中国、日本和菲律宾水稻白叶枯病菌遗传多样性比较分析

用IS-PCR和Rep-PCR对19个来自中国、日本和菲律宾的水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)群体进行遗传多样性分析。4个专化引物中的IS1113和ERIC能较好的区分三国水稻白叶枯病菌。UPGMA聚类结果表明, 三国菌株主要呈现第2簇和第3簇遗传型;中国和菲律宾菌株在第2簇和第3簇遗传型基础上有各自的特异性分化。病原菌的遗传分簇与致病群之间没有相关性。     

中国、日本和菲律宾水稻白叶枯病菌的母株与单细胞系的遗传与致病性差异的分析

以J3、IS1112、IS1113和ERIC为引物对17组(56株)来自中国、日本和菲律宾的水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)代表菌株和它们的单细胞系进行IS-PCR和Rep-PCR扩增以及田间致病性鉴定,研究母株和单细胞系之间的遗传和致病性变异.结果表明:1)母株与单细胞系属于同一分子谱型的比率依次为:52.9%(J3)、23.5%(IS1112)、29.4%(IS1113)和35.3%(ERIC); 2)综合4个引物的PCR扩增结果,采用UPGMA聚类,母株与其全部单细胞系相似率在90%以上的组群占29.4%,差异率达到30%～41%的组群占参试组群的52.9%;以带位相似率80%为簇界,参试菌可以划分为15簇,来自中国、日本和菲律宾的9个组的母株和单细胞系聚合在同一簇中,占参试菌的52.9%,说明三国病菌在遗传上存在高度相关性;三国病菌都存在簇群差异,以菲律宾茵系变异最大,如Pxo79和Pxo112母株和单细胞系各分在不同的3簇中,Pxo79、Pxo86、Pxo99和Pxo112等菌系的母株和单细胞系之间的差异率达到了41%;结果证明:母株是"由遗传上有不同程度差异的细胞"组成的混合体.3)田问致病性测定表明,母株与其单细胞系毒力不同的有15组,占88.2%,说明母株是由毒力不同的单细胞系组成的混合体,但病原菌的分子谱型以及遗传分簇与致病型之间没有相关性.     

水稻白叶枯病菌GX1329基因组文库的构建及含编码TAL效应物基因的克隆的分离

由革兰氏阴性细菌水稻白叶枯病菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是亚洲、北美以及非洲部分地区最严重的水稻病害之一,水稻白叶枯病可使水稻减产高达50%以上.研究表明水稻白叶枯病菌的毒力主要依靠三型分泌系统所分泌的效应物.为了解水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株GX1329中含有avrBs3/pthA家族基因的情况,本研究应用AluⅠ部分酶切其基因组DNA,构建了含有736个克隆的菌株GX1329的基因组文库.BamHⅠ酶切分析随机挑取的15个文库克隆表明,克隆的外源DNA随机性良好,克隆的最小片段为27.7 kb,最大为58.5 kb,平均大小为39.9 kb,文库克隆容量约为2.8×103 Mb,该文库中包含基因组中任一个基因的概率为99.4%.利用来自水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾菌株PXO86的无毒基因avrXa10的第252位~第486位核苷酸序列作为探针,通过菌落原位杂交从GX1329基因组文库中筛选到37个含avrBs3/pthA家族基因的克隆.再通过Southern杂交分析,得到了17个独立克隆.这17个克隆中至少含有13个不同的avrBs3/pthA家族基因.这些基因在GX1329基因组中有的单独存在,有的两个或两个以上串联存在.本工作基本上明确了菌株GX1329基因组中avrBs3/pthA家族基因的数量,为进一步研究菌株GX1329中avrBs3/pthA家族基因的功能奠定了基础.     

水稻白叶枯病菌的母株与单细胞系的遗传与致病性差异的分析

由水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryxae pv.oryxae)引发的稻白叶枯病是水稻生产上的重要病害.水稻白叶枯菌自然群体是由包括基本无毒性的弱毒菌在内的不同致病型组成的混合群体,代表自然群体的原始菌株的致病力与其毒力结构紧密相关.     

水稻白叶枯病菌广西分离株K74中主效TAL效应物的鉴定

水稻是世界上主要的粮食作物之一。水稻白叶枯病(Bacterial leaf blight)是危害水稻最严重的细菌性病害,可使水稻减产20%以上,严重时甚至绝产,给农业生产和经济造成巨大影响。水稻白叶枯病由水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)的侵染造成,而TAL效应物是Xoo的重要致病因子。近年来,该病在广西也有多发的趋势。2007年从防城港疫区分离得到Xoo K74菌株,经前期研究表明该菌株中有18个tal基因。本研究中,我们对K74菌株中的TAL效应物进行了功能研究。通过基因同源整合突变及互补等研究,我们鉴定到了K74菌株一个与致病力相关的主效TAL效应物。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bv-303对水稻白叶枯病菌的拮抗活性及其应用

本研究明确了一株新型贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Bv-303菌株对黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)的拮抗活性及其对水稻白叶枯病(bacterial-blight,BB)的生物防治效果。采用牛津杯法测定了菌株Bv-303发酵上清液(cell-free supernatant, CFS)对白叶枯病菌体外拮抗的活性及其稳定性;通过对接种白叶枯病菌的水稻叶片进行喷雾处理,在水稻体内测试了该菌株发酵液(cell-culture broth,CCB)、发酵上清液及菌悬液(cell-suspension water,CSW)对白叶枯病菌的抑制效果;并统计了该菌株对水稻种子发芽率与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在体外,菌株Bv-303发酵上清液对白叶枯病菌的生长抑制率可达85.7%–88.0%,对热、酸、碱、紫外线等具有较好的稳定性;在水稻叶片上,喷施该菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液及菌悬液均能提高植株对白叶枯病的抗性,其中发酵液的效果最佳,抗病性提高率高达62.7%;且发酵液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均没有副作用。因此,菌...     

水稻白叶枯病菌基因XOO2193的突变体构建及其毒力和胞外多糖分析

水稻白叶枯病菌是一种引起水稻白叶枯病的植物病原细菌,水稻白叶枯病是世界水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害之一.本研究采用携带同源序列的自杀质粒pK18MobGⅡ整合的办法构建了水稻白叶枯病菌中国菌株13751编码6-磷酸葡糖酸内酯酶的基因XOO2193的非极性突变体GNM2193.对突变体的表型分析发现其毒力在杂交水稻品种特优63上显著减弱,突变体在非寄主植物蓖麻上不能引起过敏反应.此外,突变体胞外多糖的产量是野生型的43.4%.用一段含有XOO2193基因的DNA 片段对GNM2193进行功能互补,互补菌株在水稻上的毒力、引起过敏反应的能力和胞外多糖产量恢复到野生型水平.说明XOO2193基因与病菌的毒力和胞外多糖的产生有关.     

水稻白叶枯病菌EAL结构域蛋白VieAxoo基因缺失突变和功能分析

摘要：【目的】旨在揭示水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, 简称Xoo) 环鸟苷二磷酸（c-di-GMP）信号蛋白VieAxoo的生物学功能。【方法】本研究通过标记置换法对vieAxoo基因(PXO_04753)进行了缺失突变研究,采用表性测定进行了部分功能鉴定。【结果】从野生型菌株PXO99A中克隆的vieAxoo基因序列与其它病原黄单胞菌的同源序列高度保守。VieAxoo具有参与c-di-GMP降解的磷酸二酯酶（PDE）EAL结构域和磷酸信号识别受体REC结构域     

白叶枯病菌侵染水稻体细胞无性系变异植株叶片的扫描电镜观察

选用离体筛选的抗白叶枯病水稻体细胞无性变异系后代植株的种子,收获后播种。对其功能叶用白叶枯病菌菌株浙１７３剪叶接种７２ｈ后,对叶片进行扫描电镜观察。结果发现,筛选的抗性品种的水孔周围病菌较少,而感病品种的水孔周围病菌则分布较多。证明了白叶枯病菌的侵染途径首先是通过水孔进入植物叶片内部的;另外也证明了筛选的水稻体细胞无性变异系后代植株已具有成株抗性。     

水稻白叶枯病菌ahpC基因转录单元分析和原核表达

从水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomnas oryzae pv.Oryzae,Xoo)菌株PXO99A中克隆了H2O2降解基因ahpC,发现其编码的烷基过氧化氢酶AhpC在所测定的不同种病原细菌中的蛋白序列高度保守;采用RT-PCR方法分析了基因的转录结构特征,发现ahpC基因与酶电子供体基因ahpF组成了同一个转录单元;通过对ahpCp-lacZ活性检测,发现该启动子活性显著地受转录调控因子OxyR的正调控.此外,利用表达载体pET-28a(+)对ahpC基因进行了原核表达,经诱导后获得了可溶性的靶蛋白,可用于后续的生物学功能的分析.     

Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia

Restriction fragment length polymorphism and virulence analyses were used to evaluate the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the rice bacterial blight pathogen, from several rice-growing countries in Asia. Two DNA sequences from X. oryzae pv. oryzae, IS1112, an insertion sequence, and avrXa10, a member of a family of avirulence genes, were used as probes to analyze the genomes of 308 strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae collected from China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines. On the basis of the consensus of three clustering statistics, the collection formed five clusters. Genetic distances within the five clusters ranged from 0.16 to 0.51, and distances between clusters ranged from 0.48 to 0.64. Three of the five clusters consisted of strains from a single country. Strains within two clusters, however, were found in more than one country, suggesting patterns of movement of the pathogen. The pathotype of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was determined for 226 strains by inoculating five rice differential cultivars. More than one pathotype was associated with each cluster; however, some pathotypes were associated with only one cluster. Most strains from South Asia (Nepal and India) were virulent to cultivars containing the bacterial blight resistance gene xa-5, while most strains from other countries were avirulent to xa-5. The regional differentiation of clusters of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia and the association of some pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae with single clusters suggested that strategies that target regional resistance breeding and gene deployment are feasible.     

Plasmid and pathogenicity in Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of Oryza sativa

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , the causative agent for bacterial leaf blight of rice, comprises diverse groups of strains differing in biochemical and pathological characteristics. A collection of X.o . pv. oryzae strains differing in geographical origin was screened for the presence of plasmids. Out of 17 isolates of X.o. pv. oryzae , 14 harboured plasmids of which two isolates (XoP5, XoC26) had two plasmids each and one isolate (XoR20) had three. The remaining isolates contained a single plasmid of identical mobility. Finger print analysis of plasmids was carried out using Eco RI for 10 isolates. The restriction fragment pattern was distinct for each isolate. They were classified under three groups based on cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with averages (UPGMA). Of the 18 plasmids, the plasmid pMA36 ( X.o. pv. oryzae XoC36) was further characterized. This plasmid was cured by acridine orange at the frequency rate of 10%. The cured strain was transformed with pMA36 at a frequency of 2.3 times 10² transformants μg^-1 of plasmid DNA. The plasmid-cured strain was virulent on rice but symptom development was delayed when compared to wild and transformed strains. The wild type strain ( X.o. pv. oryzae XoC36) was resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin and rifampicin whereas the cured strain was resistant to carbenicillin and rifampicin but sensitive to ampicillin. The transformant was resistant to the three antibiotics indicating that the plasmid pMA36 codes for ampicillin resistance. The plasmid influenced the pathogenicity of X.o. pv. oryzae.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with a repetitive DNA element.

A repetitive DNA element cloned from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was used to assess the population structure and genetic diversity of 98 strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae collected between 1972 and 1988 from the Philippine Islands. Genomic DNA from X. oryzae pv. oryzae was digested with EcoRI and analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with repetitive DNA element as a probe. Twenty-seven RFLP types were identified; there was no overlap of RFLP types among the six races from the Philippines. Most variability (20 RFLP types) was found in strains of races 1, 2, and 3, which were isolated from tropical lowland areas. Four RFLP types (all race 5) were found among strains isolated from cultivars grown in the temperate highlands. The genetic diversity of the total population of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was 0.93, of which 42% was due to genetic differentiation between races. The genetic diversities of strains collected in 1972 to 1976, 1977 to 1981, and 1982 to 1986, were 0.89, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively, suggesting a consistently high level of variability in the pathogen population over the past 15 years. Cluster analysis based on RFLP banding patterns showed five groupings at 85% similarity. The majority of strains from a given race were contained within one cluster, except for race 3 strains, which were distributed in three of the five clusters.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with a repetitive DNA element.

A repetitive DNA element cloned from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was used to assess the population structure and genetic diversity of 98 strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae collected between 1972 and 1988 from the Philippine Islands. Genomic DNA from X. oryzae pv. oryzae was digested with EcoRI and analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with repetitive DNA element as a probe. Twenty-seven RFLP types were identified; there was no overlap of RFLP types among the six races from the Philippines. Most variability (20 RFLP types) was found in strains of races 1, 2, and 3, which were isolated from tropical lowland areas. Four RFLP types (all race 5) were found among strains isolated from cultivars grown in the temperate highlands. The genetic diversity of the total population of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was 0.93, of which 42% was due to genetic differentiation between races. The genetic diversities of strains collected in 1972 to 1976, 1977 to 1981, and 1982 to 1986, were 0.89, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively, suggesting a consistently high level of variability in the pathogen population over the past 15 years. Cluster analysis based on RFLP banding patterns showed five groupings at 85% similarity. The majority of strains from a given race were contained within one cluster, except for race 3 strains, which were distributed in three of the five clusters.     

产氨基酰化酶米曲霉高产菌株的选育

采用亚硝基瓜抑菌圈法对米曲霉菌株3042,AF92011,AF93018,AF93020,AF93022,AF93332进行诱变处理,从诱变菌株中筛选到几个高产氨基酰化酶菌株(3042-5,AF93020-2,AF93020-6和AF93022-5),对DL-蛋氨酸的拆分活力分别比出发菌株提高34.1%、157.6%、152.4%和145.4%,其中米曲霉菌株3042的诱变菌株3042-5最高酶活力达203.1U/ml     

Culture medium for Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae

Y uan , W. 1990. Culture medium for Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 798–805.
Studies on nutrient requirements of four Chinese strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in a modified Watanabe's medium led to the development of a new synthetic medium containing sucrose, sodium glutamate, methionine, KH₂PO₄, NH₄C1 and iron chelated with EDTA. The concentration of each ingredient was optimized based on the number of colonies and time required for their appearance. Various concentrations of some nutrients were compared based upon their effects on growth of the pathogen strains and 34 contaminants from rice materials. Tryp-tone enhanced the growth of X. c. oryzae more than that of many contaminants, including Erwinia herbicola . Peptone stimulated growth of X. c. oryzae without promoting excessive contamination. When compared with other media used for X. c. oryzae , the new culture medium enriched with tryptone and peptone gave the highest recovery and earliest appearance of colonies of Chinese strains of this bacterium.