SR-BI的分子结构及其表达调控

小鼠B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体是目前已确认的唯一真正介导细胞与高密度脂蛋白作用的膜受体,主要在肝脏和固醇生成组织中表达,并受促激素、胆固醇、饮食以及药理等因素所调控。该受体介导高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇酯的选择性吸收,是调节胆固醇逆转运的唯一靶点,在高密度脂蛋白代谢和胆固醇运输中起重要作用。该基因缺陷对不同的组织具有不同的影响。它有可能作为一个新的治疗靶点来预防和治疗动脉粥样硬化性心脑血管疾病。对其分子结构、表达调控及相关研究作了详细介绍。     

高密度脂蛋白抗动脉粥样硬化作用

高密度脂蛋白通过清道夫受体BI(SR—BI)选择性的摄取外周组织细胞胆固酵,调节胆固酵逆转运过程;依赖对氧磷酶-1(PON1)的抗氧化作用及过氧化体增殖物激活型受体(PPAR-α)调节HDL代谢过程中5种蛋白质编码基因的表达等多种机制发挥其抗AS作用。     

文蛤SRBI基因克隆及其在不同壳色群体中的差异表达

为了研究SRBI基因的结构、功能以及在贝类壳色形成中的作用, 利用SMART RACE技术克隆得到文蛤(Meretrix meretrix) SRBI (Mm-SRBI)基因的全长序列, 并对其内含子特征及不同组织、不同壳色群体外套膜中的表达差异进行了分析。结果表明: Mm-SRBI基因cDNA全长1676 bp, 开放阅读框1515 bp, 编码504个氨基酸, 结构域预测发现有一个CD36结构域; 氨基酸序列比对发现, 与华贵栉孔扇贝的同源性最高(55%), 与其他物种的相似性在34%—40%, 表明该基因变异较大; 在Mm-SRBI基因中扩增出12个内含子, 均存在于开放阅读框中, 且都遵循GT-AG原则; 荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)结果表明, Mm-SRBI在闭壳肌、外套膜、斧足、鳃、内脏团和水管6个组织均有表达, 其中在外套膜中表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.01), 这可能与外套膜中类胡萝卜素含量较高有关; 不同壳色群体外套膜中基因表达分析表明,Mm-SRBI在黑斑和红壳文蛤中的表达量显著高于白壳文蛤(P<0.05)。实验结果为文蛤壳色形成研究奠定了基础。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1研究的最新进展

就三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的结构、功能及调控研究的最新进展作一综述.ABCA1是一种膜整合蛋白,它具有多种复杂的功能,能介导细胞内磷脂和胆固醇流出到贫脂载脂蛋白A-I,并且在高密度脂蛋白代谢过程中起重要作用.人类ABCA1变异将引起严重的高密度脂蛋白不足,其特征为载脂蛋白A-I和高密度脂蛋白缺陷以及动脉粥样硬化.ABCA1的表达受到多种物质高度调控.细胞核受体主要通过作用于ABCA1启动子DR4元件参与调节ABCA1表达.第二信使环磷酸腺苷通过作用于转录水平和翻译水平上调ABCA1表达.细胞因子对ABCA1转录具有多效性和矛盾效应.除此以外,各种蛋白质和酶类如蛋白激酶A,蛋白激酶CK2,组织蛋白酶D也参与ABCA1表达调控.     

银灵通胶囊调节实验性高脂饮食大鼠血脂的研究

目的:探究银灵通胶囊对脂质代谢的影响及其机制。方法:建立大鼠高脂模型,用药后检测其血脂、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,检测肝脏组织的高密度脂蛋白受体SR-BI、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDH)受体CD36蛋白表达的mRNA表达水平,检测血管组织学变化。结果:高脂饮食明显升高大鼠血清中总胆固醇(CH)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和动脉硬化指数(AI值),银灵通胶囊组可降低上述指标,且呈一定的浓度依赖;高脂饮食可增加肝脏中SR-BI及CD36表达,降低LDLR表达,银灵通胶囊引起SR-BI的过度表达,使LDLR表达增加,CD36表达下降。高脂饮食使血清中MDA的含量增加,给予银灵通胶囊后,明显降低血清MDA的含量。结论:银灵通胶囊具有调节脂质代谢,抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)及抗脂质过氧化作用。其机制与银灵通胶囊能引起肝脏中SR-BI的过度表达及LDLR表达增加,降低肝脏中CD36表达和血清MDA含量有关。     

人高密度脂蛋白受体胞外片段在甲醇酵母中的表达

高密度脂蛋白受体在胆固醇逆向运输中起重要作用,并且其可以做为动脉粥样硬化的新型治疗靶点。为了构建以竞争性受体-配体相互作用为基础的体外高通量药物筛选模型,在甲醇酵母中表达了高密度脂蛋白受体胞外结构域。应用RT-PCR方法从人肝癌Bel-7402总RNA中扩增了编码高密度脂蛋白受体胞外结构域的基因片段,此基因片段测序证实后亚克隆至甲醇酵母分泌表达质粒pPIC9K中。经测序验证读码框正确后将重组质粒电转至Pichia pastorisGS115中。应用PCR方法确定目的基因的整合和Mut^ 表型。重组菌株用1％甲醇诱导5天后取发酵上清进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析。结果表明,在分子量约64.5kDa处有sHDLR表达。随后应用Dil-AcLDL为配体证明了表达的sHDLR具有结合其配体AcLDL的生物学活性。     

动脉粥样硬化小型猪SR-BI和PPARγ表达的变化

目的：用贵州小香猪建立动脉粥样硬化（As）动物模型,探讨该模型中B类Ⅰ型清道夫受体（SR-BI）和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）表达的变化。方法：采用血管内膜损伤法加高脂高胆固醇饲料喂养贵州小香猪,氧化酶法测定血浆总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）的浓度。12个月后处死动物,采用苏丹Ⅳ及HE染色检测肝脏脂质沉积及动脉粥样斑块病变;逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）、Western blot印迹和免疫组织化学法分别检测肝、主动脉组织中SR-BI、PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白质表达。结果：实验组与对照组比较,血浆TC、TG、HDL-C水平升高;实验组小型猪肝脏有大量的脂肪空泡,动脉有明显的脂质条纹及斑块;动脉粥样硬化小型猪肝组织、主动脉组织的SR-BI、PPARγ的mRNA及蛋白质的表达均上调（P〈0．05）。结论：本实验说明颈总动脉内膜拉伤加高脂高胆固醇饲料喂养小型猪可建立As动物模型;As小型猪肝组织、主动脉组织的SRBI和PPARγ表达上调。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1的研究进展

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1 ( ABCG1 ) 是近年来发现的一种介导胆固醇和磷脂流出的整合膜蛋白半转运体,是三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体超家族成员.ABCG1与三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)在介导胆固醇和磷脂流出至高密度脂蛋白 ( HDL ) 中起协同作用.ABCG1的表达主要受肝X受体/维甲酸X受体 ( LXR/RXR ) 系统调节.尽管ABCG1在平衡胆固醇和磷脂中有重要作用,但在动物实验中,ABCG1在动脉粥样硬化疾病中的作用具有争议.本文从ABCG1的结构、功能、调节及其在动脉粥样硬化疾病中的作用做一综述.     

一氧化氮对小鼠胚胎围植入期子宫VEGF及其受体表达的调节

为研究NO在胚胎植入中的作用机理 ,本文采用子宫角注射、原位杂交及Westernblot方法研究了一氧化氮 (NO)在小鼠胚胎植入过程中对血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)及其受体表达的调节。受试小鼠于妊娠第三天 (D3 )在一侧子宫角内注射一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)抑制剂N 硝基 L 精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME)或者L NAME与NO的供体硝普钠 (SNP)合用 ,另一侧子宫角为对照侧 ;收集并分别检测了D5,D6和D7天小鼠子宫中VEGF及其受体mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。结果显示 :与对照侧相比 ,L NAME处理后小鼠胚胎围植入期子宫中VEGF及其受体mRNA的表达有不同程度的下降 ;对VEGF及其受体蛋白表达水平检测表明 ,抑制的NO产生也使VEGF及其受体蛋白在小鼠围植入期子宫中的表达有不同程度的降低。当NOS抑制剂和NO的供体SNP同时注射小鼠时 ,VEGF及其受体mRNA和蛋白表达都恢复到正常水平。以上结果表明 ,在小鼠胚胎植入中NO可通过调节VEGF及其受体的表达参与血管新生 ,从而对胚胎植入起到调节作用     

ABCA1调控与动脉粥样硬化

ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)在细胞内胆固醇流出中起着重要作用,增加它的表达可促进细胞内胆固醇流出,降低动脉粥样硬化风险.ABCA1的表达受到多种因素的调控,包括肝X受体、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体、钙蛋白酶抑制剂和miRNA等.本文主要综述ABCA1的表达与调控,以及它对动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发生发展的影响,...     

Influence of the HDL receptor SR-BI on atherosclerosis

The scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor that mediates selective cholesterol uptake from HDL to cells. In rodents, SR-BI has a critical influence on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and structure, the delivery of cholesterol to steroidogenic tissues, female fertility, and biliary cholesterol concentration. SR-BI can also serve as a receptor for non-HDL lipoproteins and appears to play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies involving the manipulation of SR-BI expression in mice, either using adenovirus-mediated or transgenic hepatic overexpression or using homologous recombination for complete functional ablation, indicate that the expression of SR-BI protects against atherosclerosis. If SR-BI has a similar activity in humans, it may become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.     

The HDL receptor SR-BI: a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis?

Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism is a crucial process for cholesterol homeostasis and coronary heart disease, therapeutic approaches for selective modification of plasma HDL levels are not currently available. The discovery of well-defined cell-surface HDL receptors should provide new avenues for treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In fact, SR-BI, a recently identified receptor for selective HDL cholesterol uptake, is relevant for physiological processes (for example, HDL metabolism, steroidogenesis and biliary cholesterol secretion) and pathophysiological conditions (for example, atherosclerosis) in animal models. If SR-BI has similar activities in humans, it might represent a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.     

Selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters and cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages independent of SR-BI

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters (CEs) and facilitates the efflux of unesterified cholesterol. SR-BI expression in macrophages presumably plays a role in atherosclerosis. The role of SR-BI for selective CE uptake and cholesterol efflux in macrophages was explored. Macrophages and HDL originated from wild-type (WT) or SR-BI knockout (KO; homozygous) mice. For uptake, macrophages were incubated in medium containing 125I-/3H-labeled HDL. For lipid removal, [3H]cholesterol efflux was analyzed using HDL as acceptor. Selective uptake of HDL CE ([3H]cholesteryl oleyl ether - 125I-tyramine cellobiose) was similar in WT and SR-BI KO macrophages. Radiolabeled SR-BI KO-HDL yielded a lower rate of selective uptake compared with WT-HDL in WT and SR-BI KO macrophages. Cholesterol efflux was similar in WT and SR-BI KO cells using HDL as acceptor. SR-BI KO-HDL more efficiently promoted cholesterol removal compared with WT-HDL from both types of macrophages. Macrophages selectively take up HDL CE independently of SR-BI. Additionally, in macrophages, there is substantial cholesterol efflux that is not mediated by SR-BI. Therefore, SR-BI-independent mechanisms mediate selective CE uptake and cholesterol removal. SR-BI KO-HDL is an inferior donor for selective CE uptake compared with WT-HDL, whereas SR-BI KO-HDL more efficiently promotes cholesterol efflux.     

Cellular and physiological roles of SR-BI, a lipoprotein receptor which mediates selective lipid uptake

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an important role in protection against atherosclerosis by mediating reverse cholesterol transport - the transport of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for disposal. SR-BI is a cell surface receptor for HDL and other lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL) and mediates the selective uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol by cells. Overexpression or genetic ablation of SR-BI in mice revealed that it plays an important role in HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport and protects against atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. If it plays a similar role in humans then it may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We will review some of the recent advances in the understanding of SR-BI's physiological role and cellular function in lipoprotein metabolism.     

SR-BI inhibits ABCG1-stimulated net cholesterol efflux from cells to plasma HDL

This study compares the roles of ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) singly or together in promoting net cellular cholesterol efflux to plasma HDL containing active LCAT. In transfected cells, SR-BI promoted free cholesterol efflux to HDL, but this was offset by an increased uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester (CE) into cells, resulting in no net efflux. Coexpression of SR-BI with ABCG1 inhibited the ABCG1-mediated net cholesterol efflux to HDL, apparently by promoting the reuptake of CE from medium. However, ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux was not altered in cholesterol-loaded, SR-BI-deficient (SR-BI(-/-)) macrophages. Briefly cultured macrophages collected from SR-BI(-/-) mice loaded with acetylated LDL in the peritoneal cavity did exhibit reduced efflux to HDL. However, this was attributable to reduced expression of ABCG1 and ABCA1, likely reflecting increased macrophage cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein E-enriched HDL during loading in SR-BI(-/-) mice. In conclusion, cellular SR-BI does not promote net cholesterol efflux from cells to plasma HDL containing active LCAT as a result of the reuptake of HDL-CE into cells. Previous findings of increased atherosclerosis in mice transplanted with SR-BI(-/-) bone marrow probably cannot be explained by a defect in macrophage cholesterol efflux.     

Identification of small PDZK1-associated protein,DD96/MAP17, as a regulator of PDZK1 and plasma high density lipoprotein levels

Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is the high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor essential for hepatic uptake of HDL cholesterol. SR-BI was shown to impact plasma HDL levels and be anti-atherogenic. Thus, the ability to regulate hepatic SR-BI may allow for the modulation of plasma HDL cholesterol and progression of atherosclerosis. However, regulation of SR-BI in liver is not well understood. Recently, the PDZ domain containing protein PDZK1 was shown to interact with SR-BI and may serve an essential role in SR-BI cell surface expression. Here we identify an in vivo PDZK1-interacting protein that we named small PDZK1-associated protein (SPAP; also known as DD96/MAP17). Unexpectedly, we found that hepatic overexpression of SPAP in mice resulted in liver deficiency of PDZK1. The absence of PDZK1 in SPAP transgenic mice resulted in a deficiency of SR-BI in liver and markedly increased plasma HDL. Metabolic labeling experiments showed that the proteasome plays a role in the turnover of newly synthesized PDZK1, but that SPAP overexpression in liver increased PDZK1 turnover in an alternate, proteasome-independent pathway. Thus, SPAP may be an endogenous regulator of cellular PDZK1 levels by regulating PDZK1 turnover.     

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression partially attenuates the adverse effects of SR-BI receptor deficiency on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis

Scavenger receptor SR-BI significantly contributes to HDL cholesterol metabolism and atherogenesis in mice. However, the role of SR-BI may not be as pronounced in humans due to cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. To address the impact of CETP expression on the adverse effects associated with SR-BI deficiency, we cross-bred our SR-BI conditional knock-out mouse model with CETP transgenic mice. CETP almost completely restored the abnormal HDL-C distribution in SR-BI-deficient mice. However, it did not normalize the elevated plasma free to total cholesterol ratio characteristic of hepatic SR-BI deficiency. Red blood cell and platelet count abnormalities observed in mice liver deficient for SR-BI were partially restored by CETP, but the elevated erythrocyte cholesterol to phospholipid ratio remained unchanged. Complete deletion of SR-BI was associated with diminished adrenal cholesterol stores, whereas hepatic SR-BI deficiency resulted in a significant increase in adrenal gland cholesterol content. In both mouse models, CETP had no impact on adrenal cholesterol metabolism. In diet-induced atherosclerosis studies, hepatic SR-BI deficiency accelerated aortic lipid lesion formation in both CETP-expressing (4-fold) and non-CETP-expressing (8-fold) mice when compared with controls. Impaired macrophage to feces reverse cholesterol transport in mice deficient for SR-BI in liver, which was not corrected by CETP, most likely contributed by such an increase in atherosclerosis susceptibility. Finally, comparison of the atherosclerosis burden in SR-BI liver-deficient and fully deficient mice demonstrated that SR-BI exerted an atheroprotective activity in extra-hepatic tissues whether CETP was present or not. These findings support the contention that the SR-BI pathway contributes in unique ways to cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis susceptibility even in the presence of CETP.     

The inhibition of endocytosis affects HDL-lipid uptake mediated by the human scavenger receptor class B type I

The scavenger receptor SR-BI plays an important role in the hepatic clearance of HDL cholesterol and other lipids, driving reverse cholesterol transport and contributing to protection against atherosclerosis in mouse models. We characterized the role of endocytosis in lipid uptake from HDL, mediated by the human SR-BI, using a variety of approaches to inhibit endocytosis, including hypertonic shock, potassium or energy depletion and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Our studies revealed that unlike mouse SR-BI, human SR-BI-mediated HDL-lipid uptake was reduced by inhibition of endocytosis. This was not dependent on the cytoplasmic C-terminus of SR-BI. Monitoring the uptake of both the protein and lipid components of HDL revealed that although overall lipid uptake was decreased, the degree of selective lipid uptake was increased. These data suggest that that endocytosis is a dynamic regulator of SR-BI's selective lipid uptake activity.