蜱类卵黄发生及激素对其生殖的调控

蜱类属节肢动物门、蛛形纲、蜱螨亚纲,是专营吸血的体外寄生虫,对人畜造成极大的危害,同时也是一些重要疾病的传播媒介,还能储存宿主[1]。研究激素对蜱类卵黄发生及激素对其生殖的调控有着十分重要的意义。1蜱的卵黄发生Balashov[2]将节肢动物卵的成熟分为5个时期,即卵黄发生前期（revltellogemcstage;包括Ⅰ,Ⅱ期）,卵黄发生期（vitellogenicstage;Ⅲ期）,排卵前期（Preovulatestage;Ⅳ期）和排卵期（ovulatestage;V期）而卖和等l’］,EngClmannl‘］和HagCdom等l’］将其归为3个时期：卵黄发生前期、卵黄发生期、卵黄发生…     

昆虫卵黄发生研究进展

昆虫卵黄发生研究进展李乾君,龚和,管致和（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）（北京农业大学植保系北京１０００９４）昆虫卵的成熟一般分为三个时期－－卵黄发生前期（Ｐｒｅｖｉｔｅｌｌｏｇｅｎｉｃｓｔａｇｅ）、卵黄发生期（ｖｉｔｅｌｌｏｇｅｎｉｃｓｔａ...     

蜱类卵黄发生研究进展

蜱是一类特殊的节肢动物,有关其生殖生理的研究远远落后于昆虫。卵黄发生直接影响蜱类的繁殖力,一直是蜱类生理学一个十分活跃的研究领域。目前,对蜱类卵黄发生的研究主要包括卵黄蛋白的纯化与鉴定,卵黄原蛋白的合成与调控,卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的摄取以及转变为卵黄蛋白的分子过程。蜱类卵黄发生受激素调控,激素的作用与作用激素的种类在硬蜱和软蜱中表现出较大差别。对蜱类卵黄发生了解得尚少,在许多方面需深入研究。     

昆虫变态的激素与基因调控

昆虫变态是一个有趣而复杂的生物学现象,有不完全变态和完全变态。昆虫通过变态获得飞翔与生殖能力,扩大了生活范围,增强了适应能力。昆虫变态主要由咽侧体分泌的保幼激素和前胸腺分泌的蜕皮激素协同调控,众多基因参与。本文综合近几年的研究进展,重点介绍昆虫变态过程中保幼激素与蜕皮激素通过级联反应基因和microRNA调控的机制,以及保幼激素和蜕皮激素的合成调节机制。     

抗保幼激素的发现与应用

近年来,一类能影响昆虫内分泌机能的抗激素活性物质,成为昆虫学领域一个新的研究热点。在抗激素家族中,尤以抗保幼激素发现得最早,种类最多,应用得也最广泛。本文对此作了概括与总结。     

天蚕卵黄原蛋白的合成、运转与沉积

系统测定了天蚕Antheraea yamamai吐丝结茧至成虫期脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中卵黄蛋白和可溶性蛋白总含量的动态变化。结果表明,脂肪体是卵黄原蛋白(Vg)合成场所,Vg合成始于吐丝结茧后第4天;脂肪体、血淋巴中Vg滴度在吐丝结茧后第4天开始上升,化蛹后第6天或第8天达高峰,成虫羽化第1天则明显下降。卵巢对Vg摄取始于化蛹第1天,此后随蛹日龄逐渐上升,并渐趋平稳。同一卵巢管中卵黄蛋白(Vt)含量自顶端至基端随卵室增大而逐渐升高,不同日龄蛹中相应序号卵室的Vt含量以日龄大者为高;卵室中Vt含量与卵室体积大小呈正线性关系。电镜观察表明,Vg被卵母细胞摄入后以卵黄体形式存在,不同发育阶段卵巢中卵母细胞内卵黄体大小不同,以早期者为小;同一卵巢管中不同卵母细胞内卵黄体以顶端为小,基端明显增大,且卵黄体呈网状。     

昆虫保幼激素生物合成的调节与测定

<正> 保幼激素(JH)是由昆虫的咽侧体(CA)产生。它调节着发育和生殖。从昆虫中已分离出3种具有JH活性的化合物,分别称为JH1、JH2、JH3。它们的生理活性大不相同。JH3是大部分成虫的主要激素,可促进卵巢的发育,所以是一种促性腺激素。JH1和JH2主要在鳞翅目幼虫和蜚蠊若虫内,它们在变态开始就参与这一过程的调节作用,称为变态激素。     

具保幼激素活性的昆虫生长调节剂应用前景展望

随着对常现杀虫剂不良作用的认识日益深刻,人类对杀虫剂的理解和认识也发生了根本性的变化,不仅要求有效地控制害虫,而且更注重生物合理性或环境和谐性;日趋强调对害虫的种群进行控制和调节（regulation）,而不是“杀死”[1]。在昆虫生理学、生物化学和分子生物学等相关学科迅速发展的推动下,昆虫毒理学有关害虫防治机理的研究不断取得突破和进展。同时对节肢动物内分泌机理的不断了解,更进一步促进了生物合理性农药（biorahonalpestiddes）的研究设计与开发,具保幼激素活性的昆虫生长调节剂（insectgrowthregulator,IGR)便是其成…     

蜕皮激素对家蚕卵黄原蛋白基因表达的调控

蜕皮激素（20-hydroxy ecdysone,20E）是由前胸腺分泌的能调节节肢动物昆虫纲、甲壳纲等动物蜕皮的激素. 家蚕属于完全变态昆虫,一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个发育时期. 20E在家蚕发育过程中有不可替代的作用. 本研究通过酶联免疫吸附反应（ELISA）测定家蚕变态期前后血淋巴中20E滴度,发现在卵黄原蛋白基因 (Bombyx mori vitellogenin, BmVg) 高量表达前的雌雄血淋巴中20E含量没有明显差异,但含量变化趋势与BmVg表达趋势相一致. 用20E注射上蔟后60 h的家蚕和添食5龄家蚕, 能诱导雌性和雄性脂肪体中BmVg表达和蛋白合成. 调查处理后的家蚕所产卵中的卵黄磷蛋白（BmVn）含量及重量,发现蚕卵中BmVn含量及蚕卵重量都明显增加|本研究还通过脂肪体体外培养,证明了20E是直接作用于脂肪体来诱导BmVg的表达. 本研究结果表明,20E是通过诱导脂肪体中BmVg的转录来增加蚕卵中BmVn积累,从而最终使得蚕卵重量也相应增加.     

HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE VITELLOGENESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAZ (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

Abstract Effects of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone (JH) on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami are reported in this article. After topical treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone alone or JH analog (i.e. methoprene) alone and combined treatment with these two chemicals, vitellogenin (Vg) titers in the fat body and haemolymph at the pupal stage were mostly higher than those of the control, indicating that both ecdysteroid and JH exerted a promoting effect on the synthesis of Vg. In contrast, the Vg uptake was markedly inhibited by JH while stimulating effect of the ecdysteroid could be shown that vitellin (Vt) titer in the ovary was lower after methoprene treatments, but higher after 20-hydroxyecdyson treatments. Meanwhile, effects of these two hormones on Vg synthesis in the fat body were also tested with the incubation in vitro with Grace medium containing H-leucine and the hormones. The results demonstrated that Vg synthesis was stimulated after treating with methoprene alone or 20-hydroxyecdysone alone and combined treating with these two chemicals, and particularly ecdysteroid had more marked positive effect. To comprehensively concluded our results, it could be regarded that ecdysteroid play the main role in the regulation of vitellogenesis for the Japanese oak silkworm.     

高温对天蚕卵黄发生的影响(英文)

３２℃高温对天蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａ ｙａｍａｍａｉ）卵黄发生影响明显,其中影响程度与开始经受３２℃处理时天蚕发育阶段有关。结茧后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Ｖｇ）与可溶性蛋白含量均低于受２６℃处理的;化蛹后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体中Ｖｇ滴度与２６℃下的基本无明显差异,但血淋巴和卵巢中Ｖｇ或卵黄磷蛋白含量（Ｖｔ）均低于２６℃的;而在化蛹后第６天开始受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中Ｖｇ含量与２６℃的无明显差异,卵巢中Ｖｔ则明显高于２６℃的。此外,曾就化蛹后第１或６天开始受３２℃处理后脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中可溶性蛋白含量的变化作了检测。建议在饲育或保护制种用茧蚕时,老熟幼虫和化蛹初期的蚕蛹不宜接触３２℃高温。     

EFFECT OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE ON VITELLOGE-NESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM,ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)*

Abstract The effect of a high temperature, i. e. 32°C. on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was markedly significant. Its extent was dependent on the development stage of the silkworm exposed to 32°C. When exposed to 32 °C since the 1st day after cocooning, titres of both vitellogenin (Vg) and soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph of mature larvae were evidently lower than those at 26°C. When pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st day after pupation. the titres of Vg in the fat body showed no significant difference from those at 26°C, but those in the hemolymph and the titres of vitellin (Vt) in the ovary mostly were obviously lower in contrast to those at 26°C. While exposed to 32°C since the 6th day after pupation, at most instance the tires of Vg both in the fat body and hemolymph were not markedly different from those at 26°C, and those of Vt in the ovary were significantly higher than those at 26°C, In addition, the changes in the titres of soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph as well as the ovary were monitored when pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st or 6th day after pupation. It is recommended that both mature larvae and pupae at cocooning stage and earlier pupal stage should not be exposed to 32°C when the silkworm is reared for egg raising.     

两种饲料植物对天蚕饲育的效果(英文)

通过五个处理的一系列比较,白栎Quercus fabri叶片作为珍贵绢丝昆虫——天蚕Antheraea yamamai的饲料,无论幼虫存活率、化蛹率、二至四眠蚕体重、五龄幼虫体重增长曲线及理论极限体重K值、取食量、相对摄食速率、消化量、结茧率、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量等均明显高于过去普遍采用并认为理想的麻栎Q. acutissima的饲育结果,从而证实白栎是饲育天蚕的最佳饲料植物。     

THE EFFECT OF TWO FODDER PLANTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI

Abstract  The Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami , is a precious wild silkworm. Through comparing survival rate, stadium, bodyweight, nutritional indexes, coconing rate and cocoon quality of the larvae reared on Quercus fabri fresh leaves with those on Q. acutissima , it was concluded that Q . fabri is a better fodder plant for this silkworm than Q. acutissima in East China.     

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AN APOLIPOPHORIN‐III GENE FROM THE CHINESE OAK SILKWORM,Antheraea pernyi (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

Apolipophorin‐III (ApoLp‐III) acts in lipid transport, lipoprotein metabolism, and innate immunity in insects. In this study, an ApoLp‐III gene of Antheraea pernyi pupae (Ap‐ApoLp‐III) was isolated and characterized. The full‐length cDNA of Ap‐ApoLp‐III is 687 bp, including a 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of 40 bp, 3′‐UTR of 86 bp and an open reading frame of 561 bp encoding a polypeptide of 186 amino acids that contains an Apolipophorin‐III precursor domain (PF07464). The deduced Ap‐apoLp‐III protein sequence has 68, 59, and 23% identity with its orthologs of Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Aedes aegypti, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Ap‐apoLp‐III was close to that of Bombycoidea. qPCR analysis revealed that Ap‐ApoLp‐III expressed during the four developmental stages and in integument, fat body, and ovaries. After six types of microorganism infections, expression levels of the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene were upregulated significantly at different time points compared with control. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ap‐ApoLp‐III showed that the expression of Ap‐ApoLp‐III was significantly downregulated using qPCR after injection of E. coli. We infer that the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene acts in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.     

柞蚕卵巢中核酸和蛋白质的分布与含量的变化

本文报道柞蚕卵巢亚细胞组分中核酸和蛋白质的分布与含量变化。首先以差速离心盼方法从卵巢匀浆中分离出细胞核、重线粒体、轻线粒体、重微粒体、轻微粒体和105,000g上清六个组分,然后分别测定了各种组分中的DNA、RNA和蛋白质的含量。 结果表明,卵巢DNA主要分布在细胞核组分中(约占75%以上);RNA在佩粒体中含量较离(约占20—51%);蛋白质则主要分布于105,000g上清组分中(约占56—83%)。卵巢中核酸和蛋白质含量(毫克/头)在滞育蛹期很低,随着卵巢的发育迅速增长。DNA在发育蛹4期最高,比滞育蛹期增长61倍;RNA在发育蛹5期最高,比滞育蛹期增长144倍;蛋自质在成虫期达到高峰,约比滞育蛹期增长490倍。并讨论了核酸和蛋白质的含量变化与卵巢细胞分裂分化之间的关系。 为了获得进一步的生化资料,对不同时期的柞蚕卵巢105,000g上清组分中的蛋白质进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝获也泳和SDS-电泳的分析。初步推测柞蚕卵巢中卵黄蛋白亚基之一的分子量大约为200,000道尔顿。     

柞蚕蛹脂肪体和血淋巴中糖类含量动态的温度和光周期效应

本文研究了柞蚕Antheraea pernyti滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的糖类含量动态.两类柞蚕蛹血淋巴中所含糖类均为海藻糖和葡萄糖,但葡萄糖始终处于极低水平.滞育蛹的脂肪体糖原与血淋巴海藻糖之间存在相互转化的关系,这种转化受温度的制约.温度对于滞育的终止和海藻糖积累量影响很大.在保种温度范围内,滞育蛹接触低温越早,温度越低,海藻糖积累量越高.非滞育蛹即使经长期低温(0℃左右)处理,体内也不积累海藻糖,且耐寒力显著低于滞育蛹.在25℃条件下,光周期对滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的影响不同.     

柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的分离鉴定

在柞蚕蛹血淋巴中可以测得血凝活力,但在大肠杆菌诱导后血淋巴中血凝滴度有很大的升高.本文报道了分离正常柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的提取步骤.所得的凝集素在SDS垂直板电泳中表现单一条带,免疫扩散呈现单一的沉淀带,分子量为40,000道尔顿.制剂能凝集兔、鸭、豚鼠、羊、马及人的A、B、O和AB型的红细胞.其凝集活力可被半乳糖,乳糖,及N-乙酰半乳糖胺所抑制. 诱导后的柞蚕蛹血淋巴的凝集素成分比较复杂,经亲和层析后的制剂在免疫琼脂双扩散盘中呈现二条沉淀带,在垂直电泳中至少有二条带.