other portion, which is sometimes very substantial in quantity (thought to occupy maybe 15%–75% of the total stem respiration), is transported to the upper part of the stem and to the canopy by sap flow. This suggests that the CO₂ produced by respiration is re-allocated within the stem. Accordingly, the change in CO₂ efflux could be reflected in the rates of sap flow in addition to its dependence on temperature. Proper methods and instruments are required to quantify the internal and external CO₂ fluxes in the trunk and their interaction with related environmental factors.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区柠条和沙棘树干液流的变化特征

近年来为防治黄土高原水土流失,我国政府开展了一系列的植被恢复工作。了解造林植被水分利用策略,对于在干旱半干旱黄土高原地区开展有效的植被恢复至关重要。以黄土高原甘肃省定西市安家沟小流域为研究区,选取黄土高原大规模植树造林灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为研究对象,利用包裹式液流计于2020年6—9月对柠条和沙棘树干和枝条的液流进行观测,研究柠条和沙棘树干液流密度的日内与年内变化,以及与环境要素的关系。结果表明,柠条与沙棘的液流密度日内变化规律与光合有效辐射(Q₀)、饱和水汽压差(D_z)变化趋势一致。液流密度对环境要素的响应不同,在8月份,柠条和沙棘液流密度受D_z、Q₀和气温(T_a)的影响较大,其中,D_z占主导地位。在其他月份,液流密度主要受D_z、Q₀的影响较大。当柠条与沙棘经历了长期干旱无雨的条件下,土壤含水量对树干液流的影响较大,D_z...     

Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus: an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements

Summary Tree transpiration was determined by xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements in a temperate broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus in New Zealand (tree height: up to 36 m, one-sided leaf area index: 7). Measurements were carried out on a plot which had similar stem circumference and basal area per ground area as the stand. Plot sap flux density agreed with tree canopy transpiration rate determined by the difference between above-canopy eddy correlation and forest floor lysimeter evaporation measurements. Daily sap flux varied by an order of magnitude among trees (2 to 87 kg day^–1 tree^–1). Over 50% of plot sap flux density originated from 3 of 14 trees which emerged 2 to 5 m above the canopy. Maximum tree transpiration rate was significantly correlated with tree height, stem sapwood area, and stem circumference. Use of water stored in the trees was minimal. It is estimated that during growth and crown development, Nothofagus allocates about 0.06 m of circumference of main tree trunk or 0.01 m² of sapwood per kg of water transpired over one hour.Maximum total conductance for water vapour transfer (including canopy and aerodynamic conductance) of emergent trees, calculated from sap flux density and humidity measurements, was 9.5 mm s^–1 that is equivalent to 112 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the scale of the leaf. Artificially illuminated shoots measured in the stand with gas exchange chambers had maximum stomatal conductances of 280 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the top and 150 mmol m^–2 s^–1 at the bottom of the canopy. The difference between canopy and leaf-level measurements is discussed with respect to effects of transpiration on humidity within the canopy. Maximum total conductance was significantly correlated with leaf nitrogen content. Mean carbon isotope ratio was –27.76±0.27 (average ±s.e.) indicating a moist environment. The effects of interactions between the canopy and the atmosphere on forest water use dynamics are shown by a fourfold variation in coupling of the tree canopy air saturation deficit to that of the overhead atmosphere on a typical fine day due to changes in stomatal conductance.This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. O.L. Lange on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流作为植物蒸散作用的水分来源,是植物水分消耗的直观量化监测指标,利用包裹式树干液流监测技术获取干旱区枸杞全生育期树干液流实时数据,分析了不同时间尺度树干液流变化特征及各气象要素对树干液流的影响,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其影响因素提供了重要的佐证。结果表明:枸杞的树干液流量昼夜差异较大,白天液流量是夜间的10倍左右;晴天液流速率、日累积量及变化幅度均大于阴雨天气,晴天液流速率变化曲线且呈宽峰型,在06:30左右启动较阴天提前30min;夏季树干液流启动时间为6:00比秋季提前1h左右,夏季的峰值123g/h。盛果期液流速率最大10.32g/h,营养生长期最小1.35 g/h;6—8月旺盛生长季,平均日耗水1388.3g/d,5—11月全生育期日均耗水1102.7g/d;树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度均呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系;枸杞树干液流(F)与太阳辐射(S)、温度(T)、相对湿度(H)及饱和水汽压(VPD)符合方程F=41.5+0.167S-0.563H+1.36T-9.67VPD(R~2=0.6547)。     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎群落优势种和主要伴生种树干液流动态特征

运用Granier热扩散探针法(TDP),于2011年5月对黄土丘陵区延安市南郊公路山辽东栎群落优势种(辽东栎)和3个伴生种(山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛)树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度)和土壤水分动态,比较分析辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛的树干液流通量密度日变化动态及其对环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化动态特征总体上反映了气象环境因子变化的昼夜规律性,呈单峰或双峰型曲线,但辽东栎与山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化规律存在一定的差异。辽东栎液流启动时间较早,通常在5:00左右,而山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流启动时间均晚于辽东栎一个小时以上。辽东栎液流达到峰值的时间也较其它树种早,通常出现在9:00前后;细裂槭、桃叶卫矛和山杏液流通量密度达到峰值的时间分别在10:00、11:00和13:00前后。细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化曲线峰值较窄。除此之外,土壤水分状况对伴生种的影响程度要比优势种的大。相关分析表明,树干液流通量密度与太阳辐射和空气水汽压亏缺均呈极显著正相关。优势种与伴生种的液流动态差异可能与树木本身特性以及群落对光能的限制性再分配有关。     

华北落叶松夜间树干液流特征及生长季补水格局

在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱区的叠叠沟小流域,采用热扩散探针法在2011年生长季监测了华北落叶松(Larix principisrupprechtii)人工林的树干液流速率,分析了夜间树干液流和补水量的变化特征及与气象、土壤水分等环境因子的关系.结果表明:树干液流速率日变化表现为典型的单峰宽峰曲线,且整个生长季均存在微弱的夜间液流,一般表现为逐渐减小,特别是在晴天,且晴天的变幅显著大于雨天.除生长季中期雨天夜间液流平均速率显著高于晴天,生长季初期及末期雨天与晴天的差异并不显著.生长季内,夜间树干补水总量为11.03 mm,占总蒸腾量的7.22％;5月份的树干补水量最大(4.19mm),其他月份的树干补水量明显减小,在0.9-1.7mm的范围波动.但不同月份间的补水贡献率存在明显差异,表现为生长季末期(9、10月)＞初期(5月)＞中期(6-8月).相关分析表明,日补水量与各气象因子关系不大,仅与降水量显著正相关(P＜0.05),与土壤含水率、日间蒸腾量、日蒸腾总量极显著正相关(P＜0.01).夜间补水的月蒸腾贡献率与月均土壤含水率、月均气温、月均日间蒸腾量、月总蒸腾量等显著相关(P＜0.05);而夜间补水的日蒸腾贡献率与日最高气温、日均气温、日间蒸腾量、日均饱和水汽压差、日总蒸腾量、日均太阳辐射强度、日最低气温、日均空气相对湿度、日降水量、土壤含水率等极显著相关(P＜0.01),经逐步回归分析建立了日补水量蒸腾贡献率与环境因子的多元线性模型.     

A comparison of sap flux and water relations of leaves of various isolated trees with special reference to foundation movement in clay soil

Diurnal variation in sap flux (S) through stems of six trees, two each of Ulmus procera SALISB., Melaleuca styphelioides SM. and Prunus cerasifera EHRH. ‘Nigra’ (referred to hereafter by their generic names), were estimated from measurements of heat pulse velocities. Leaf water potential (ψ), stomatal conductance (g _s ) and transpiration from leaves (T) of all replicate trees were measured at 1300–1500h, once during the summer. On two separate occasions measurements were made of S, ψ, (g _s ) and T for one each of Ulmus and Melaleuca trees to study diurnal variations in these parameters. A 12×12 m² area around each tree was kept covered to simulate the condition of trees growing on pavements adjacent to residential properties. Sap flux for these tree species was in the order Melaleuca>Ulmus>Prunus. It is suggested that the smaller canopy and sapwood area in Prunus compared to the other two species is responsible for lower water potential and lower transpiration rate than the other species. Detailed analysis of the diurnal variation in sap flux and water relation of leaves of Melaleuca and Ulmus indicated sap flux of Melaleuca to be greater than that of Ulmus at the same transpiration rate per unit leaf area although the sapwood area of the two species was marginally different. This may have been due either to the difference in canopy conductance or in leaf area between the two species. With the assumption that sap flux closely resembles the rate of soil water extraction for both species, results indicate that Melaleuca is likely to extract soil water at a higher rate than Ulmus and hence is capable of causing greater shrinkage and soil movement than Ulmus.