食品上的应用

描述了利用突变株选育法用脆壁克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces fragilis)ATCC12424生产D一果糖时菊搪水解的改良.用液体培养基试验了利用亚硝基肛获得的50株突变株.最重要的改良是胞内菊糖酶的活性,用突变株KF28时此活性增加.为了试验用突变株KF28时     

福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T HtpG蛋白诱导小鼠炎性反应

[目的]构建福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株的htpG缺失突变株和回复株,对HtpG蛋白的功能进行初步研究.[方法]采用X-Red重组系统对htpG基因进行缺失突变,构建了福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株的htpG缺失突变株,并利用低拷贝质粒构建了htpG突变株的回复株.在此基础上,对野生株、突变株和回复株的生长曲线、生化反应、豚鼠角膜试验进行了比较分析,并考察了野生株、突变株和回复株腹腔注射引起小鼠炎症反应的强弱.[结果]HtpG蛋白功能与福氏志贺氏菌的基本生化代谢无关,也不影响细菌穿透上皮细胞的能力,但腹腔注射后能够引起小鼠强烈的炎症反应.[结论]HtpG蛋白功能可能与细菌的免疫致病性相关.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌spoⅢD基因缺失突变株的特点

微镜观察和芽胞计数分析显示,突变株基本丧失了形成芽胞的能力,但依然形成晶体.SDS-PAGE结果显示,在SSM培养基中,突变株对伴胞晶体蛋白的形成量影响并不显著;在营养较富集的Luria-Bertani培养基中,突变株中伴胞晶体蛋白的形成量较野生型和互补株明显降低.利用载体pHT315携带spoⅢD操纵子互补突变株,互补株恢复了产生晶体和芽胞的能力.[结论]本研究证明spoⅢD基因是苏云金芽胞杆菌芽胞形成所必需,同时与晶体蛋白的表达相关.     

酵母海藻糖酶缺失突变株的构建及其耐性

[目的]构建酵母海藻糖酶缺失突变株,并进行耐性分析,进一步研究海藻糖与酵母耐性之间的关系,为商业生产打下一定的基础.[方法]利用同源重组的方法,敲除了编码酸性海藻糖酶的ATH1基因和中性海藻糖酶的NTH1基因,构建了酸性海藻糖酶缺失突变株(△ath1)、中性海藻糖酶缺失突变株(△nth1)和双缺失突变株(△ath1△nth1),并进行了耐性分析.[结果]结合PCR和Southernblot的结果,验证了突变株构建的正确.所有突变株的海藻糖积累量和细胞密度均高于亲本,冷冻、高温、高糖和酒精耐性提高了.[结论]说明海藻糖含量与酵母耐性有一定的相关性.突变株耐性的改善,表明它们在酿造和烘焙产业中具有潜在的商业价值.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9多基因编辑系统在水稻中快速引入遗传多样性

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列(CRISPR)-核酸内切酶9(CRISPR/Cas9)系统已经成为许多物种特定基因组编辑的强大工具.利用CRISPR/Cas9多基因编辑系统成功构建共敲除水稻(Oryza sativa)中8个农艺性状基因的载体.通过遗传转化实验和DNA测序,发现8个基因在T_0代有较高的突变效率,并且T_0代突变株的突变类型包括杂合突变和纯合突变.此外,还在T_0代突变株中发现了纯合的六突突变株、七突突变株、八突突变株.由于T_0代植物中获得丰富的突变体组合类型,因而,观测到靶基因多样的突变表型.该研究表明,CRISPR/Cas9系统在作物育种过程中快速引入遗传多样性方面的潜力.     

抗凝活性蛋白产生菌Termitomyces albuminosus的诱变育种

真菌Termitomyces albuminosus TA-SD能产生具有抗凝活性的蛋白质TA-P.本实验采用紫外诱变法对TA-SD菌株进行诱变育种,筛选高活性的突变株.出发菌株TA-SD紫外照射40s时,正突变率和抗凝活性提高的幅度最大,分别为33.3%和104.7%.N型突变株和放线菌酮抗性突变株的正突变率和活性提高的幅度均大于S型突变株和非抗性突变株.经筛选突变株SD-A-8的抗凝活性比出发菌株提高了2.3倍.该突变株传代稳定.     

禽致病性大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛fimH基因缺失突变株的构建及部分生物学特性的分析

基于禽大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因的已知序列,利用λ噬菌体的Red重组系统构建禽致病性大肠杆菌国内分离株A2(血清型O2:K89)Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因缺失突变株A2△fimH::Cat,在二次重组中利用携带能够表达FLP位点特异性重组酶的质粒pCP20(温度敏感性)以去除上述缺失突变株中抗性基因标志,结合PCR扩增和测序结果,证明fimH基因缺失株.A2△fimH的正确构建.通过fimH基因互补试验使A2△fimH缺失突变株恢复了与野生株具有相同的凝集活性.红细胞和酵母细胞凝集试验结果表明,野生株呈现良好的凝集效果,并能被0.5%甘露糖完全抑制,而A2△fimH缺失突变株未呈现任何凝集现象.体外生长试验结果表明,在同样的培养条件下,A2△fimH缺失突变株生长周期的各个阶段都要稍慢于野生株.禽致病性大肠杆菌国内分离株Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因缺失突变株成功构建,为进一步深入研究禽大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛与机体相互作用的分子机制,肠道外感染的致病机理及对国内禽大肠杆菌病的防控策略奠定了一定基础.     

福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株argT基因突变体的构建

目的：构建福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株argT基因缺失突变体和ArgT蛋白非降解突变体,以进行后续ArgT功能研究。方法：根据福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株基因组全序列,采用λ-Red重组系统对argT基因进行缺失,并经PCR验证;采用定点突变的方法构建ArgT非降解株,并经SDS-PAGE验证;对野生株、argT缺失突变株和ArgT非降解突变株37℃时的生长曲线及生化反应进行比较研究。结果：构建了2457T的argT缺失突变株和ArgT非降解突变株;2种突变株初始生长均较慢,但最终和野生株状态一致;2种突变株利用甘露醇的能力都比野生株强,而利用葡萄糖的能力降低。结论：获得了福氏2a志贺氏菌2457T株argT基因缺失突变体和ArgT蛋白非降解突变体。     

放线菌Streptomyces sp．FJ3的核糖体工程改良与活性产物的分离

[目的]利用核糖体工程抗性筛选技术,获得有抗菌活性突变株,并对突变株新产生活性物质进行研究.[方法]以三峡库区筛选出的无抗菌活性放线菌野生株为出发菌,通过单菌落挑选与平板划线培养,分离筛选具有链霉素和利福平抗性突变株;通过摇瓶发酵和对发酵液进行纸片法活性测定,获得抗金葡菌活性突变株;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析其发酵液组分,通过LC-MS对变化峰进行分析;进行16S rDNA及形态学鉴定.[结果]链霉素和利福平对放线菌菌株FJ3的MIC分别为0.5μg/mL和110μg/mL;在FJ3突变菌株中,共获得24株链霉素突变菌株和20株利福平突变菌株,抗菌活性筛选显示6株具有抗菌活性,其中2株链霉素突变菌株对金葡菌有强抑菌活性,采用Doskochilova溶剂系统纸层析结果表明,该活性物质为一种核酸类抗生素,HPLC和LC-MS显示该活性物质可能为硫藤黄菌素.[结论]利用核糖体工程技术可以改变放线菌的次级代谢,获得具有生物活性的突变株,拓展药源放线菌活性菌株新资源.     

产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O18 XZ113 株主要毒力基因eaeA、stx2、ehxA 突变株的构建及其对小鼠的致病作用

[目的]探讨毒力基因eaeA、stx2、ehxA与产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O18致病力的关系.[方法]利用λ-Red重组系统,构建STEC XZ113株eaeA、stx2、ehxA基因缺失突变株并进行一系列生物学特性的研究.[结果]细胞粘附试验表明突变株XZ113△eaeA对HEp-2细胞的粘附能力明显降低;Vero细胞毒素试验表明突变株XZ113 △stx2失去了使Vero细胞发生病变的能力;溶血活性试验表明突变株XZ113△ehxA无法在血平板上产生溶血圈,丢失了溶血能力.回复株在以上表型方面与野生株XZ113一致;与亲本株的体外竞争试验结果表明,突变株竞争力减弱,体内竞争结果表明突变株XZ1 13△eaeA被中度致弱;突变株XZ113 △stx2和突变株XZ113△ehxA被高度致弱.[结论]stx2、ehxA基因在STEC O18 XZ113株的致病过程中发挥着更为重要的作用.     

Changes of Curdlan Biosynthesis and Nitrogenous Compounds Utilization Characterized in <Emphasis Type="Italic">ntrC</Emphasis> Mutant of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis> sp. ATCC 31749

The regulatory function of global regulator NtrC on curdlan biosynthesis and nitrogen consumption under nitrogen-limited condition in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 was investigated. The ntrC mutant of Agrobacterium sp. was constructed by homologous recombination. The ability to utilize NH₄Cl and KNO₃ was impaired in the mutant. Other nitrogenous compounds, such as glutamic acid and glutamine, were utilized normally. Curdlan production capability was impaired severely in the mutant. Curdlan production was 5-fold lower than the wild type strain in batch fermentation with NH₄Cl as the sole nitrogen source. However, up to 6.5 g l⁻¹ of a newly found alkali-insoluble biopolymer was produced by the ntrC mutant when glutamic acid was used as nitrogen source. The new biopolymer had glycosidic bond and hydroxyl group but no β-configuration absorption peak on IR spectrum was found as different from curdlan. In addition, the mutant exhibited a rapid morphological change from the dot to rod form. These results deduced that the global regulator NtrC was involved in curdlan and other biopolymer biosynthesis in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 in response to nitrogen-limited condition.     

NtrC-dependent regulatory network for curdlan biosynthesis in response to nitrogen limitation in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749

The mechanism of nitrogen signal regulating curdlan biosynthesis in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 was investigated. Under nitrogen limitation, more carbon flux is directed to curdlan synthesis with low specific growth rate. When ntrB and ntrC genes in Agrobacterium sp. were inactivated, NH₄Cl utilization ability was significantly impaired in the ntrB and ntrC mutants and curdlan production was significantly reduced. Through proteomic analysis, nearly 40 proteins did not express in ntrC mutant compared with wild type strain. The levels of 22 proteins were significantly increased and 21 proteins were repressed after nitrogen exhaustion. Phosphoglucomutase activity in Agrobacterium sp. was also decreased. However, phosphoglucomutase activity in the ntrC mutant did not change. On that basis, an NtrC-dependent regulatory network for curdlan biosynthesis in response to nitrogen limitation in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 is proposed.     

Genome sequence of the curdlan-producing Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC 31749

Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 is an industrial strain for the commercial production of curdlan, an important exopolysaccharide with food and medical applications. Here we report the genome sequence of the curdlan-producing strain ATCC 31749. Genome sequencing is the first step toward the understanding of regulation of curdlan biosynthesis.     

Cloning and characterization of the phosphatidylserine synthase gene of Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC 31749 and effect of its inactivation on production of high-molecular-mass (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (curdlan)

Genes involved in the production of the extracellular (1-->3)-beta-glucan, curdlan, by Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC 31749 were described previously (Stasinopoulos et al., Glycobiology 9:31-41, 1999). To identify additional curdlan-related genes whose protein products occur in the cell envelope, the transposon TnphoA was used as a specific genetic probe. One mutant was unable to produce high-molecular-mass curdlan when a previously uncharacterized gene, pss(AG), encoding a 30-kDa, membrane-associated phosphatidylserine synthase was disrupted. The membranes of the mutant lacked phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), whereas the phosphatidylcholine (PC) content was unchanged and that of both phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin was increased. In the mutant, the continued appearance of PC revealed that its production by this Agrobacterium strain is not solely dependent on PE in a pathway controlled by the Pss(AG) protein at its first step. Moreover, PC can be produced in a medium lacking choline. When the pss(AG)::TnphoA mutation was complemented by the intact pss(AG) gene, both the curdlan deficiency and the phospholipid profile were restored to wild-type, demonstrating a functional relationship between these two characteristics. The effect of the changed phospholipid profile could occur through an alteration in the overall charge distribution on the membrane or a specific requirement for PE for the folding into or maintenance of an active conformation of any or all of the structural proteins involved in curdlan production or transport.     

氨水流加用于粪产碱杆菌热凝胶发酵

热凝胶是粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)在氮源限制条件下生成的水不溶性胞外多糖,分泌到胞外后就附着在菌体外壁,因此在细胞生长期提高生物量对促进热凝胶合成有重要意义。热凝胶分批发酵时, 起始NH4Cl浓度提高到3.6 g/L时能促进菌体生长和热凝胶合成,但是过量NH4Cl会抑制热凝胶合成,且生物量提高不是很明显。为了进一步提高菌体浓度, 在菌体生长期, 氨水取代NaOH溶液进行流加控制pH为7.0, 随后又用2 mol/L NaOH控制pH 5.6。实验表明, 氨水流加使菌体浓度大大提高,流加24 h使菌体浓度达到18.8 g/L。但是菌体浓度过高也会抑制热凝胶的合成,在氨水流加14 h时,菌体浓度在11.9 g/L左右, 热凝胶产量最高（72 g/L）。     

氨水流加用于粪产碱杆菌热凝胶发酵

热凝胶是粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)在氮源限制条件下生成的水不溶性胞外多糖,分泌到胞外后就附着在菌体外壁,因此在细胞生长期提高生物量对促进热凝胶合成有重要意义。热凝胶分批发酵时, 起始NH4Cl浓度提高到3.6 g/L时能促进菌体生长和热凝胶合成,但是过量NH4Cl会抑制热凝胶合成,且生物量提高不是很明显。为了进一步提高菌体浓度, 在菌体生长期, 氨水取代NaOH溶液进行流加控制pH为7.0, 随后又用2 mol/L NaOH控制pH 5.6。实验表明, 氨水流加使菌体浓度大大提高,流加24 h使菌体浓度达到18.8 g/L。但是菌体浓度过高也会抑制热凝胶的合成,在氨水流加14 h时,菌体浓度在11.9 g/L左右, 热凝胶产量最高（72 g/L）。     

Improved production of curdlan with concentrated cells ofAgrobacterium sp.

The addition of a limited concentration of yeast extract to a minimal salt medium (MSM) enhanced cell growth and increased the production of curdlan whereas nitrogenlimitation was found to be essential for the higher production of curdlan byAgrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749. As the amount of the inoculum increased, the cell growth as well as the production of curdlan also increased in the MSM without a nitrogen source. The cell growth and production of curdlan increased as the initial pH of the medium decreased as low as 5.0. The conversion rate and concentration of curdlan from 2% (w/v) glucose in the MSM with concentrated cells under nitrogen deletion was 67% and 13.4 g/L, respectively. The highest conversion rate of curdlan under the conditions optimized in this study was 71% when the glucose concentration was 1% (w/v).