重组杆状病毒杀虫剂研究进展

从缺失病毒非必须基因增加杀虫效果,插入外源基因提高杀虫速度、修饰病毒本身基因扩大杀虫谱等三个方面综述了目前构建重组杆状病毒杀虫剂的主要策略。     

表达蝎毒素的重组斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SpltMNPV)的构建及毒力

【目的】开发高毒力的重组斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedroviruse,SpltMNPV)杀虫剂。【方法】构建编码蜕皮激素UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶(ecdysterioid UDP-glucosyl transferase gene,egt)基因缺失并插入东亚钳蝎神经毒素(B.martensi Karsch,BmK ITa1)基因的重组转移载体,重组转移载体与SpltMNPVⅡ基因组DNA共转染斜纹夜蛾细胞,通过荧光斑法与有限稀释法相结合筛选重组病毒。【结果】成功筛选出缺失egt基因的、早期启动子(ie-1)启动的、表达BmK ITa1成熟肽的重组病毒SpltMNPV-Δegt-Pph-egfp-ie-1-BmK ITa1。生物测定结果显示,重组病毒的杀虫速度(LT50)较野生病毒提前0.7-0.8 d。【结论】通过在SpltMNPV病毒基因组中插入外源毒素基因可明显增强病毒的杀虫效果,结果说明开发高毒力SpltMNPV生物杀虫剂具有可行性。     

具有生物安全性的杆状病毒杀虫剂基因工程技术的发展与前景

杆状病毒作为杀虫剂在世界各地已被广范应用．但与化学农药相比,杆状病毒具有杀虫速度慢,对高龄害虫需用量大,杀虫谱窄等缺点．随行基因工程技术的发展,从80年代末期起,科学家开始尝试对杆状病毒的遗传性状进行各种分子生物学改造,以获得更优良的病毒虫剂。近年来这方面的研究已取得了可喜进展,同时重组病毒的安全性也引起了世界范围的广泛关注。因此．研制既有优良杀虫性能,又有生物安全性的重组病毒．已成为当今病毒杀虫剂的发展方向。本文及时地总结了重组杆状病毒杀虫剂研究的历史,从提高病毒杀虫速度、增强病毒杀虫毒性、以及病毒宿主特异性等三个方面进行了系统归纳,并对重组病毒的安全性进行科学地分析。重点阐述了新时期研制具有生物安全性的重组病毒的各项基因工程策略,如对重组病毒进行混合包装、前包装：或生产缺陷型的重组病毒（p10基因,p74基因．egt基因,pp34基因的缺失）等。这些措施将把重组病毒对环境可能造成的危害控制在最小范围。理想的重组病毒杀虫剂应具有杀虫快、杀虫谱广、不危害其它生物、在环境中滞留时间短等特点。     

杀虫剂抗性: 遗传学、基因组学及应用启示

杀虫剂抗性已成为害虫防治工作需要解决的一个重要问题,也是一种人为的、自然选择的重要的进化现象,开展抗药性的研究不仅为抗性的监测、治理和农药工业的发展提供科学参考,还可以揭示生物进化的一些基本规律。在过去的10年,昆虫对许多化学杀虫剂抗药性的分子基础得到了进一步阐明,已从果蝇Drosophila melanogaster中克隆了杀虫剂的靶标基因,还查明了一些害虫的与抗性相关联的基因突变。最近,随着经注释的昆虫基因组的出现,由复杂多基因酶系如酯酶、细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶介导的抗性的机制有了突破性的进展,有关杀虫剂抗性的进化以及抗性基因的传播模式也逐步得到揭示。基因组技术在揭示昆虫其他可能的抗药性机制以及在发现新的杀虫剂靶标方面将发挥更大的作用。     

表达昆虫特异性神经麻痹毒素AaIT的杀虫杆状病毒的构建

根据杆状病毒核多角体基因及植物基因的密码子选择偏向、G+C含量和密码子第三位碱基的G+C含量,同时综合在真核系统中影响基因转录、翻译及影响mRNA稳定性等因素,在不改变所编码的氨基酸序列的基础上,设计并人工合成了昆虫特异性神经蝎毒素AaIT基因。合成的AaIT基因与合成的gp67信号肽DNA序列正确融合后通过杆状病毒转移载体pSXIV VI⁺X3体内重组到粉纹夜蛾多角体病毒(Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus,TnNPV)上,得到重组病毒TnNPV-AaIT。经Southern blotting验证了AaIT基因整合在TnNPV基因组中,SDS-PAGE证明AaIT基因在重组病毒中的表达。通过用重组病毒口服感染供试昆虫,证明了含AaIT基因的重组病毒能显著缩短杆状病毒的杀虫时间,提高杀虫效率。这是迄今为止我国构建的第一株具有实用价值和应用前景的基因工程病毒。     

昆虫杆状病毒几丁质酶及其应用研究进展

杆状病毒几丁质酶基因（chitinase,,ChiA）是晚期表达的非必需基因,高度保守。表达产物几丁质酶分为3个区：N-端信号肽区,中部酶活性区和C-末端酶内质网结合区。该酶同时具有内切和外切几丁质酶活性,主要功能是水解昆虫体内的几丁质,促进虫体液化;作为组织蛋白酶原（pro-V-Cath）的分子伴侣,参与其加工和运输过程; 影响多角体的形成,并与细胞的裂解有关;还与病毒侵染机制相关联。杆状病毒ChiA与细菌ChiA源于共同的祖先,而昆虫ChiA则可能直接来自杆状病毒。在害虫生物防治中,杆状病毒ChiA可直接作为杀虫剂,或作为苏云金杆菌和杆状病毒等微生物杀虫剂的增效剂使用;杆状病毒ChiA可转入植物,获得具有持续杀虫及抗病活性的转基因植物;将杆状病毒ChiA的内质网定位序列删除、突变,或在病毒基因组中插入外源ChiA,重组病毒的杀虫活性增强。通过基因工程手段,删除病毒基因组ChiA或V-Cath,可改善杆状病毒表达系统对分泌蛋白和膜结合蛋白的表达。     

昆虫颗粒体病毒增效蛋白研究进展

昆虫颗粒体病毒的颗粒体中有一种可以提高核型多角体病毒侵染能力的蛋白质,叫做增效蛋白.后来的研究发现,增效蛋白也可以提高苏云金杆菌等生物杀虫剂的杀虫活性.本文就增效蛋白的性质、基因结构和表达、增效机理,以及增效蛋白对核型多角体病毒和Bt的增效作用等方面的研究进展进行了概述.最后本文还讨论了增效蛋白可能的开发和应用前景.     

含荧光素酶基因的黑胸大蠊浓核病毒重组质粒的构建与表达

黑胸大蠊(Periplaneta fuliginosa)是我国分布最广的蟑螂种类.黑胸大蠊浓核病毒(Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus, PfDNV)是我室1991年在国内首次报道并在国内外第一个分类鉴定的蟑螂细小病毒[1].我们构建了PfDNV全基因组克隆和酶切亚克隆重组质粒,测定并分析了病毒基因组全序列与结构.序列分析表明该病毒基因组具有细小病毒基因组的结构特征,其末端具有反转重复序列(Invert Terminal Repeatant, ITR)和回文结构,这类病毒基因组两端的特殊结构可能是与病毒复制,整合,拯救,包装有关的必需顺式元件[2～5].为了进一步研究黑胸大蠊浓核病毒基因复制及表达机理,尤其是其末端结构在病毒基因复制中的作用,我们将荧光素酶基因插入了PfDNV基因组保留了两个完整的末端结构而其它部分缺失的重组质粒中.将这种重组质粒转染虫体后,在虫体中检测到了荧光素酶的表达,说明在缺失基因组中间部分时,插入的外源基因依然可以复制、表达.本结果证实了PfDNV基因组的末端结构是PfDNV复制的必需结构.这一实验为将外源基因引入病毒基因组,构建基因工程杀虫剂提供了有效的技术途径.现将结果报告如下.     

昆虫病毒的增强蛋白

在某些昆虫病毒的包涵体中相继发现了增强蛋白．这类蛋白可以增强核型多角体病毒对昆虫幼虫及体外培养的昆虫细胞的感染力,缩短杀虫时间,提高杀虫效率;还可以增强其他生物杀虫剂（如：Bt）的毒力．关于增强蛋白的作用机制有两种观点：降解围食膜以利于病毒粒子侵染细胞或直接作用于细胞质膜促进病毒粒子的套膜与之融合．该蛋白是由病毒编码的,现已克隆出第一个增强蛋白基因,该基因含有一个2703bP的开放阅读框,其核苷酸序列分析业已完成．增强蛋白的发现有望对病毒杀虫剂的推广产生积极影响．     

生物工程增效蛋白复合生物杀虫剂

武汉大学生命科学学院病毒研究所科研工作者,近年研究出了一种新的生物杀虫剂,即生物工程增效蛋白复合生物杀虫剂,也即是高效广谱病毒(CPV)。 这种病毒杀虫剂是从国内首次筛选出的败血型病毒与我国首次研制的增效工程蛋白,按一定比例组配研制而成。这种病毒性生物杀虫剂是将颗粒体病毒的增效蛋白基因克隆于表达载体,并进一步在大肠杆菌内再表达增效而制成的工程蛋白,有较强的杀虫能力,能显著提高病毒在虫体的感染力和协同杀虫效果好的苏云金杆菌的毒力。与此同时,它还是微生物杀虫剂的中间体,可广泛用于病毒杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂和转Bt基因棉的杀虫剂。其应用范围很广,可对农、林、牧等鳞翅目的主要害虫,尤其对夜蛾科害虫有特效。例如斜纹夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾以及菜青虫、棉铃虫、松毛虫等。这说明它杀虫谱广。同时,杀虫速度快,可造成“靶”昆虫幼虫瘫痪死亡。因其毒力破坏了靶昆虫幼虫肠道的微食膜,所以造成害虫停食、停止运动并最后死亡。 据统计,我国棉田(地)约5000万亩,森林9亿亩,蔬菜400万亩。危害棉花、蔬菜和森林的棉铃虫、松毛虫和夜蛾科的害虫繁殖快,危害严重和抗药性强,若用传统农药,效果不十分显著,现采用生物工程增效蛋白复合生物杀虫剂,可确保农林牧增产和丰收。秦春圃     

Recent Advances in Biological Control of Pest Insects by Using Viruses in China

Insect viruses are attractive as biological control agents and could be a feasible alternative to chemical insecticides in the management of insect infestations. This review describes recent advances in the development of wild-type and genetically modified viruses as insecticides. A new strategy of application of insect viruses in China is reviewed. Also, the assessment of biosafety of genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedovirus (HearNPV) is emphasized as a case-study.     

Recent advances in biological control of pest insects by using viruses in China

Insect viruses are attractive as biological control agents and could be a feasible alternative to chemical insecticides in the management of insect infestations. This review describes recent advances in the development of wild-type and genetically modified viruses as insecticides. A new strategy of application of insect viruses in China is reviewed. Also, the assessment of biosafety of genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedovirus (HearNPV) is emphasized as a case-study. Foundation itims: The 863 projects (2006AA10A210) from MOST.     

基于微生物源的抗虫基因发掘

植物转基因抗虫技术在害虫控制方面取得了巨大成功。商业化运用的抗虫基因目前全部来源于苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）的杀虫晶体蛋白基因,存在抗虫谱较窄及害虫逐渐产生抗性等问题,表明新型抗虫基因的筛选尤为重要。已有的文献研究表明,除了继续发掘Bt来源的新型杀虫蛋白基因以外,非Bt杀虫细菌及杀虫真菌也具有重要的发掘价值。     

Strain improvement of fungal insecticides for controlling insect pests and vector-borne diseases

Insect pathogenic fungi play an important natural role in controlling insect pests. However, few have been successfully commercialized due to low virulence and sensitivity to abiotic stresses that produce inconsistent results in field applications. These limitations are inherent in most naturally occurring biological control agents but development of recombinant DNA techniques has made it possible to significantly improve the insecticidal efficacy of fungi and their tolerance to adverse conditions, including UV. These advances have been achieved by combining new knowledge derived from basic studies of the molecular biology of these pathogens, technical developments that enable very precise regulation of gene expression, and genes encoding insecticidal proteins from other organisms, particularly spiders and scorpions. Recent coverage of genomes is helping determine the identity, origin, and evolution of traits needed for diverse lifestyles and host switching. In future, such knowledge combined with the precision and malleability of molecular techniques will allow design of multiple pathogens with different strategies and host ranges to be used for different ecosystems, and that will avoid the possibility of the host developing resistance. With increasing public concern over the continued use of synthetic chemical insecticides, these new types of biological insecticides offer a range of environmental-friendly options for cost-effective control of insect pests.     

Persistence of viruses and DNA in soil

With growing environmental concerns over the use of chemical pesticides for insect control in both agriculture and forestry, increased emphasis is being placed on the development of alternative, biological pesticides such as genetically modified baculoviruses. Before the large-scale use of genetically modified viruses (GMV) can be realized, fate of GMV and their DNA in soil should be investigated. There are a number of factors that have the potential to affect persistence of both wild-type and genetically modified viruses and their DNA in soil. In this mini-review, the persistence of viral particles and DNA in soil is examined with particular emphasis on baculoviruses.     

Persistence of viruses and DNA in soil

With growing environmental concerns over the use of chemical pesticides for insect control in both agriculture and forestry, increased emphasis is being placed on the development of alternative, biological pesticides such as genetically modified baculoviruses. Before the large-scale use of genetically modified viruses (GMV) can be realized, fate of GMV and their DNA in soil should be investigated. There are a number of factors that have the potential to affect persistence of both wild-type and genetically modified viruses and their DNA in soil. In this mini-review, the persistence of viral particles and DNA in soil is examined with particular emphasis on baculoviruses.     

Behavior of a recombinant baculovirus in lepidopteran hosts with different susceptibilities

Insect pathogens, such as baculoviruses, that are used as microbial insecticides have been genetically modified to increase their speed of action. Nontarget species will often be exposed to these pathogens, and it is important to know the consequences of infection in hosts across the whole spectrum of susceptibility. Two key parameters, speed of kill and pathogen yield, are compared here for two baculoviruses, a wild-type Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV), AcNPV clone C6, and a genetically modified AcNPV which expresses an insect-selective toxin, AcNPV-ST3, for two lepidopteran hosts which differ in susceptibility. The pathogenicity of the two viruses was equal in the less-susceptible host, Mamestra brassicae, but the recombinant was more pathogenic than the wild-type virus in the susceptible species, Trichoplusia ni. Both viruses took longer to kill the larvae of M. brassicae than to kill those of T. ni. However, whereas the larvae of T. ni were killed more quickly by the recombinant virus, the reverse was found to be true for the larvae of M. brassicae. Both viruses produced a greater yield in M. brassicae, and the yield of the recombinant was significantly lower than that of the wild type in both species. The virus yield increased linearly with the time taken for the insects to die. However, despite the more rapid speed of kill of the wild-type AcNPV in M. brassicae, the yield was significantly lower for the recombinant virus at any given time to death. A lower yield for the recombinant virus could be the result of a reduction in replication rate. This was investigated by comparing determinations of the virus yield per unit of weight of insect cadaver. The response of the two species (to both viruses) was very different: the yield per unit of weight decreased over time for M. brassicae but increased for T. ni. The implications of these data for risk assessment of wild-type and genetically modified baculoviruses are discussed.     

Bacillus thuringiensis: a biotechnology model

This paper is on the different biotechnological approaches that have been used to improve Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the control of agricultural insect pests and have contributed to the successful use of this biological control agent; it describes how a better knowledge of the high diversity of Bt strains and toxins genes together with the development of efficient host-vector systems has made it possible to overcome a number of the problems associated with Bt based insect control measures. First we present an overview of the biology of Bt and of the mode of action of its insecticidal toxins. We then describe some of the progress that has been made in furthering our knowledge of the genetics of Bt and of its insecticidal toxin genes and in the understanding of their regulation. The paper then deals with the use of recombinant DNA technology to develop new Bt strains for more effective pest control or to introduce the genes encoding partial-endotoxins directly into plants to produce insect-resistant trangenic plants. Several examples describing how biotechnology has been used to increase the production of insecticidal proteins in Bt or their persistence in the field by protecting them against UV degradation are presented and discussed. Finally, based on our knowledge of the mechanism of transposition of the Bt transposon Tn4430, we describe the construction of a new generation of recombinant strains of Bt, from which antibiotic resistance genes and other non-Bt DNA sequences were selectively eliminated, using a new generation of site-specific recombination vectors. In the future, continuing improvement of first generation products and research into new sources of resistance is essential to ensure the long-term control of insect pests. Chimeric toxins could also be produced so as to increase toxin activity or direct resistance towards a particular type of insect. The search for new insecticidal toxins, in Bt or other microorganisms, may also provide new weapons for the fight against insect damage.     

TnGV增强蛋白在AcMNPV中的表达和活性分析

为了研究杆状病毒增强蛋白的活性基团 ,本文构建了分别表达三种N端部分缺失的粉纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒增强蛋白的重组杆状病毒 ,这三种蛋白在N端分别缺失了 15 0 ,186和 2 5 0个氨基酸。用重组病毒感染Tn 5B1 4细胞 ,成功地表达了这三种蛋白 ,并得到了纯化的蛋白质。通过体外降解围食膜的方法检测这些部分缺失的增强蛋白的活性 ,结果证实这三种蛋白均失去了增强蛋白的降解围食膜粘蛋白的活性。这一结果表明 ,增强蛋白的N端对其降解围食膜粘蛋白的功能是必需的     

New measures of insecticidal efficacy and safety obtained with the 39K promoter of a recombinant baculovirus

Baculoviruses are orally infectious to insects and considered to be natural insecticides. To enhance their speed-of-kill these viruses were engineered to express arthropod neurotoxins under the control of various strong promoters. Although this strategy proved to be efficient, it raised recently concerns about safety. We analyzed the speed-of-kill and safety of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing the insecticidal scorpion neurotoxin AaIT and found that the mortality of Helicoverpa armigera larvae was enhanced significantly when the expression was controlled by the baculovirus delayed-early promoter 39K rather than the very late promoter p10. This improvement was also reflected in better protection of cotton leaves on which these insects were fed. Using lacZ as a sensitive reporter we also found that expression driven by the 39K promoter was detected in insect but not in mammalian cells. These results imply that by selection of an appropriate viral promoter, engineered baculoviruses may comply with the high standard biosafety requirements from a genetically modified organism (GMO). Our results provide further support for the potential use of engineered baculoviruses in insect pest control in a safely manner.