江西吉安乌鸫的繁殖生态研究

2009～2010年对江西省吉安地区乌鸫Turdus merula的繁殖进行了调查研究,结果表明:当地乌鸫的营巢时间在3月9日至16日,产卵时间是3月18日至26日,平均窝卵数5.14(4～6)枚(n=14),平均卵大小29.71 mm×21.16 mm,平均卵重6.63 g(n=71).孵卵和暖巢主要由雌鸟承担,但雄鸟也有暖巢行为,孵化率为65.83%,育雏期13～15 d,离巢率高达100%.与高海拔的乌鸫相比,当地乌鸫产大窝小卵,这一特征保证了大窝雏数和高离巢率,繁殖对策属于r-选择.     

江西吉安灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态研究

灰头麦鸡Vanellus cinereus在江西吉安地区是夏候鸟.2010 ～2011年对当地灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态进行了调查研究.结果表明,当地灰头麦鸡最早2月20日迁入,最晚9月17日迁离,居留时间约为7个月;3月初开始产卵,平均窝卵数3.8枚(n=14),平均卵大小48.0 mm×34.5 mm,平均卵重28.8 g(n =38);产满窝卵后即开始孵卵,孵卵由雌雄鸟共同承担;孵卵期为28 ～31 d;孵化率为90.15％.     

甘肃莲花山黑冠山雀繁殖生态的初步研究

2017和2018年每年的4至8月在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区,对人工巢箱中黑冠山雀（Periparus rubidiventris）的繁殖生态进行了研究。共悬挂100个巢箱,两年共计招引到15巢黑冠山雀。此外,还记录到4个自然巢,分别位于干枯的糙皮桦（Betula utilise）树洞（1巢）、土坡的缝隙（1巢）和路边水泥护坡的出水管中（2巢）。黑冠山雀雌雄亲鸟共同筑巢,巢内壁为兽毛夹杂少量绒羽,外壁为草茎须根和苔藓。5月中下旬为黑冠山雀的产卵高峰期,清晨产卵,日产1枚,产下最后1枚卵后开始孵卵。平均窝卵数为6枚（4 ~ 7 枚,n = 15）,平均卵重（1.12 ± 0.02）g,卵长径（15.30 ± 0.10）mm,卵短径（12.09 ± 0.11）mm（n = 86）。孵卵由雌鸟承担,孵卵期为15 d（14 ~ 16 d,n = 5）。产卵期,雌鸟离巢时有用巢材盖卵的行为,开始孵卵后则不再盖卵。双亲共同育雏,育雏期为16 d和17 d（n = 2）。所记录的18巢黑冠山雀的繁殖成功率为83.3%,人工巢箱（15巢）中繁殖成功率为86.7%,巢捕食者主要为鼠类。     

太原市南郊区灰椋鸟的种群密度与繁殖观察

1987—1989年在太原市南郊区,灰椋鸟(Sturnuscineraceus)种群密度在繁殖前为5.34只/公顷,繁殖后为17.11只/公顷,鸟巢密度为0.7只/公顷。4月中旬产卵,窝卵数4—9枚,孵卵期13—15天,巢内育雏期13—14天,巢外5—7天。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨的繁殖成功率

作者于 1998～ 2 0 0 0年 4～ 7月 ,采用野外直接观察、栖息地植被样方调查和无线电跟踪等方法对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotiundulatamacqueenii)种群的繁殖生态进行了初步观察与研究。考察中共发现45个巢、 84窝幼雏。研究结果表明 ,木垒波斑鸨有两个产卵高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第一次繁殖失败后可能再次产卵。雌鸟营巢成功率平均为 0 5 0 5。波斑鸨的窝卵数在 2～ 6枚之间 ,出现 4枚卵的频率最高。第一产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 4 0± 0 8枚 /窝 )大于第二产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 3 3± 0 8枚 /窝 )。木垒波斑鸨种群三年间卵孵化率分别为 0 84、 0 80和 1,繁殖成功率为 0 45 6。种群在繁殖期几乎不受人类活动干扰 ,巢卵及幼雏损失主要来自天敌捕食 ,如沙狐、大和棕尾等.     

无蹼壁虎繁殖生态生物学研究

壁虎科 (Ｇｅｋｋｏｎｉｄａｅ)动物以恒定窝卵数作为其主要生殖策略 ,多疣壁虎 (Ｇｅｋｋｏｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ)以较高产卵频率和较大雌体 (卵大一些 )在种群中的比例 (计翔等 ,1991ａ)作为其又一生殖策略。本文在前人研究的基础上 ,对无蹼壁虎 (Ｇ .ｓｗｉｎｈｏｎｉｓ)的繁殖生态生物学做进一步研究。1　研究方法1 1　野外观察时间及地点1993～ 1997年 ,在江苏省云龙山上的旧碉堡内 ,观察记录壁虎产卵、孵化等情况。1 2　饲　养1995、 1996、 1998和 1999年 ,参照计翔等 (1991ｂ)方法 ,用木箱和纸箱饲养壁虎。每箱内饲养 1对成体壁虎 ,以…     

北热带石灰岩地区红耳鹎的繁殖生态和巢址选择

热带鸟类的生活史进化策略与温带鸟类的不同,而迄今国内对热带鸟类的研究却非常缺乏,红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)在我国北热带地区分布广泛,是较为理想的研究对象。2010年至2014年春夏季,对北热带石灰岩地区红耳鹎的繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。采用系统搜寻法并根据亲鸟行为寻巢,应用方差分析和主成分分析对相关数据进行处理。结果显示,红耳鹎的产卵期集中在4月中旬至5月下旬,喜筑巢于灌木和人工种植的苹婆(Sterculia nobilis)树。平均窝卵数为(3.4±0.5)枚(3~4枚),卵重(2.59±0.29)g,卵大小(21.10±1.73)mm×(15.35±1.50)mm(n=31)。总的繁殖成功率为36.16%,繁殖失败的主要原因是天敌捕食、弃巢和人为干扰。一年繁殖一次和较低的繁殖成功率是研究地的红耳鹎有较大窝卵数的主要原因。红耳鹎在巢址选择时主要考虑避雨因子、避敌因子和灌木因子。     

戴胜的一些生态资料

报告1997-2002年的3～10月,在历山国家级自然保护区搜集到的戴胜的一些生态资料。戴胜每年3月上旬迁来历山保护区,9月底陆续迁离,居留期202-205天。在历山保护区每公里遇见率繁殖后比繁殖前增长96．55％。每年繁殖一次。窝卵数5～7枚,孵化期18天,巢内育雏期18天,巢外育幼期10～18天。     

栗斑腹鵐的繁殖习性

1999年5—7月,通过野外直接观测的方法,对栗斑腹鵐的繁殖过程进行了调查。结果表明：在103．78hm^2样地内共有45个巢,种群密度为0．81只／hm^2。平均窝卵数为5．09枚,孵化期为12d,孵化率为36．3％,繁殖成功率为27．7％,繁殖生产力为0．49。     

四川南充市郊区灰椋鸟生态的初步研究

2004年11月~2005年5月,在四川盆地中的南充市郊对灰椋鸟的生态进行了初步研究。于2004年11月10日首次观察到灰椋鸟,最后见到灰椋鸟的时间是2005年4月29日。白天,灰椋鸟多集成15~60只左右的群体活动;黄昏时分,在夜宿地往往集成大群(最大群体为410只左右),在南充市郊的种群密度为26.67只/km2。灰椋鸟现仅在市郊栖息,其栖息地划分为夜宿地、休息隐蔽地、取食地、饮水地。冬、春季灰椋鸟为杂食性鸟类,主要啄食蚯蚓、昆虫、植物叶和人类丢弃的食物。灰椋鸟的日活动活动节律有3个明显高峰,分别出现在晨昏和上午09∶00左右。讨论了灰椋鸟与农业生产的关系及城市光和噪声污染对灰椋鸟的影响。     

灰椋鸟身体大小和内脏器官形态的两性差异

鸟类性二态现象广泛存在,比如身体大小、羽色等,性二态很可能是自然选择和性选择共同作用的结果.为了探索和更好地了解雀形目鸟类身体大小性二态的进化,在2019年繁殖季节早期研究了灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)野外种群身体大小和内脏器官形态的两性差异.结果表明,除嘴宽外,其他身体特征参数均雄性显著大于雌性,表...     

台湾中部暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生物学

本研究将暗绿绣眼鸟 (Zosteropsjaponicasimplex)捕捉、套彩色环后释放 ,分别于 1999年和 2 0 0 1年 3～ 8月追踪监测 7对和 13对暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖行为。总结此二年对 2 0对暗绿绣眼鸟的监测 ,其繁殖期始于 3月中旬 ,终止于 8月下旬。 1对最多可年产 5窝 ,但以 3～ 4窝为常见。初次筑巢所需时间平均为 10 4d ,筑第 2、3巢的时间依次减少 ;窝与窝之间的繁殖间隔视情况而定 ,如孵化或喂养失败 ,通常都在 1～ 2d内再筑巢 ,如繁殖育雏成功 ,平均相隔 7d再筑巢。 2年 6 3窝的窝卵数平均为 2 6 8± 0 71(n =6 3)枚 ;孵化期平均为 11±0 6 4 (n =4 7)d ;6 3窝孵化成功 4 7窝 ,孵化成功率为 74 6 % ;雏鸟离巢日龄平均为 10 5± 0 88(n =35 )d ;4 7窝雏鸟喂养成功 35窝 ,育雏成功率为 74 5 % ;6 3窝繁殖成功 35窝 ,繁殖成功率为 5 5 5 %。失败因素包括气候、动物掠食、人为破坏和其它不明原因     

吉林白城地区草原栗斑腹(巫鸟)窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的研究

对分布于吉林白城地区草原生境中栗斑腹巫鸟的窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的初步研究结果表明 ,繁殖期栗斑腹巫鸟种群的平均窝卵数为 5 .0 9± 0 .5 8枚 /巢 ;窝卵数与产卵期、出巢数与产卵期、窝卵数与卵大小之间呈负相关 ,产卵期与孵化率之间存在极显著的负相关关系 ,巢外径与窝卵数之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,巢的其余指标均与窝卵数呈正相关 ;平均孵化期为 12± 0 .4 9d ,孵化率为 36 .3% ,繁殖成功率为 11.11% ;7日龄以上的雏鸟群体大小为 2 .5 6± 1.5 3只 ,栗斑腹巫鸟的雏鸟存活率为 2 7.6 9% .     

The Starling Mating System as an Outcome of the Sexual Conflict

Many bird species demonstrate a variable mating system, with some males being monogamously mated and other males able to attract more than one mate. This variation in avian mating systems is often explained in terms of potential costs of sharing breeding partners and compensation for such costs. However, whenever there is a difference in the optimal mating system for males and females, a sexual conflict over the number of partners is expected. This paper contains a verbal model of how a conflict between male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris),resulting from the fitness consequences of different mating systems for males and females differing over time, determines the mating system. We demonstrate that males and females have contrasting fitness interests regarding mating system, such that males gain from attracting additional mates whereas already mated females pay a cost in terms of reduced reproductive success if males are successful in attracting more mates. We demonstrate how this can be traced to the rules by which males allocate non-sharable care between different broods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there exist male and female conflict behaviours with the potential to affect the mating system. For example, aggression from already mated females towards prospecting females can limit male mating success and males can circumvent this by spacing the nest-sites they defend. The realised mating system will emerge as a consequence of both the fitness value of the different mating systems for males and females, and the costs for males and females of intersexual competition. We discuss how this model can be developed and critically evaluated in the future.     

Breeding biology aspects of spotted flapshell Turtle,Lissemys punctata (Lacepede 1788), in Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine the breeding season, gonadal development, egg laying period, clutch size and other biological aspects of spotted flapshell turtle, Lissemys punctata, of Bangladesh between January 1997 and December 2001. The egg laying period of L. punctata, was found between August and March. The nesting sites were elevated fallow lands in secluded areas. The female turtle laid all the mature eggs at a time for each clutch at night. A gravid female turtle laid three clutches of eggs in each year and the mean clutch size was 13.0 ± 1.9 eggs and mean weight of each egg was 10.3 ± 1.3 g. The eggs are spherical in shape and whitish in color. The mean incubation period was 173 ± 34 days (range 119–225 days). The incubation period of first clutch was the longest than the second and third clutches. Hatching success was found 41%. Maximum hatching was observed in June. The present investigation was made to explore the possibility to raise turtle farming in captive condition. The findings would, hopefully, help to rear the species and to assess the commercial potentiality of turtle farming in captive condition, that is, in the eco-climatic condition of Bangladesh.     

Social and breeding status are associated with the expression of GnIH

Discoveries of how social behavior can influence the plasticity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have revolutionized the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology by providing new insights into the neural mechanisms controlling behavior. In 2000, the neuropeptide gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) was discovered and is changing the way we view how the brain mediates reproduction and associated behaviors. GnIH acts as a reproductive 'pause button', momentarily inhibiting the activity of the reproductive system. However, how GnIH fluctuates naturally in response to social environment is unknown. We examine how the outcome of competition for limited resources needed for reproduction is associated with GnIH. We experimentally manipulated nesting opportunities for pairs of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and examined brain GnIH mRNA and peptide content, as well as GnRH content and plasma testosterone and corticosterone. By limiting the number of nest boxes per enclosure and thus the number of social pairing and nesting opportunities, we observed that birds which outcompeted others for nest boxes ('winners') had significantly fewer numbers of GnIH peptide-producing cells than those without nest boxes ('losers') and this relationship changed with breeding stage. GnRH content, testosterone and corticosterone did not vary with nest box ownership. Thus, while birds appeared reproductively capable across treatments, our data indicate that GnIH may serve as a modulator of reproductive behaviors in response to social environment. Additionally, we provide some evidence of the adaptive value of this mechanism.