鸟类生长发育研究方面的某些进展

本文将近20年来鸟类生长发育的研究状况分4个方面作了概述。首先介绍了雏鸟体重增长的几种模型;其次概括地分析了影响鸟类生长率的几种重要因素以及雏鸟身体结构中,不同部位的生长与发育的关系;最后讨论了控制生长发育的几种假设。     

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF NESTLING HOUSE MARTINS DELICHON URBICA

Growth of nestling House Martins was studied in relation to (a) conditions in the external environment and (b) aspects of their breeding biology. The dependence of growth performance on (1) hatchling weights, (2) relative difference in hatchling weights within broods, (3) brood size,(4) season, (5) earliness of breeding in relation to other pairs in the colony, (6) timing of breeding in relation to the median breeding week of the colony and (7) aerial food abundance, was investigated by step-down multiple regression analysis. Up to the stage of the peak brood weight, early laying, small brood sizes and high hatchling weights were associated with higher nestling growth rates. Large relative differences in hatchling weights however tended to depress mean brood weights and increase weight differences (= size hierarchies) within broods. These differences in hatchling weights were considered to contribute significantly to 23% of all nestling deaths, because small, late hatching nestlings suffered very high mortality even when food was abundant. The nestlings which died showed a progressive reduction on growth rates and all succumbed before the 11th nestling day. Because these differences in hatchling weights can be linked to the food supply during laying rather than immediately prior to their death, it is considered that the mortality of these nestlings can ultimately be attributed to the low quality of eggs from which they hatched. There was a tendency for pre-hatching factors to diminish in importance throughout growth, while post-hatching factors increased in importance and, with one exception, were responsible for explaining all the significant variance in the growth characteristics of fledglings. The exception was that differences in wing-lengths in broods could be linked with weight differences at hatching. Food shortages lowered average brood weights prior to fledging. Because pairs breeding during the median breeding week had lighter young, it was inferred that competition for food during this peak of breeding activity had the effect of lowering nestling growth performance, although the overall effect was considered to be small. Early breeding pairs tended to have larger broods, and these large broods showed a lowered growth performance. However, early breeding pairs had relatively smaller weight and wing-length differences, in broods of a given size, than occurred in broods of late breeders. It was therefore concluded that early breeding pairs had some attribute which tended to minimize certain disadvantages of large broods. This effect appeared to be linked to the pair, rather than to season or food supply.     

长嘴百灵生长能学的研究

通过测定雏鸟气体代谢和身体组织能量积累的方法,研究了长嘴百灵（Melanocorypha maxima）在自然条件下生长期间的能量投资。最小能量投资出现在0-1日龄,为15.94千焦耳/天;最大能量投资出现在10-11日龄,为90.44千焦耳/天。雏期的总能量投资是726.79千焦耳。其中生产能是365.40千焦耳,用于维持的能是361.39千焦耳。     

DEVELOPMENT OF VOCALISATIONS IN NESTLING AND FLEDGLING HOUSE WRENS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS

ABSTRACT

We conducted a field study of the ontogeny of vocal signals in the house wren Troglodytes aedon during the nestling and fledgling phases of life. We did spectrographic analyses and quantification of the developmental changes that occurred in the acoustic features of the vocalisations. Evidence of progress to adult-like vocal patterns was of two types. First, nestling calls changed into a harsh-sounding call that resembles the adult chatter call, functionally a warning call. Second, fledglings also uttered subsong, and these vocalisations were similar to notes typical of adult male song. When the vocalisations produced by developing young were broken down into their constituent vocal features, we found that the time course of development was not strictly linear. Instead of a unidirectional change through the course of nestling and fledgling life, the trajectories of the vocal features fluctuated through time and sometimes exhibited abrupt changes. These sudden shifts occurred during nestling life as well as at the time of fledging. We speculate on the possible causes of these abrupt transitions. Changes in acoustic features upon fledging appear to be linked to new social functions.     

植物生长调节物质对果实生长发育的调控

本文就赤霉素、细胞分裂素、乙烯利对果实生长发育的调控作用进行了较为系统的论述,并对其在果树上的利用方法、时期、浓度等作了说明。     

夜鹭繁殖习性与生长发育研究

１９９４～１９９８年对夜鹭繁殖习性与生长发育进行了研究。夜鹭于４月中下旬迁到浙江,９月下旬、１０月初迁离,居留期１６５天。巢距地高８．５１ｍ。平均窝卵３．４９枚,孵卵期２２～２６天,育雏期３０～３５天。年繁殖力３．５０只。雏鸟体重生长模型为：Ｗｔ＝５６０１＋ｅ＾－０．２３１（ｔ－１２）（Ｒ＾２＝０．９９）;体长、体重关系式为：Ｗ＝０．０００２４６Ｌ＾２．５０２９。雏鸟体温发育分为３个时期：     

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURED RADISH ROOTS

Excised cultured roots of Raphanus sativus L. cv. White Icicle elongate and produce a few lateral roots but do not increase in diameter. Lateral expansion is effected when both an auxin (indoleacetic acid or naphthaleneacetic acid) and a cytokinin (benzyladenine) are applied at the cut end of the root. The growth regulator effects are apparent first in the pericycle and subsequently in the procambium. Both of these groups of cells divide, producing large numbers of secondary derivatives. The increase in number of cells is reflected in an increase in root diameter. When cultured roots are treated with auxin only, a limited number of pericycle cells divide and lateral roots develop. When roots are treated with cytokinin only, all pericycle cells divide and a multiseriate zone of pericycle-derived cells develops. The procambium is not markedly affected by application of a single growth regulator. The distinct and separable responses of pericycle cells to different regulators suggest that the pericycle can be characterized in a functional, as well as a topographic, sense.     

毛丝鼠的生长和发育

毛丝鼠(Chinchilla laniger)是一种珍贵的毛皮动物,国外饲养已有50多年的历史。我国于1973年首次引进。1980年底,青海省畜产进出口公司也开始引种饲养。为了了解毛丝鼠能否在高海拔地区饲养,我们于1981年7-8月,在青海省多巴毛丝鼠饲养场,对其生长和发育进行了初步研究,现将结果报道如下: 形态发育 毛丝鼠的形态发育和许多小哺乳动物不同,初生鼠全身有被毛,睁眼,耳壳接近颅部,有门齿。第2天,耳壳已直立。第10天,幼鼠形态和成鼠大致相同。30天左右断乳。 行为发育 初生鼠通常在巢箱里生活,很少外出活动。第1天在天平称量时,幼鼠能从称盘上爬出。第3天已具攀登能力。第10天,幼鼠开始取食少量颗粒饲料和燕麦草,但这时期还是靠母鼠抚养。发育较快的幼鼠,30天能独立生活。实验期间,未见幼鼠有殴斗等攻击性行为。     

棉花生长发育模拟模型的研究

本文是根据1984—1985年大田资料建立的一个棉花生长发育模型。模型利用光能辐射,叶面积指数,植株干重等来计算净光合产物,并在各器官之间进行分配。利用生理学时间来预测主茎节数,根据顶芽、腋芽分化的同步序列,来确定果枝数、果节数。单铃重随其生理时间而呈逻辑斯谛克曲线分布: BW=8.2842/(1+e5.2701-0.0073×PT) 并定出蕾铃潜在增长率,根据潜在增长率求出每米~2土地上蕾铃干物质需求量,从营养供求状况来控制雷铃脱落。 根据模型预测,可确定棉花不同生育时期最佳栽培措施;与棉虫动态模型偶联,可研究棉虫动态经济阈值。     

NON-HORMONAL STIMULATORS AND INHIBITORS OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Plants contain growth regulators that are non-hormonal in nature. These regulators change in concentration during ontogeny and when applied exogenously, can either stimulate or depress growth. While the bulk of either the phenolic or terpenoid regulators are localized within the vacuole, they can also be found within other cellular compartments where they may act upon metabolic pathways, modifying either cell multiplication or elongation. 2. Non-hormonal growth regulators may affect the synthesis and/or destruction of phytohormones, mainly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These regulators behave non-specifically, modifying the actions of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins upon growth. 3. A variety of both uncertainties and unresolved contradictions exist that have prevented a thorough elucidation of the mechanisms of actions of both phenolic and terpenoid regulators. These uncertainties and unresolved contradictions include lack of data regarding compartmentalization of many of the inhibitors. This raises the question of whether their intracellular concentrations become elevated sufficiently to affect metabolic pathways in vivo. Exogenously applied regulators of non-hormonal nature usually interfere with growth only at high concentrations. Therefore, the possibility cannot be excluded that under these conditions, reactions occur within the cell that are absent in vivo. 4. The specific properties of natural non-hormonal regulators are similar in certain respects to phytohormones. For example, both of them may be biogenetically bound within metabolic centres: shikimate (phenolics, indoles, alkaloids), bi-benzi (coumarins) or acetate-mevalonate (terpenoids, fluorens, sesquiterpenes, cytokinins). In addition, both non-hormonal regulators and phytohormones exhibit biological activity in growth bioassays. 5. Non-hormonal regulators may possess a number of useful purposes, e.g. test substances such as fusicoccin permit the investigation of the mode of action of phytohormones, specific inhibitors blocking special forms of growth and protectors of phytohormone activity in culture.     

THE FUNCTION OF THE HEAD-COLORATION OF THE NESTLING COOT AND OTHER NESTLING RALLIDÆ.

Several hypotheses as to the function of the head-coloration of nestling Coot are discussed with reference to the behaviour of the young. The evidence presented supports the view that the bright coloration serves to emphasize the signal-movements employed by the young in obtaining food from adults.
A review of the literature on the colouring of sixty other species and subspecies of the family Rallidæ reveals the prevalence of bright bill-colours and the occurrence of bright head-markings in several genera. It is suggested that bright bills represent the first stage in the development of emphatic coloration such as is highly developed in the Coot. Several intermediate stages have been described. Bright head-markings are limited to those species in which the need for procryptic coloration is no longer paramount.     

城市化对植物生长发育的影响

 本文研究了北京市首钢工业区和樱桃沟游览区生态条件的变化及城市化对植物生长发育的影响。两个功能区的气温、相对湿度、降雨量以及雨水、飘尘、植物中的污染物质含量都有很大差异。工业区大多数植物的开花期、结果期比游览区早,而营养结束期延晚;有些植物甚至不能开花、结果;有些虽能正常开花,但花的数量少,结的果实也小等;游览区九种乔木、灌木的叶面积和四种常绿乔木的枝条年生长量都比工业区大0.5—1倍。