污损性海鞘的生态特点研究展望

海鞘生长快,繁殖迅速,能产生大量在短时间内附着的幼虫,是海洋污损生物群落中的重要成员,对海上人工设施会产生严重危害。污损性海鞘主要由悉尼海鞘(Ascidia sydneiensis)、史氏菊海鞘(Botryllus schlosseri)、米氏小叶鞘(Diplosoma listerianum)、柄瘤海鞘(Styela clava)、红贺海鞘(Herdmania momus)等9科29属103种组成,其中在太平洋海域64种、印度洋23种、大西洋44种,而北冰洋海域仅3种;另外,其附着污损具有明显的地域性和季节特点,并与深度有关。今后应加强污损性海鞘的生态调查和分类研究,阐明深海及两极海域附着污损特点,揭示幼虫附着变态过程的分子调控机理,完善幼虫采集培养技术,以期更好地掌握海鞘生物学特性与生态特点,丰富和发展海洋生态学内容,并为海洋污损生物的防除奠定基础,促进海洋经济产业的发展。     

黄、渤海沿岸污损生物中的海鞘类

本文根据1974—1985在黄渤海进行污损生物调查的资料,报道该海域的海鞘类14种。同时对这些种类的附着季节、数量及具在生物污损中的意义作初步研究。并对优势种柄瘤海鞘(Styela clava)的种群进行了初步分析。     

黄渤海沿岸污损生物中的苔藓虫

从1974年8月至1985年6月在黄渤海沿岸9个港湾进行了污损生物挂板实验,同时调查了船只、码头、浮标等水下设施的污损生物,共获得992号苔藓虫标本。经鉴定有35种,分别属于3目17科,它们大部分是我国沿岸水域的广分布种,有些是印度—西太平洋暖水种。在长江口外吕泗洋水文平台发现4种,连云港17种,烟台港18种,蓬莱港12种,渤海海峡的砣矶岛8种,塘沽新港14种,族顺港15种,丹东港是鸭绿江下游河港,未发现苔藓虫。 黄渤海苔藓虫主要附着季节6—10月,高峰期7、8、9三个月。 文章最后论述了苔藓虫作为污损生物主要成员之一在污损生物中的意义。     

海州湾长牡蛎养殖区污损生物研究

于2016年11月10日至2017年5月10日,对海州湾距离岸边由近到远的三个长牡蛎养殖区(站点1,站点2和站点3)的污损生物进行了调查研究。调查期间共发现污损生物9门,19种。三试验站点污损生物附着规律基本一致,3月份之前优势种为麦秆虫,其次为软丝藻、沙蚕;3月份之后优势种为海鞘,其次为紫贻贝。污损生物大量爆发时间在3、4月份,此时间段污损生物相对增长率达到最高。距离岸边中间距离的站点2污损生物绝对增长率和总湿重最高,且均显著大于其它两养殖站点(p0.05)。污损生物爆发期间主要物种是复海鞘,其湿重占污损生物总湿重比值高达93%,是养殖区主要防除对象。本研究为海州湾污损生物防除以及水产贝类健康养殖提供了科学基础。     

黄渤海沿岸污损生物中的腔肠动物

国家海洋局第三海洋研究所污损生物研究组1974—1985年对黄渤海沿岸九个点周年挂板采样及对该海域船只、码头、浮标等海中设施进行污损生物调查,仅丹东港未发现腔肠动物,其他结果如下: 一、种类组成:检查 730号标本,鉴定为14种,均为我国沿海广分布种(表1)。     

海洋硅藻附着研究进展

随着人类对海洋资源的进一步开发和利用,越来越多的人工设备用于水下操作,而海洋生物污损在很大程度上制约了这些设备的应用,给人类带来重大的经济损失。因此,海洋生物污损的形成机制与防治成为当前研究的一个热点。海洋硅藻是海洋生物污损过程中形成生物膜的主要物种,其在水下固相表面的附着可诱导大型污损生物的附着,从而影响生物污损群落的形成。本文综述了硅藻在固相表面的附着机理、固相表面性质对硅藻附着的影响及具有应用前景的广谱抗污损高分子材料的研究进展,并展望海洋硅藻附着研究前景。     

抗污损海洋天然产物的开发及其作用机理研究进展

首先对近年发表在学术期刊Biofouling上的一篇关于抗污损化合物的综述做一简短总结。其次,突出介绍了对无脊椎污损生物附着和变态分子水平的调控机制的研究近来的进展。旨在给那些从事生物污损和抗污损技术研究的科研人员提供一定的帮助。     

近海设施双壳类污损特点及应对措施概述

双壳类软体动物是引发海洋生物污损现象的重要生物类群。污损近海设施的该类型生物主要为紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)、齿缘牡蛎(Dendostrea folium)、褶牡蛎(Alectryonella plicatula)、长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)和日本巨牡蛎(C.nippona)等种类; 在纬度较低的热带、亚热带近海海域, 污损性双壳类以牡蛎为优势种, 而温带近海海区则是紫贻贝;至于深度方面, 牡蛎污损的范围大于紫贻贝。近海设施污损生物的防除主要通过水下人工清除作业、安装波浪驱动海生物防除装置、涂装防污漆、电解海水、添加杀生剂和生物控制等途径, 加强近海污损性双壳类研究不仅有助于促进海洋生态学研究的发展, 而且可为研发新型高效环保防污技术奠定基础。     

污损性管栖多毛类生态特点及研究展望

污损性管栖多毛类属环节动物门,主要由龙介虫科(Serpulidae)、螺旋虫科(Spirorbidae)、缨鳃虫科(Sabellidae)和蛰龙介科(Terebllidae)4科55种组成,以华美盘管虫(Hydroides elegans)、内刺盘管虫(H.ezoensis)、龙介虫(Serpula vermicularis)和克氏无襟毛虫(Pomatoleios kraussii)等种类为优势种,通常成批的附着在物体表面,严重影响人工设施的安全和性能。污损性管栖多毛类的分布具有明显的地域性和季节性,并与深度有关。今后工作应进一步开展管栖多毛类基础生物学研究,探讨外来种的入侵及影响,丰富和发展生态和分类等方面的研究内容。     

强潮差海域秋茄生长的宜林临界线

以国内最大潮差值的乐清湾西门岛海域为研究地点,选定黄零为1.96、1.66、1.35和1.03 m 4个高程断面,对各高程上1年生和3年生秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗的成活率、生长指标以及污损生物（藤壶）等因子进行了统计分析.结果表明：不同高程内,1年生和3年生秋茄幼苗的生长存在显著性差异;秋茄幼林植株上附生有白脊藤壶(Balanus albicostatus)和纹藤壶(Balanus amphitrite amphitrite)2种藤壶,其中优势种白脊藤壶在黄零1.35 m的高程对秋茄的污损最为严重.西门岛秋茄的宜林线为黄零1.66 m,即不低于当地平均海平面以上1.29 m、每个潮水周期平均淹水时间小于3.65 h的潮滩.藤壶、强潮和极端天气是该地区秋茄宜林线明显高于当地平均海平面的主要原因.     

大亚湾人工鱼礁附着生物的初步研究

1988年8月至1989年7月在大亚湾鱼礁区进行附着生物调查研究,记录79种生物,大约有82.7％的生物种类是鱼礁区鱼虾的饵料生物(包括35种不带壳和32种带壳的饵料生物),有17.3％的生物种类为非饵料生物。礁区附着生物种类多,附着量大,生长迅速,投礁半年后100％被生物覆盖,附着厚度30mm,附着量达17.487kg/m~2。礁区生物一年四季都能繁殖附着,主要附着期4—10月,高峰期7、8、9三个月,是投礁的最佳时间。     

The cytoskeletal scaffold Shank3 is recruited to pathogen-induced actin rearrangements

The common gastrointestinal pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella typhimurium both reorganize the gut epithelial cell actin cytoskeleton to mediate pathogenesis, utilizing mimicry of the host signaling apparatus. The PDZ domain-containing protein Shank3, is a large cytoskeletal scaffold protein with known functions in neuronal morphology and synaptic signaling, and is also capable of acting as a scaffolding adaptor during Ret tyrosine kinase signaling in epithelial cells. Using immunofluorescent and functional RNA-interference approaches we show that Shank3 is present in both EPEC- and S. typhimurium-induced actin rearrangements and is required for optimal EPEC pedestal formation. We propose that Shank3 is one of a number of host synaptic proteins likely to play key roles in bacteria-host interactions.     

Comparison of eae, tir, espA and espB genes of bovine and human attaching and effacing Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) virulence genes include the eae, the tir, the espA and the espB genes. These genes have been sequenced from several AEEC strains. The sequences alignments revealed the presence of constant and variable regions. Multiplex polymerase chain reactions were developed, in order to determine the subtype of each gene present in a particular isolate. AEEC strains isolated from calves dead of diarrhea, from healthy calves and from infected humans were compared. The same pathotypes were found in sick and healthy calves but in inverted proportion. These pathotypes were also found in human AEEC. Although, the human EHEC strains from serotype O157 possessed their own pathotype.     

Identification of EaeA protein in the outer membrane of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli O45 from pigs

Abstract We have previously reported that the production of attaching and effacing lesions by Escherichia coli O45 isolates from pigs is associated with the eaeA ( E. coli attaching and effacing) gene. In the present study, expression of the EaeA protein, the eaeA gene product, among swine O45 E. coli isolates was examined. The majority (20/22) of attaching and effacing positive, eaeA⁺ E. coli O45 isolates, but none of ten attaching and effacing negative, eaeA⁻ or eaeA⁺ isolates, expressed a 97-kDa outer membrane protein as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Amino-terminal amino acid sequencing demonstrated a high homology between this 97-kDa protein of swine E. coli O45 and the EaeA protein (intimin) of human enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli . In addition, a serological relationship between the EaeA proteins of swine O45, rabbit (RDEC-1) and human (E2348/69) attaching and effacing E. coli strains was observed. Our results indicate an association between expression of the EaeA protein and attaching and efficacing activity among O45 E. coli isolates. The data also suggest an antigenic relatedness of the EaeA proteins of swine, rabbit, and human attaching and effacing E. coli .     

Vero细胞无血清培养基的研究进展

Vero细胞是世界卫生组织和《中国药典》认可的用于人用疫苗和动物疫苗生产的细胞系,Vero细胞无血清培养生产疫苗已成为当前的主要趋势。无血清培养的关键是设计符合Vero细胞贴壁特性和提高细胞密度的无血清培养基,这也是规模化培养的关键因素之一。Vero细胞无血清培养基的开发与使用一方面减少了对动物血清的依赖,提高了病毒性疫苗的质量安全;另一方面促进了无血清培养技术的发展与应用。现就Vero细胞无血清培养基的研究进展予以综述。     

Cloning and characterization of the esp region from a dog attaching and effacing Escherichia coli strain 4221 and detection of EspB protein-binding to HEp-2 cells

The espA, espB and espD genes from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were previously shown to be essential for triggering the signal transduction in infected host cells. We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of the espA, espB and espD homologues from an E. coli strain (4221) isolated from a dog which manifested the attaching and effacing lesions in the small intestine. This strain is designated as a dog enteropathogenic E. coli. When comparing predicted amino acid sequences to those of the corresponding proteins from enteropathogenic E. coli O127, enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype O26, enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 and rabbit enteropathogenic E. coli, the EspADEPEC protein showed the same level of similarity (75% identity) with EspA of enteropathogenic E. coli O127 and rabbit enteropathogenic E. coli. The EspBDEPEC protein showed the highest similarity with the EspB of enteropathogenic E. coli O127 (99% identity). The EspDDEPEC protein showed 88% identity with the EspDEPEC. We constructed and purified a maltose-binding fusion protein containing the product of the entire espBDEPEC gene of the dog enteropathogenic E. coli strain 4221. Purified maltose-binding protein-EspBDEPEC fusion protein was shown to bind efficiently to HEp-2 cells in a localized fashion as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, when the dog enteropathogenic E. coli strain 4221 was grown in tissue culture medium (DMEM) supplemented with serum, a secreted 36-kDa protein was identified by immunoblot analysis using a polyclonal antiserum against the maltose-binding protein-EspBDEPEC fusion protein.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.