高密度脂蛋白受体在胆固醇逆行转运中的作用

本文综述了近两三年来HDL受体及其在胆固醇逆行转运过程中作用的研究进展,着重讨论了肝外细胞及肝组织细胞HΓL受体介导胆固醇转移的机理。     

胆固醇逆转运相关蛋白基因在骨骼肌的表达

构建载脂蛋白ＡＩ（ａｐｏＡＩ）、载脂蛋白Ｅ（ａｐｏＥ）和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（ＬＣＡＴ）的病毒或非病毒载体,分别转染离体成肌细胞或直接注入小鼠骨骼肌,观察其表达程序及分泌人血等情况,探讨借用骨骼肌异源表达这些在胆固醇逆转运中起关键作用的重要候选基因,进而发展一种简易安全基因治疗方法的可能性。结果显示,质粒表达载体ｐＣＭＶａｐｏＥ３和重组腺病毒载体Ａｄ－ＲＳＶ－ａｐｏＡＩ在原代培养小鼠成肌细胞和成     

清道夫受体-BI和ABCA1在细胞内胆固醇流出中的作用

清道夫受体-BI(SR—BI)和腺三磷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)在血浆脂蛋白的生成和代谢以及维持细胞内胆固醇平衡中起着重要的作用。清道夫受体-BI既介导细胞内游离胆固醇(FC)流出也介导细胞外FC流入。ABCA1促进细胞内FC和磷脂流出,也促进apoA—Ⅰ的酯化和新生HDL的生成。     

氧化修饰高密度脂蛋白的研究进展

血浆高密度脂蛋白(HDL)与低密度脂蛋白(LDL)一样可以在体内外发生氧化修饰,引起其理化性质发生一系列的改变,如多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化,卵磷脂水解,蛋白质发生聚合或分解等.活体内HDL可能在动脉壁巨噬细胞、内皮细胞及中性粒细胞、单核细胞的作用下发生氧化修饰.氧化修饰HDL可能通过清道夫受体途径代谢.氧化修饰HDL产生多种致动脉粥样硬化作用.维生素E、C的摄入可能有助于防止脂蛋白的氧化.     

基于高密度脂蛋白代谢与重塑的抗动脉粥样硬化研究及相关药物

动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）是一种主要因血脂代谢紊乱引发的慢性炎症性血管疾病,以血管内膜下巨噬细胞和血管平滑肌细胞过度蓄脂泡沫化为主要病理特征。高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein,HDL）通过胆固醇逆向转运（reverse cholesterol transport,RCT）将外周细胞中的胆固醇运输到肝脏然后经胆汁排出体外,从而改善血脂水平和细胞的过度蓄脂,被认为是HDL抗AS的基础。然而,大量流行病学证据表明,虽然血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平与心血管风险呈负相关,但仅仅提高HDL-C水平的治疗策略不一定能增加临床效益。因此,学术界认识到HDL水平不足以反映其RCT能力,而更多取决于HDL功能。本文综述了参与调节HDL功能的各种分子对HDL代谢与重塑过程的影响,以及针对上述过程的相关药物研究进展,为更全面评价HDL的抗AS作用提供理论参考。     

人血浆HDL对动脉粥样硬化家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性影响的研究

高胆固醇饲料喂养造成的动脉粥样硬化(As)模型家兔通过静脉注射人血浆HDL制剂,观察HDL对As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性的影响.结果发现,摄取高胆固醇饲料的As家兔,其肝细胞膜LDL受体K_d值虽无明显变化但B_max值显著减小（P＜0.01,与正常对照组比较);注射HDL制剂后,As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体K_d值仍无明显改变,但B_max值却显著回升（P＜0.01,与高脂组比较).表明人血浆HDL具有增加As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性的作用.     

胆固醇逆转运的新途径：经肠道直接排出体外？

过多的胆固醇沉积在动脉壁对机体极为有害,可以引起动脉粥样硬化甚至心血管疾病.而胆固醇逆转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)可以逆转此过程.传统的RCT是指胆固醇由外周组织转运回肝脏进行再循环或以胆汁酸的形式随粪便排出体外的过程,此过程受多种因子调控.近几年研究发现,胆固醇还可由血经过肠道直接分泌（transintestinal cholesterol efflux, TICE）通路随粪便排出体外,此过程对外界刺激更敏感.RCT已经成为防治动脉粥样硬化研究的新靶点,TICE有可能成为更有效的RCT调控通路.     

人血浆HDL对动脉粥样硬化家兔肝细胞膜 LDL受体活性影响的研究

高胆固醇饲料喂养造成的动脉粥样硬化（Ａｓ） 模型家兔通过静脉注射人血浆ＨＤＬ 制剂, 观察ＨＤＬ 对Ａｓ家兔肝细胞膜ＬＤＬ受体活性的影响． 结果发现, 摄取高胆固醇饲料的Ａｓ 家兔, 其肝细胞膜ＬＤＬ 受体 Ｋｄ 值虽无明显变化但Ｂｍａｘ 值显著减小（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１ , 与正常对照组比较） ; 注射ＨＤＬ 制剂后, Ａｓ 家兔肝细胞膜ＬＤＬ受体Ｋｄ 值仍无明显改变, 但Ｂｍａｘ 值却显著回升（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１ , 与高脂组比较） ． 表明人血浆ＨＤＬ 具有增加Ａｓ 家兔肝细胞膜ＬＤＬ 受体活性的作用．     

用酵母双杂交系统研究载脂蛋白AI(apoAI)和清道夫受体BI(SR-BI)间的相互作用

目的:利用酵母双杂交系统验证在胆固醇逆转运过程中起关键作用的大鼠载脂蛋白AI(apoAI)和清道夫受体BI-(SR-BI)间存在着相互作用,为初步筛选具有降脂活性组分提供1对新的靶点。方法:首先分别克隆了Wistar大鼠的apoAI和SR-BI基因的cDNA,并构建了酵母表达载体,利用共转化技术观察到apoAI和SR-BI间存在着相互作用,并在酵母交配实验中证实了这个结果。结果:经共转化后的实验组与阳性对照组可在SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade/X-α-Gal平板上生长且菌斑呈蓝色,经测定α、β半乳糖苷酶活力可知酶活分别为8～12U和10～40U。酵母交配后的二倍体实验组、阳性对照组可在SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade/X-α-Gal平板上生长且菌斑呈蓝色。结论:apoAI和SRBI间的确存在相互作用。     

低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高在家兔动脉粥样硬化发生发展中的意义

目的观察低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)对家兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响,探讨AS的发生机制。方法以高脂饲料复制家兔实验性AS模型,分阶段检测家兔血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)含量;观察主动脉内膜病理学变化;分析主动脉内膜增生程度及AS斑块面积与血浆脂蛋白水平的相关性。结果高脂组家兔主动脉粥样硬化面积和内膜增生程度明显较对照组增加(P<0.01),血浆LDL-c水平明显较对照组升高(P<0.01);动脉内膜增生程度及AS斑块面积均与血浆LDL-c水平呈非常显著正相关(r=0.837,P<0.001)。结论提示血浆LDL-c水平升高,是致AS发生发展的重要原因。     

Selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters and cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages independent of SR-BI

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters (CEs) and facilitates the efflux of unesterified cholesterol. SR-BI expression in macrophages presumably plays a role in atherosclerosis. The role of SR-BI for selective CE uptake and cholesterol efflux in macrophages was explored. Macrophages and HDL originated from wild-type (WT) or SR-BI knockout (KO; homozygous) mice. For uptake, macrophages were incubated in medium containing 125I-/3H-labeled HDL. For lipid removal, [3H]cholesterol efflux was analyzed using HDL as acceptor. Selective uptake of HDL CE ([3H]cholesteryl oleyl ether - 125I-tyramine cellobiose) was similar in WT and SR-BI KO macrophages. Radiolabeled SR-BI KO-HDL yielded a lower rate of selective uptake compared with WT-HDL in WT and SR-BI KO macrophages. Cholesterol efflux was similar in WT and SR-BI KO cells using HDL as acceptor. SR-BI KO-HDL more efficiently promoted cholesterol removal compared with WT-HDL from both types of macrophages. Macrophages selectively take up HDL CE independently of SR-BI. Additionally, in macrophages, there is substantial cholesterol efflux that is not mediated by SR-BI. Therefore, SR-BI-independent mechanisms mediate selective CE uptake and cholesterol removal. SR-BI KO-HDL is an inferior donor for selective CE uptake compared with WT-HDL, whereas SR-BI KO-HDL more efficiently promotes cholesterol efflux.     

Effects of amino acid substitutions at glycine 420 on SR-BI cholesterol transport function

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) facilitates the uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters (CEs) in a two-step process involving binding of HDL to its extracellular domain and transfer of HDL core CEs to a metabolically active membrane pool, where they are subsequently hydrolyzed by a neutral CE hydrolase. Recently, we characterized a mutant, G420H, which replaced glycine 420 in the extracellular domain of SR-BI with a histidine residue and had a profound effect on SR-BI function. The G420H mutant receptor exhibited a reduced ability to mediate selective HDL CE uptake and was unable to deliver HDL CE for hydrolysis, despite the fact that it retained the ability to bind HDL. This did not hold true if glycine 420 was replaced with an alanine residue; G420A maintained wild-type HDL binding and cholesterol transport activity. To further understand the role that glycine 420 plays in SR-BI function and why there was a disparity between replacing glycine 420 with a histidine versus an alanine, we generated a battery of point mutants by substituting glycine 420 with amino acids possessing side chains that were charged, hydrophobic, polar, or bulky and tested the resulting mutants for their ability to support HDL binding, HDL cholesterol transport, and delivery for hydrolysis. The results indicated that substitution with a negatively charged residue or a proline impaired cell surface expression of SR-BI or its interaction with HDL, respectively. Furthermore, substitution of glycine 420 with a positively charged residue reduced HDL CE uptake as well as its subsequent hydrolysis.     

巨噬细胞胆固醇转运相关蛋白研究进展

动脉粥样斑块中泡沫细胞的形成与巨噬细胞胆固醇的转运密切相关,巨噬细胞胆固醇转运是胆固醇逆转运中的一个重要过程,它可清除外周组织过多的胆固醇,对维持细胞内胆固醇稳定、延缓动脉粥样硬化的发生发展有着重要意义.这个过程涉及到许多转运相关蛋白的作用,如三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1/G1、载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ、胆固醇脂转运蛋白、卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶等.本文就巨噬细胞胆固醇转运过程中相关蛋白的作用做一综述,以期为动脉粥样硬化相关疾病的防治研究提供新的思路.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induces scavenger receptor expression and monocyte differentiation into foam cells

Accumulation of monocytes and the entrapment of oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in monocytes are important in the differentiation into "foam" macrophages and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the expression of scavenger receptor (SCR) by using resting monocytes prepared by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. Our results showed that: (1) MCP-1 increased the expression of CD36 SCR by flow cytometric analysis. (2) MCP-1 increased incorporation of 125I-labeled ox-LDL and oil red O staining. (3) MCP-1 and ox-LDL enhanced in vitro transendothelial monocyte migration. (4) These functions were mediated at least in part via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. (5) MCP-1 and ox-LDL did not induce monocyte proliferation. Our results imply that MCP-1 is involved in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis through the induction of SCR expression via the ERK pathway and differentiation of monocytes into foam macrophages, as well as induction of monocyte migration.     

A complete backbone spectral assignment of human apolipoprotein AI on a 38 kDa preβHDL (Lp1-AI) particle

ApoAI is the major protein component of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that has been a hot subject of interests because of its anti-atherogenic properties. ApoAI/preβ-HDL is the most effective acceptors specifically for free cholesterol in human plasma and serves as the precursor of HDL particles. Here we report a complete backbone assignment of human apoAI on a 38 kDa preβHDL (Lp1-AI) particle.     

C323 of SR-BI is required for SR-BI-mediated HDL binding and cholesteryl ester uptake

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor. It binds HDL and mediates the uptake of cholesteryl ester from HDL. Early studies have pointed out that the extracellular domain of SR-BI is critical for SR-BI-mediated cholesteryl ester uptake. However, the extracellular loop of SR-BI is large: it contains 403 amino acids. The HDL binding site and the modulation of SR-BI-mediated cholesteryl ester uptake remain to be identified. In this study, using C323G mutant SR-BI, we showed that C323G mutant SR-BI lost its HDL binding and cholesteryl ester uptake activity, indicating that the highly conserved C323 is required for SR-BI-mediated HDL binding and cholesteryl ester uptake. Using a blocking antibody against C323 region, we demonstrated that C323 is directly involved in HDL binding and likely an HDL binding site. Using C323G mutant transgenic mouse model, we further demonstrated that C323 of SR-BI is required for regulating plasma cholesterol levels in vivo. Using redox reagents, we showed that physiological relevant levels of H(2)O(2) upregulated the SR-BI-mediated cholesteryl ester uptake activity by 65%, whereas GSH or DTT significantly downregulated SR-BI-mediated cholesteryl ester uptake activity by 45%. C323 of SR-BI is critical for SR-BI-mediated HDL binding and cholesteryl ester uptake, and changes in redox status may be a regulatory factor modulating SR-BI-mediated cholesterol transport.     

Andrographolide in atherosclerosis: integrating network pharmacology and in vitro pharmacological evaluation

Objective: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial remedy for several conditions. Andrographolide (AG), the active constituent of A. paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, has anti-lipidic and anti-inflammatory properties as well as cardiovascular protective effects. The present study aimed to explore the effects of AG on the progression of atherosclerosis and to investigate related mechanisms via network pharmacology.Materials and methods: Compound-related information was obtained from the PubChem database. Potential target genes were identified using STITCH, SwissTargetPrediction, Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Genes involved in atherosclerosis were obtained from DisGeNet and compared with AG target genes to obtain an overlapping set. Protein–protein interactions were determined by STRING. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed at WebGestalt, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment was analyzed using Metascape. The final network showing the relationship between compounds, targets, and pathways was constructed using Cytoscape. After that, oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 cells were used to further validate a part of the network pharmacology results.Result: Eighty-one potential AG target genes were identified. PPI, GO, and KEGG enrichment revealed genes closely related to tumor progression, lipid transport, inflammation, and related pathways. AG improves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) through NF-κB/CEBPB/PPARG signaling in oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion: We successfully predict AG’s potential targets and pathways in atherosclerosis and illustrate the mechanism of action. AG may regulate NF-κB/CEBPB/PPARG signaling to alleviate atherosclerosis.     

Testosterone up-regulates scavenger receptor BI and stimulates cholesterol efflux from macrophages

By lowering high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, testosterone contributes to the gender difference in HDL cholesterol and has been accused to be pro-atherogenic. The mechanism by which testosterone influences HDL cholesterol is little understood. We therefore investigated the effect of testosterone on the gene expression of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), hepatic lipase (HL), scavenger receptor B1 (SR-BI), and the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), all of which are important regulators of HDL metabolism. In both cultivated HepG2 hepatocytes and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, testosterone led to a dose-dependent up-regulation of SR-BI, which was assessed on both the mRNA and the protein levels. As a functional consequence, we observed an increased HDL(3)-induced cholesterol efflux from macrophages. At supraphysiological dosages, testosterone also increased the expression of HL in HepG2 cells. Testosterone had no effect on the expression of apoA-I in HepG2 cells and ABCA1 in either HepG2 cells or macrophages. These data suggest that testosterone, despite lowering HDL cholesterol, intensifies reverse cholesterol transport and thereby exerts an anti-atherogenic rather than a pro-atherogenic effect.