Colour change of soft denture liners after storage in coffee and coke

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00356.x
Colour change of soft denture liners after storage in coffee and coke This study was to evaluate the colour change of soft denture liners after thermocycling and storage in coffee and coke. Four liners, two silicone‐based (Sofreliner S and Reline GS) and two acrylic resin‐based (Soft Confort and Dentuflex), were evaluated in this study. Ten samples were obtained for each group. After 2000 cycles of thermocycling with baths of 5°C and 55°C, five samples were stored in coffee and the remaining samples in coke. The colour alteration was evaluated in a reflection spectrophotometer before and after thermocycling, and after 1, 3, 24, 48 and 96 h of storage in coffee and coke. Data were submitted to anova and Tukey’s HSD test (α = 0.05). Thermocycling and storage period represented a higher statistically significant influence for the resin liners than for the silicone materials. Coke did not influence the colour stability of the materials during storage. However, the coffee solution generated statistically significant colour alteration in the material Soft Confort. In the comparison between the coffee and coke solutions, there was no statistically significant difference for colour alteration only for the material Dentuflex. The silicone liners presented better colour stability following thermocycling and storage independent of the solution. The coffee solution was a statistically significant factor for colour alteration of the material Soft Confort.     

Surface changes in denture soft liners with and without sealer coating following abrasion with mechanical brushing

Gerodontology 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00375.x Surface changes in denture soft liners with and without sealer coating following abrasion with mechanical brushing Aim: To evaluate the surface alterations of soft liners with or without sealer coating following abrasion with mechanical brushing. Methods: Thirty specimens were made of a methacrylate‐ (Coe‐Soft) and a siloxane‐based material (Ufi‐Gel SC), and 15 received two coatings of surface sealer. The specimens were submitted to a mechanical brushing‐dentifrice assay under 200 g of force at 250 cycles/min. Mechanical brushing was simulated for a period of 1 (1250 cycles) and 6 months (5000 cycles). Surface roughness (Ra parameter) was measured, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained. Ra data were analysed by anova for repeated measures and Bonferroni’s test (alpha = 0.05). Results: Ra increased from baseline to 6 months regardless of sealer coating. At baseline, only Coe‐Soft without sealer had a higher Ra than the other groups. After 1 month, the Ra of Coe‐Soft with sealer was three‐fold higher than the Ra at baseline; the other groups showed no significant increase of Ra. SEM images showed degradation of the soft liners over time, except for the Ufi‐Gel SC with sealer, which displayed minimum alteration of surface texture. Conclusion: Sealer coating reduced the surface degradation of the tested soft liners, but the protective effect was more pronounced for the siloxane‐based material.     

Effect of disinfection and storage on the flexural strength of ocular prosthetic acrylic resins

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00570.x Effect of disinfection and storage on the flexural strength of ocular prosthetic acrylic resins Objective: To evaluate the influence of chemical disinfection and storage duration on the flexural strength of acrylic resins commonly used to make ocular prostheses. Methods: A total of 260 samples were manufactured with N1 resin and colourless resin. Both resins were thermopolymerised using a microwave oven. Samples were stored and periodically disinfected and were divided into groups: control (no disinfection) (I), neutral soap (II), Opti‐free (III), Efferdent (IV), 1% hypochlorite (V) or 4% chlorhexidine (VI). The flexural strength was measured before and after 60 and 120 days of storage. Data were analysed by anova and Tukey test (0.05). Results: The flexural strength of the N1 resin was higher than that for the colourless resin. There was a significant difference in the flexural strength before and after 60 and 120 days of storage with disinfection, regardless of the resin and disinfectant. Group I in the initial period exhibited greater flexural strength, with significant difference only in group VI after 120 days. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the flexural strength only changed after 120 days of storage for samples disinfected with chlorhexidine. However, all flexural strength values obtained herein were acceptable clinical limits for the acrylic resins.     

Effect of long-term water immersion on the fracture toughness of denture base and reline resins

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00573.x
Effect of long‐term water immersion on the fracture toughness of denture base and reline resins purpose: This study evaluated the fracture toughness (FT) of one denture base (Lucitone 550 – L) and four hard reline resins [Ufi Gel Hard (UH), Tokuyama Rebase II (TR), New Truliner (NT) and Kooliner (K)], and the effect of long‐term water storage on this property. Materials and methods: Forty specimens (40 × 8 × 4 mm) of each material were made, and FT was assessed after polymerisation (control of reliners), after 48 ± 2 h in water at 37°C (control of denture base resin) and after storage in water at 37°C for 7, 90 or 180 days (all materials). Data (MPa.m^1/2) were analysed by two‐way anova and Games–Howell test (p = 0.05). Results: Resin L exhibited the highest FT mean values. After 180 days of storage, FT mean values of L (3.37), UH (1.53) and K (1.20) were higher than those of the other periods. FT mean values of NT decreased from control (1.63) to 7 days (1.30) and then remained constant. FT mean values of TR (1.13) were similar in all periods of analysis. Conclusion: The denture base resin L showed higher FT mean values than the reline resins. Long‐term water storage increased the FT of L, UH and K, reduced the FT of NT and did not influence the FT of TR.     

Effect of microwave treatment on the shear bond strength of different types of commercial teeth to acrylic resin

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00333.x
Effect of microwave treatment on the shear bond strength of different types of commercial teeth to acrylic resin Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of microwave treatment on the shear bond strength of commercial types of teeth to acrylic resin, when the glossy ridge laps were unmodified (groups 1 and 5), bur abraded (groups 2 and 6), bur grooved (groups 3 and 7) or etched by monomer (groups 4 and 8). Background: Controversial findings have shown that mechanical or chemical changes in ridge‐lap surface of the tooth increase or decrease the bond strength between tooth and acrylic resin, and the microwave disinfection may cause different changes on this bond strength. Materials and methods: Eighty specimens (n = 10) were made with the acrylic resin bonded to tooth glossy ridge lap, polymerised in water at 74°C for 9 h, and deflasked after flask cooling. Specimens of the groups 5, 6, 7 and 8 were individually immersed in 150 ml of water and submitted to microwave treatment in an oven at 650 W for 3 min. Control specimens (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) were not microwave treated. Shear bond strength test was performed in an Instron machine with a cross‐speed of 1 mm/min. Collected data were submitted to anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: Microwave treatment decreased the shear bond strength values of the tooth/resin bond. In the microwaved and non‐microwaved procedures, mechanical retention improved the shear bond strength when compared with the control and monomer treatments. Conclusion: Shear bond strength of the tooth/resin bond was influenced by the microwave treatment and different commercial teeth association, and was lower for the Biotone tooth.     

Biocompatibility of denture base acrylic resins evaluated in culture of L929 cells. Effect of polymerisation cycle and post-polymerisation treatments

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two post‐polymerisation treatments and different cycles of polymerisation on the cytotoxicity of two denture base resins. Materials and methods: The resins tested were Lucitone 550 and QC 20. Discs of resins were fabricated following the manufacturer's instructions. Lucitone 550 was processed by long cycle or short cycle. The resin QC 20 was processed by reverse cycle or normal cycle. The specimens were divided into groups: (i) post‐polymerised in microwave for 3 min at 500 W; (ii) post‐polymerised in water‐bath at 55°C for 60 min and (iii) without post‐polymerisation. Eluates were prepared by placing three discs into a sterile glass vial with 9 ml of Eagle's medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. L929 cells were seeded into 96 well culture plates and DNA synthesis was assessed by ³H‐thymidine incorporation assay. Results: The results were submitted to two‐way anova and Tukey HSD test. QC 20 specimens polymerised by the normal cycle and submitted to microwave post‐polymerisation were graded as moderately cytotoxic. Similar results were observed for Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle without post‐polymerisation. The other experimental groups were graded as not cytotoxic. After water‐bath post‐polymerisation, specimens of Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle produced significantly lower inhibition of DNA synthesis than the other groups. Conclusion: The long cycle increased the cytotoxicity of Lucitone 550 and water‐bath post‐polymerisation reduced the cytotoxicity of Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle.     

Influence of surface treatments on the flexural strength of denture base repair

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00454.x Influence of surface treatments on the flexural strength of denture base repair Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of repairs made with autopolymerising acrylic resin after different treatments of joint surfaces. Material and Methods: Fifty rectangular specimens were made with heat‐polymerised acrylic resin and 40 were repaired with autopolymerising acrylic resin following joint surface treatments: group 1 (intact specimens), group 2 (chemical treatment: wetting with methyl‐methacrylate for 180 s), group 3 (abraded with silicon carbide paper), group 4 (abraded and wetting with methyl‐methacrylate for 180 s) and group 5 (without surface treatment). The flexural strength was measured by a three‐point bending test using a universal testing machine with a 100 Kgf load cell in the centre of repair at 5 mm/min cross‐head speed. All data were analysed using one‐way anova and Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). Results: Among repaired specimens, groups 2 and 4 had 66.53 ± 3.4 and 69.38 ± 1.8 MPa mean values and were similar. These groups had superior flexural strength than groups 3 and 5 that were similar and had 54.11 ± 3.4 and 51.24 ± 2.8 MPa mean values, respectively. Group 1 had a mean value of 108.30 ± 2.8 MPa being the highest result. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the treatment of the joint surfaces with methyl‐methacrylate increases the flexural strength of denture base repairs, although the strength is still lower than that observed for the intact denture base resin. Abrasion with sandpaper was not able to influence the flexural strength of repaired denture bases.     

Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00447.x
Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners Objective: The effect of artificial ageing on the hardness, absorption, solubility, and colour of soft denture liners was investigated. Materials and methods: Liner materials based on acrylic resin (Trusoft) or silicone (Dentusil, Ufi Gel P, and Ufi Gel SC) were tested before and after 2000 thermal cycles. A total of 20 specimens of each material were tested. Half of the specimens were used for hardness and colour evaluation, and the remainder for absorption and solubility tests. The hardness evaluation was carried out using a Shore A durometer, while absorption and solubility tests were performed by storing samples in a desiccator and weighing daily until reaching constant mass (W1). After thermocycling, the samples were again weighed (W2) and dried (W3). Colour was measured using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat at the p < 0.05 level. Results: Thermocycling significantly affected the hardness of the specimens. The Trusoft material exhibited the highest absorption (1.48 ± 0.48), solubility (1.26 ± 0.28), and colour change (3.92 ± 0.33), significantly different from the other materials. There were no significant differences among the silicones in terms of absorption, solubility, and colour change, except for the colour of Dentusil, which changed (0.83 ± 0.11). Conclusion: It can be concluded that silicone liners performed significantly better compared to acrylic resin.     

Effect of the addition of silanated silica on the mechanical properties of microwave heat-cured acrylic resin

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00604.x
Effect of the addition of silanated silica on the mechanical properties of microwave heat‐cured acrylic resin Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate fthe flexural strength and Vickers hardness of a microwave energy heat‐cured acrylic resin by adding different concentrations of silane surface‐treated nanoparticle silica. Methods: Acrylic resin specimens with dimensions of 65 × 10 × 2.5 mm were formed and divided into five experimental groups (n = 10) according to the silica concentration added to the acrylic resin mass (weight %) prior to polymerisation : G1, without silica; G2, 0.1% silica; G3, 0.5% silica; G4, 1.0% silica; and G5, 5.0% silica. The specimens were submitted to a three‐point flexural strength test and to the Vickers hardness test (HVN). The data obtained were statistically analysed by anova and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: Regarding flexural strength, G5 differed from the other experimental groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) presenting the lowest mean, while G4 presented a significantly higher mean, with the exception of group G3. Regarding Vickers hardness, a decrease in values was observed, in which G1 presented the highest hardness compared with the other experimental groups. Conclusion: Incorporating surface‐treated silica resulted in direct benefits in the flexural strength of the acrylic resin activated by microwave energy; however, similar results were not achieved for hardness.     

Effect of water content and temperature on seed longevity of seven Brassicaceae species after 5 years of storage

Maximising seed longevity is crucial for genetic resource preservation and longevity of orthodox seeds is determined by environmental conditions (water content and temperature). The effect of water content (down to 0.01 g·H₂O·g^?1) on seed viability was studied at different temperatures for a 5‐year storage period in taxonomically related species. Seeds of seven Brassicaceae species (Brassica repanda, Eruca vesicaria, Malcolmia littorea, Moricandia arvensis, Rorippa nasturtium‐aquaticum, Sinapis alba, Sisymbrium runcinatum) were stored at 48 environments comprising a combination of eight water contents, from 0.21 to 0.01 g·H₂O·g^?1 DW and six temperatures (45, 35, 20, 5, ?25, ?170 °C). Survival curves were modelled and P50 calculated for those conditions where germination was reduced over the 5‐year assay period. Critical water content for storage of seeds of six species at 45 °C ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 g·H₂O·g^?1. The effect of extreme desiccation at 45 °C showed variability among species: three species showed damaging effects of drying below the critical water content, while for three species it was neither detrimental nor beneficial to seed longevity. Lipid content could be related to longevity, depending on the storage conditions. A variable seed longevity response to water content among taxonomically related species was found. The relative position of some of the species as long‐ or short‐lived at 45 °C varied depending on the humidity at which storage behaviour was evaluated. Therefore, predictions of survival under desiccated conditions based on results obtained at high humidity might be problematic for some species.     

Effect of repeated cycles of chemical disinfection on the roughness and hardness of hard reline acrylic resins

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00282.x
Effect of repeated cycles of chemical disinfection on the roughness and hardness of hard reline acrylic resins Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of repeated cycles of five chemical disinfectant solutions on the roughness and hardness of three hard chairside reliners. Methods: A total of 180 circular specimens (30 mm × 6 mm) were fabricated using three hard chairside reliners (Jet; n = 60, Kooliner; n = 60, Tokuyama Rebase II Fast; n = 60), which were immersed in deionised water (control), and five disinfectant solutions (1%, 2%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; 2% glutaraldehyde; 4% chlorhexidine gluconate). They were tested for Knoop hardness (KHN) and surface roughness (μm), before and after 30 simulated disinfecting cycles. Data was analysed by the factorial scheme (6 × 2), two‐way analysis of variance (anova ), followed by Tukey’s test. Results: For Jet (from 18.74 to 13.86 KHN), Kooliner (from 14.09 to 8.72 KHN), Tokuyama (from 12.57 to 8.28 KHN) a significant decrease in hardness was observed irrespective of the solution used on all materials. For Jet (from 0.09 to 0.11 μm) there was a statistically significant increase in roughness. Kooliner (from 0.36 to 0.26 μm) presented a statistically significant decrease in roughness and Tokuyama (from 0.15 to 0.11 μm) presented no statistically significant difference after 30 days. Conclusions: This study showed that all disinfectant solutions promoted a statistically significant decrease in hardness, whereas with roughness, the materials tested showed a statistically significant increase, except for Tokuyama. Although statistically significant values were registered, these results could not be considered clinically significant.     

Effect of toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures on the surface microroughness of denture base acrylic resins

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00582.x Effect of toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures on the surface microroughness of denture base acrylic resins Objective: This study verified the surface microroughness of denture acrylic resins submitted to toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures. Material and methods: Samples were prepared according to conventional, microwaved and boiled resins and submitted to microroughness measurements before and after procedures using a profilometer (Ra). Data were subjected to anova and Tukey’s test (5%). Results: Before thermocycling, a difference was found among treatments for microwaved and boiled resins, with greater values for toothbrushing and lower values for Efferdent and hypochlorite; control was intermediate. Differences among resins were observed for treatments, with higher values for boiled resin and lower values for conventional and microwaved resins. After thermocycling, differences were found for microwaved resin, with a higher value for toothbrushing and a lower value for Efferdent and hypochlorite; control was intermediate. Tooth‐brushed boiled resin presented higher values and hypochlorite lower values; control and Efferdent were intermediates. Differences among resins were seen for treatments, with higher values for boiled resin and lower values for conventional and microwaved resins. Boiled resin presented differences for toothbrushing and hypochlorite, before and after thermocycling procedures were compared. Conclusions: For microwaved and boiled resins, toothbrushing and chemical disinfection promoted different levels of surface microroughness when associated or not with thermocycling.     

In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner materials at different time intervals

Objective

To perform an in situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of two soft liner materials for dentures at different time intervals.

Background

The surface roughness of materials may influence the adhesion of micro‐organisms and inflammation of the mucosal tissues. The in situ evaluation of surface roughness and the micromorphology of soft liner materials over the course of time may present results different from those of in vitro studies, considering the constant presence of saliva and food, the changes in temperature and the pH level in the oral cavity.

Materials and methods

Forty‐eight rectangular specimens of each of the two soft liner materials were fabricated: a silicone‐based material (Mucopren Soft) and an acrylic resin‐based material (Trusoft). The specimens were placed in the dentures of 12 participants (n = 12), and the materials were evaluated for surface roughness and micromorphology at different time intervals: 0, 7, 30 and 60 days. Roughness (Ra) was evaluated by means of a roughness tester. Surface micromorphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Analysis of variance for randomised block design and Tukey's test showed that surface roughness values were lower in the groups using the silicone‐based material at all the time intervals (P < .0001). The average surface roughness was higher at time interval 0 than at the other intervals, for both materials (P < .0001). The surface micromorphology showed that the silicone material presented a more regular and smoother surface than the acrylic resin‐based material.

Conclusion

The surface roughness of acrylic resin‐based and silicone‐based denture soft liner materials decreased after 7 days of evaluation, leading to a smoother surface over time. The silicone‐based material showed lower roughness values and a smoother surface than the acrylic resin‐based material, thereby making it preferred when selecting more appropriate material, due its tendency to promote less biofilm build‐up.     

Intrinsic tolerance of Bifidobacterium species to heat and oxygen and survival following spray drying and storage

AIMS: This study examined the tolerance of various species of the genus Bifidobacterium to heat and oxygen and evaluated the survival of selected strains following spray drying and during storage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine Bifidobacterium species were considered to be relatively tolerant to both heat and oxygen and mostly segregated into two clusters within the 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree. Four species were tolerant to oxygen and 12 species were considered sensitive to oxygen and heat. Using a skimmed milk-based carrier good survival following spray drying and storage at 4 degrees C correlated with tolerance to heat and oxygen. Viability was inversely related to storage temperature and at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, a significant decline was observed for all species. The inclusion of gum acacia had no significant affect on survival or viability. However, using a fluidized-bed spray dryer viability was greatly improved. CONCLUSIONS: A group of closely related species tolerant to heat and oxygen had high survival following spray drying and maintained viability during prolonged storage at 4 degrees C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Spray drying is a suitable method for the production of skimmed milk powder enriched with high numbers of viable bifidobacteria.     

乙酰胆碱对自然杀伤细胞活性的影响

目的:观察乙酰胆碱(ACh)对自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性的影响,并初步探讨其作用的受体机制.方法:根据不同的实验目的,选择ACh、胆碱能受体激动剂和拮抗剂分别作用于NK细胞,以乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)自然释放法检测不同实验条件下NK细胞杀伤肿瘤靶细胞(Yac)的活性.结果:ACh、M受体激动剂毛果芸香碱和N受体激动剂烟碱在10-10～10-6mol/L浓度范围内都能显著抑制NK细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性.M受体拮抗剂阿托品(10-8和10-7mol/L)能完全阻断同浓度ACh抑制NK细胞活性的作用;但N受体拮抗剂筒箭毒碱(10-8和10-7mol/L)不能阻断同浓度ACh抑制NK细胞活性的作用.结论:ACh可抑制NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用,此作用主要由淋巴细胞上的M受体和N1受体介导.     

Effect of flask closure method and post‐pressing time on the upper denture base adaptation

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00307.x
Effect of flask closure method and post‐pressing time on the upper denture base adaptation Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of flask‐closure methods, post‐pressing times and acrylic resins on denture base adaptation. Materials and methods: The resins were flasked using a hydraulic press and closed with the traditional clamp or RS system. Conventional heat‐cure resin was polymerised immediately or at 6 h post‐pressing at 74°C for 9 h. Rapid cycle heat‐cure resin was polymerised in boiling water for 20 min. After cooling, the bases were deflasked and the sets of cast‐base transversally sectioned in the regions distal to the canine, mesial to the first molar and in the posterior palatal zone. The adaptation was measured with an optical microscope (0.0005 mm) at five reference points for each section. Data were analysed using anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: Traditional clamp and immediate post‐pressing time improved base adaptation for conventional heat‐cure resin. Both post‐pressing times showed most accurate base adaptation for conventional heat‐cure resin when the traditional clamp was used. Immediate post‐pressing time improved base adaptation for conventional heat‐cure resin and the 6‐h delay in time was significant for the rapid cycle heat‐cure resin. Conclusions: Traditional clamp and immediate post‐pressing time improved base adaptation for conventional heat‐cure resin.     

Effect of pre-processing methods on bond strength between acrylic resin teeth and acrylic denture base resin

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00480.x
Effect of pre‐processing methods on bond strength between acrylic resin teeth and acrylic denture base resin Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of various pre‐processing methods on the bond strength between resin and denture teeth. Backgrounds: Debonding of acrylic resin teeth from denture base material is a problem for patients wearing complete dentures. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups (n = 30) were investigated by subjecting tooth–resin bonding to tensile loading. Specimens were prepared and tested according to the methods of the International Standards Organization (ISO 22112:2005) using a special assembly. Four pre‐processing surface treatments of teeth were applied: (i) ST₁, no treatment applied (control); (ii) ST₂, wax solvent (Dewaks, Faber Kimya & Ilaç, Turkey); (iii) ST₃, boiling water followed by conditioning with methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer (Meliodent, Bayer Dental, Germany); (iv) ST₄, boiling water followed by wax solvent agent and finally MMA monomer application. Bond strength test was performed using a universal testing machine. Results: All the strength values of the test groups were within clinically acceptable limits. The lowest values were from the ST₁ group and the highest values were in the ST₄ group. Conclusions: Wax elimination methods affected bonding strength. Application of wax solvent and MMA monomer to the ridge lap surfaces of the teeth gave the best results. In clinical practice, this application procedure may decrease the bonding failure of denture teeth.     

Effects of microwave exposure and Gemcitabine treatment on apoptotic activity in Burkitt’s lymphoma (Raji) cells

Abstract

We investigated the effects of 1.8?MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic level and cell viability of Burkitt’s lymphoma (Raji) cells with or without Gemcitabine, which exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase). Raji cells were exposed to 1.8?GHz GSM-modulated MW radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.350?W/kg in a CO₂ incubator. The duration of the exposure was 24?h. The amount of apoptotic cells was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining with flow cytometer. The apoptotic activity of MW exposed Raji cells was increased significantly. In addition, cell viability of exposed samples was significantly decreased. Combined exposure of MW and Gemcitabine increased the amount of apoptotic cells than MW radiation alone. Moreover, viability of MW?+?Gemcitabine exposed cells was lower than that of cells exposed only to MW. These results demonstrated that MW radiation exposure and Gemcitabine treatment have a synergistic effect on apoptotic activity of Raji cells.