马铃薯晚疫病生防木霉菌的筛选及鉴定

采用马铃薯活体筛选法从268株木霉菌中筛选获得两株对致病疫霉有较强抑菌活性的木霉菌株R-5和T-15。这两株木霉菌代谢液可抑制病原菌生长及孢子囊萌发。温室防病试验发现,接种两株木霉菌可以减轻晚疫病的发生。田间试验进一步证明,两株木霉菌对晚疫病具有良好的田间防治效果,防效分别达到了72.4%和70.0%。经分子生物学方法鉴定,两株木霉菌分别为拟康氏木霉和棘孢木霉。实验构建的以活体筛选为基础的生防木霉菌筛选方法是一种可行高效的生防木霉菌筛选方式。     

木霉菌及其系统分类学研究回顾

从木霉菌(Trichodermaspp.)的分类历史、主要分类系统、分子生物学在木霉菌分类研究中的应用、我国木霉菌分类研究状况等几个方面,对木霉菌的分类研究进展进行了简要回顾。近些年来国际上对木霉菌的分类研究取得了显著进展,陆续发表了许多新种,目前木霉属已报道有3组60种和2个变型。另外,对木霉分类研究中存在的问题也进行了讨论。     

木霉菌生物学与应用研究——回顾与展望

本期《菌物学报》是为了庆祝第十三届国际木霉菌和粘帚霉学术研究讨会而出版的,本期共收录了14篇文章,其中综述2篇,研究论文12篇,重点反映我国近年来在木霉菌资源收集与鉴定、木霉菌系统发育、木霉菌生物技术、木霉菌生物防治机理、在农业与环境保护中应用等方面的研究进展,同时介绍国际上相关的最新研究进展,并提出今后我国木霉菌研究的发展方向。     

木霉菌对3种致病真菌的作用关系研究

采用室内生长速率法测定了木霉菌 (Trichodermaspp .)与 3种致病真菌的互作关系 ,结果表明 ,木霉菌与 3种致病真菌间均存在明显的互作关系 ,但其互作类型与作用强度各不相同 :木霉菌与立枯丝核菌 (Rhi zoctoniasolani)间存在拮抗作用 ,但抑制强度不大 ;木霉菌与腐霉菌 (Pythiumaphanidermatum)不仅存在拮抗作用 ,且对腐霉菌的抑制强度较大 ;木霉菌与镰刀菌 (Fuariumspp .)间存在明显的协生作用。经进一步多方面考察后 ,有可能将该木霉菌用于病害防治     

两种生防木霉菌的种群动态监测及回收毒力测定

目的:对施入人参地的两株木霉菌的种群动态进行长期监测及回收毒力测定,为应用木霉菌安全、长期、有效防治根部病害提供理论依据。方法:采用木霉菌选择性培养基筛选法和平板对峙培养法,对木霉菌进行回收测定及毒力评价。结果:Th3080与Tv04-2在人参地土壤环境中定殖后可长期大量存活。150d检测时,木霉菌种群数量与初始投入量的比率平均为16.2%,最高达44.5%。两种木霉菌对3种人参病原菌的抑制率较原始菌株有所增强或无显著差异。结论:木霉菌引入土壤微生态后可以建立种群。木霉菌不仅可以长期大量存活,而且能很好的保持毒力。     

木霉菌与种子生物处理

本文从木霉菌的生防特性出发,论述了木霉菌在种子生物处理方面的应用潜力和研究进展,并对今后工业化生产的若干途径进行了比较。     

木霉菌在玉米病害生物防治中的作用机制及应用

目前,世界上共有分属于10个属（Trichoderma,Gliocladium,Chaetomium,Bacillus,Burkhoderia,Streptomyces and Pseudomonas,Pantoea,Enterobacter,Macrobacterium）中的微生物被试验用于玉米病害的生物防治,其中细菌14种,真菌17种,放线菌1种。国际上由木霉菌开发的生物杀菌剂和生物肥料有50余种,其中以哈茨木霉T22菌株开发的产品最为著名。目前在我国也开发出了4种木霉菌剂型（可湿性粉剂、颗粒剂、水分散粒剂和种衣剂）,正式登记的木霉菌杀菌剂有7种,其中6种为可湿粉剂,1种为水分散粒剂,主要登记用于防治番茄、观赏百合、黄瓜的立枯病、猝倒病、根腐病、灰霉病、霜霉病以及小麦的纹枯病,但尚无木霉菌生物农药被登记用于防治玉米病害。以木霉菌为主要成分登记的菌肥产品有11种,其中在玉米上应用的有2种。由课题组研制的木霉菌颗粒剂和种衣剂通过土壤穴施和种子包衣可有效防治玉米茎腐病和纹枯病,其中木霉菌颗粒剂防效达65%-87%。近期研制的木霉菌可湿性粉剂对玉米小斑病的防效达50%-60%。国际上已鉴定出多种可诱导玉米获得系统抗性的木霉菌源激发子,其中包括Sm1、纤维素酶、疏水蛋白和Avr4 /Avr9等效应因子。本课题组近年鉴定出Thc6（锌指蛋白类转录因子）、PAF-AH和Thph1/Thph2的编码产物在系统诱导以JA/ET信号调控的玉米抗弯孢菌叶斑病中具有重要作用,符合植物免疫MAMPs模式,为全面认识木霉菌诱导免疫机理提供了重要理论依据。木霉菌诱导玉米从根至叶片的防御反应系统传导机制还需深入研究。     

木霉菌T23胶毒素合成基因的生物信息学分析与克隆

胶毒素是生防木霉菌重要的次生代谢产物之一。本研究以生防木霉菌T23为供试材料,旨在通过生物信息学技术及表达分析,挖掘木霉菌T23中胶毒素合成候选基因,探索木霉菌胶毒素合成的分子调控机制,可为新型生物农药的开发及应用提供理论依据。研究表明,木霉菌T23中胶毒素合成候选基因簇全长28 kb,簇内包含了8个基因,分别与烟曲霉胶毒素合成基因簇内的gliP、gliC、gliN、gliK、gliI、gliG、gliF、gliM高度同源。提取培养2 d、3 d、4 d、5 d的木霉菌T23菌丝的RNA,通过半定量RT-PCR技术探索各候选基因在木霉菌T23不同生长时期的表达情况,显示各基因在不同生长时期均有表达,属于组成型表达基因。成功克隆得到木霉菌T23中的gliP-T23基因并完成基因结构分析,该基因全长6 339 bp,由4个外显子和3个内含子组成,为后续的基因功能验证提供基础。     

木霉菌醇通过p53信号通路对胃癌大鼠的肠道微生态、胃肠道功能及免疫功能的影响

目的：分析木霉菌醇通过p53信号通路对胃癌大鼠的肠道微生态、胃肠道功能及免疫功能的影响。方法：随机将40只雄性SD大鼠分为模型组、木霉菌醇低剂量组、木霉菌醇中剂量组和木霉菌醇高剂量组,每组各10只;另选取10只健康雄性大鼠分为空白组。空白组、模型组制模成功后给予等量生理盐水灌胃,木霉菌醇低、中、高剂量组分别给予20、40、60 mg/kg灌胃。采用Western blot检测p53蛋白表达水平;采用16S r DNA测定法检测肠道菌群变化情况;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清胃肠道功能指标水平;采用流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果：模型组、木霉菌醇(低、中、高剂量)组p53蛋白表达水平比空白组低,木霉菌醇中剂量组p53蛋白水平比模型组、木霉菌醇(低、高剂量)组高(P<0.05)。模型组、木霉菌醇(低、中、高剂量)组厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门水平明显高于空白组高,木霉菌醇中剂量组厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门水平明显低于模型组、木霉菌醇(低、高剂量)组(P<0.05)。模型组、木霉菌醇(低、中、高剂量)组胃泌素、胃动素水平明显比空白组低,木霉菌醇中低剂量组胃泌...     

不同木霉菌对火龙果溃疡菌的拮抗效果研究

火龙果溃疡病是危害火龙果的重要病害之一.为有效开展火龙果溃疡病的生物防治,本研究比较了17种木霉菌的菌丝生长速率、产孢量,并通过对峙抑制试验和盆栽试验等比较不同木霉菌对火龙果溃疡病的抑制作用,从中筛选出了木霉菌KN-28,其抗生效果最强,其无菌发酵液对火龙果溃疡菌的抑制率高达92.9%,盆栽试验防效可达到59.07%～70.11%.综上所述,木霉菌KN-28防治火龙果溃疡病的潜力巨大,有望作为火龙果的生防目的菌株.     

一种改良的植物基因组DNA通用提取方法

高质量的基因组DNA是分子生物学研究的基础,而从富含糖类和次生代谢物且异质性强的植物材料中分离DNA相对困难。本方法在CTAB法和商业DNA提取试剂盒的基础上,在裂解细胞之前,对植物材料进行预处理．去除干扰DNA提取的代谢物,并在后续步骤中进行了一些优化。该方法适于多种不同的植物种类,所提取的基因组DNA质量较好,能满足下一步基因操作的要求,是一种通用的植物基因组DNA提取方法。     

Purification of plant hormone extracts by gel permeation chromatography

Gel permeation chromatography on porous polystyrene beads has been adapted for the purification of plant extracts prior to analysis for plant hormones. The retention characteristics of gibberellins, indoleacetic acid, cytokinins and abscisic acid are presented along with chromatograms of some typical plant extracts.     

长白山区的药用植物资源及其开发利用

本文对吉林省长白山区的药用植物资进行了调查研究,为合理开发利用这一资源提供了原始材料和参考意见。     

Green genes-comparative genomics of the green branch of life

As more plant genome sequences become available, researchers are increasingly using comparative genomics to address some of the major questions in plant biology. Such questions include the evolution of photosynthesis and multicellularity, the developmental genetic changes responsible for alterations in body plan, and the origin of important plant innovations such as roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.     

植物比较解剖学在中国50年的进展和展望

系统与进化植物学是当今植物科学中的主流学科之一,植物比较解剖学是该学科的重要组成部分。根据近50年国内主要期刊统计,我国植物学者重点在种子植物的维管组织结构、叶及其表皮结构、花的结构和发育、种子及种皮特征、分泌组织以及一些原始种子植物等方面开展了比较解剖研究,为一些植物科、属的系统分类提供了解剖学依据。但在研究的植物种类、内容和方法尚存在不足,发表的论文相对较少。根据我国植物种质资源丰富,研究基础较好等特点,认为我国植物比较解剖学发展前景宽广,并对进一步发展提出一些建议。     

Protein-protein interactions in pathogen recognition by plants

Protein-protein interactions have emerged as key determinants of whether plant encounters with pathogens result in disease or successful plant defense. Genetic interactions between plant resistance genes and pathogen avirulence genes enable pathogen recognition by plants and activate plant defense. These gene-for-gene interactions in some cases have been shown to involve direct interactions of the products of the genes, and have indicated plant intracellular localization for certain avirulence proteins. Incomplete specificity of some of the interactions in laboratory assays suggests that additional proteins might be required to confer specificity in the plant. In many cases, resistance and avirulence protein interactions have not been demonstrable, and in some cases, other plant components that interact with avirulence proteins have been found. Investigation to date has relied heavily on biochemical and cytological methods including in vitrobinding assays and immunoprecipitation, as well as genetic tools such as the yeast two-hybrid system. Observations so far, however, point to the likely requirement for multiple, interdependent protein associations in pathogen recognition, for which these techniques can be insufficient. This article reviews the protein-protein interactions that have been described in pathogen recognition by plants, and provides examples of how rapid future progress will hinge on the adoption of new and developing technologies.     

The role of lectins in plant defence

Summary Recent progress in the search for the physiological role of plant lectins supports the idea that some of these proteins are involved in the defence mechanisms of the plant. To place the evidence in favour of such a defensive role in a broad perspective, a short overview is given of the most important plant pathogens and predators. In addition, the solutions that plants have developed to resist the continuous threat of a hostile environment are briefly discussed in relation to the protective role of proteins in general. The presumed involvement of plant lectins in defence mechanisms is first inferred from an analysis of the biochemical, physiological, cellular biological and molecular biological properties of plant lectins. Subsequently, the available experimental evidence for the involvement of lectins in the plant's defence against viruses, bacteria, fungi and herbivorous invertebrates and vertebrates is discussed in some detail. Since the defensive role of plant lectins is determined largely by their ability to recognize and bind foreign glycans, a brief discussion is given of how the basically protective properties of these proteins can be exploited for histochemical applications in biological and biomedical research.     

Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that occurs throughout the life span of every plant life, from initial germination of the seed to the senescence of the plant. It is a normal physiological milestone during the plant’s developmental process, but it can also be induced by external factors, including a variety of environmental stresses and as a response to pathogen infections. Changes in the morphology of the nucleus is one of the most noticeable during PCD but all the components of the plant cell (cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and organelles) are involved in this fascinating process. To date, relatively little is known about PCD in plants, but several factors, among which polyamines (PAs) and plant growth regulators, have been shown to play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the process. The role of PAs in plant PCD appears to be multifaceted acting in some instances as pro-survival molecules, whereas in others seem to be implicated in accelerating PCD. The molecular mechanism is still under study. Here we present some PCD plant models, focusing on the role of the enzyme responsible for PA conjugation to proteins: transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme linked with the process of PCD also in some animal models. The role of PAs and plant TGase in the senescence and PCD in flowers, leaf and the self-incompatibility of pollen will be discussed and examined in depth.     

福建三明地区主要环保植物资源及其应用

本文讨论环境污染对植物伤害的症状、植物抗污性标准、环境监测植物的优点和选择指标。在此基础上,筛选出福建三明地区环保植物资源的种类,并推荐适用于当地不同环境特点和功能的环保植物。     

Host plant genus-level diversity is the best predictor of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a Chinese subtropical forest

Microbial diversity is generally far higher than plant diversity, but the relationship between microbial diversity and plant diversity remains enigmatic. To shed light on this problem, we examined the diversity of a key guild of root-associated microbes, that is, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along a plant diversity gradient in a Chinese subtropical forest. The results indicated that EM fungal diversity was positively correlated with host plant diversity. Furthermore, this relationship was best predicted by host genus-level diversity, rather than species-level diversity or family-level diversity. The generality of this finding was extended beyond our study system through the analyses of 100 additional studies of EM fungal communities from tropical and temperate forests. Here as well, EM fungal lineage composition was significantly affected by EM plant diversity levels, and some EM fungal lineages were co-associated with some host plant genera. These results suggest a general diversity maintenance mechanism for host-specific microbes based on higher order host plant phylogenetic diversity.